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73-411: The TRS (Tetrahedral Research Satellite) Mk. 1 was developed by Space Technology Laboratories , a subdivision of TRW Inc. , as an inexpensive, miniaturized "off-the-shelf" satellite that customers could use to perform simple experiments in orbit. The Mk. 1 was a regular tetrahedron measuring 16 cm (6.3 in) on a side, each face mounted with sufficient solar cells to operate the experiments and

146-457: A gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and a combined biological instrument. TRW designed and built the following space observatories : The teams developing the following observatories continued their work as part of Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems: TRW Systems Group designed and manufactured the Vela series of nuclear detection satellites which monitored the 1963 establishment of

219-442: A vacuum (see Van der Waals force ) . Micro and nano-scale cold welding has shown potential in nanofabrication processes. The reason for this unexpected behavior is that when the atoms in contact are all of the same kind, there is no way for the atoms to "know" that they are in different pieces of copper. When there are other atoms, in the oxides and greases and more complicated thin surface layers of contaminants in between,

292-642: A TRW subsidiary, was a record label active from the mid-1950s to the early 1960s. Christopher John Boyce was a TRW employee convicted of selling security secrets to the Soviet Union via the Soviet embassy in Mexico City in the mid-1970s. Boyce and his accomplice, Andrew Daulton Lee , were the subjects of the best-selling 1979 Robert Lindsey book The Falcon and the Snowman , and the 1985 film of

365-467: A US$ 5.9 billion hostile bid for TRW. Northrop Grumman, BAE Systems , and General Dynamics contended for the company with Northrop's increased bid of US$ 7.8 billion ultimately being accepted on July 1, 2002. Soon afterward, the automotive assets of LucasVarity and TRW's own automotive group were sold to The Blackstone Group as TRW Automotive . A portion of TRW's Lyndhurst campus was developed as Legacy Village . The headquarters building became home to

438-607: A division of Ramo-Wooldridge Corp., designed and produced the identical payloads for Pioneer 0 , Pioneer 1 and Pioneer 2 . These were intended to orbit and photograph the Moon , but launch vehicle problems prevented this. NASA launched Pioneer 1 as its first spacecraft on 11 October 1958. It set a distance record from Earth, and provided data on the extent of Earth's radiation belts . Pioneer 10 and 11 were nearly identical spacecraft, designed and fabricated by TRW Systems Group. They were optimized for ruggedness since they were

511-983: A documented example from 1991 with the Galileo spacecraft high-gain antenna. One source of difficulty is that cold welding does not exclude relative motion between the surfaces that are to be joined. This allows the broadly defined notions of galling , fretting , stiction and adhesion to overlap in some instances. For example, it is possible for a joint to be the result of both cold (or "vacuum") welding and galling (or fretting or impact). Galling and cold welding, therefore, are not mutually exclusive. Unlike cold welding process at macro-scale which normally requires large applied pressures, scientists discovered that single-crystalline ultra-thin gold nanowires (diameters less than 10 nm) can be cold-welded together within seconds by mechanical contact alone, and under remarkably low applied pressures. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and in-situ measurements reveal that

584-414: A former Apple program manager, publicized concerns that the site had not been properly tested since 2015 after receiving an email from Apple notifying employees of forthcoming vapor intrusion testing. An EPA study in 2019 had confirmed the previous remedies effective, but Gjøvik told TechCrunch cracks in the floor were exposing employees to carcinogenic fumes. She filed a whistleblower complaint with

657-543: A highly elliptical orbit that took the satellite as high as 103,500 km (64,300 mi) above the Earth and as close as 220 km (140 mi) at perigee , ERS 12 measured the intensity of charged particles in the magnetosphere . Its experiment package detected radiation from all directions, measuring electrons at levels greater than 0.5 and 5 M eV and protons between 10 and 20 eV and 50 to 100 eV . The spacecraft returned data until 1963-10-30. Source: ERS 13's orbit

730-516: A mile along Cleveland's Euclid Avenue. It employed over 16,000 workers at the peak of WW II production. As jet aircraft replaced piston-engined aircraft, Thompson Products became a major manufacturer of turbine blades for jet engines. In 1950, Simon Ramo and Dean Wooldridge while working for Hughes Aircraft , led the development of the Falcon radar-guided missile , among other projects. They grew frustrated with Howard Hughes ' management, and formed

803-755: A mysterious apparent nuclear test now called the Vela incident . First launched in 1970, the company built all twenty-three reconnaissance satellites in the Defense Support Program (DSP), which are the principal components of the Satellite Early Warning System currently used by the United States. These are operated by the Air Force Space Command , and they detect missile or spacecraft launches and nuclear explosions using sensors that detect

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876-424: A side. Five were produced: ORS-1 and ORS-2 (ERS-15 through ERS-16), which carried out cold welding experiments in space on a variety of metal samples, and ERS-23 through ERS-25, classified satellites whose flights may have been cancelled. Both ERS 15 and 16 used actuators for their cold welding experiments, the first (16) making five metal to metal tests, and the second (15) making eight. The ORS Mk. 3 design

949-433: Is a solid -state welding process in which joining takes place without fusion or heating at the interface of the two parts to be welded. Unlike in fusion welding , no liquid or molten phase is present in the joint. Cold welding was first recognized as a general materials phenomenon in the 1940s. It was then discovered that two clean, flat surfaces of similar metal would strongly adhere if brought into contact while in

1022-454: Is also found in household cleaners. As a result of pipe and tank degradation, the tanks leaked into the ground, resulting in contaminated soil and groundwater. TCE was later determined to be toxic to humans at high concentrations. In 2013, The Atlantic referred to the site as a "paved-over environmental disaster zone". In the 1980s, the US introduced the federal Superfund program to clean up

1095-634: Is enough. The TRW-6425 design was later bought from Oerlikon -Bührle, it was improved and manufactured as the Oerlikon KBA 25 mm. The Ramo-Wooldridge Corp formed Pacific Semiconductors in June 1954, under the leadership of Harper North who had been head of electronics R+D at Hughes Aircraft Company . The funding for this endeavor from Thompson Products was about ten times their initial investment in Ramo-Wooldridge. The original goal

1168-495: Is now part of ZF Friedrichshafen . TRW veterans were instrumental in the founding of corporations like SpaceX . In 1953, the company was recruited to lead the development of the United States' first ICBM . Starting with the initial design by Convair , the multi-corporate team launched Atlas in 1957. It flew its full range in 1958 and was then adapted to fly the Mercury astronauts into orbit. TRW also led development of

1241-568: Is still in orbit, and its position can be tracked on-line. The design of the OV5 (Orbiting Vehicle 5) series was based on the ORS Mk. 3 design and its vehicles were also given ERS numbers. Nine were produced: OV5-1 through OV5-9. These were very small satellites launched pick-a-back with primary payloads since 1962—a natural fit under the Orbiting Vehicle umbrella. The primary innovation over

1314-589: The Occupational Safety and Health Administration against Apple, which was investigated and dismissed. A site evaluation by the EPA done in August 2021 found that the likelihood for vapor intrusion was low and not expected. Based on field testing done between April 24, 2023 and May 5, 2023, the EPA concluded that vapor intrusion was being prevented. Cold welding Cold welding or contact welding

1387-745: The Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation in September 1953, with the financial support of Thompson Products. The detonation of a thermonuclear bomb by the Soviet Union spurred Trevor Gardner to form the Teapot Committee in October 1953. Chaired by John von Neumann , its purpose was to study the development of ballistic missiles , including ICBMs. Ramo and Wooldridge were committee members, and Ramo-Wooldridge Corp. became

1460-541: The Titan missile, which was later adapted to fly the Gemini missions. The company served the U.S. Air Force as systems engineers on all subsequent ICBM development efforts but TRW never produced any missile hardware because of the conflict of interest . In 1960, Congress spurred the formation of the non-profit Aerospace Corporation to provide systems engineering support to the U.S. government but TRW continued to guide

1533-621: The infrared emissions from these intense sources of heat. During Desert Storm , for example, DSP satellites were able to detect the launches of Iraqi Scud missiles and provide timely warnings to civilians and military forces in Israel and Saudi Arabia . The initial seven Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) were built by TRW to improve communication coverage for the Space Shuttle , International Space Station (ISS), and U.S. military satellites. When first launched in 1983,

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1606-548: The Cleveland Clinic Wellness Institute. The TRW headquarters building was demolished in 2023. Bill Gates , the founder of Microsoft , says that he got "his first big break" at age fifteen, debugging energy-grid control software for TRW. "It was kind of scary", Gates said, realizing the things the program was going to help operate. "This thing needs to work". TRW Inc. was active in the development of missile systems and spacecraft, notably,

1679-509: The EPA had not been properly monitoring the site and notififying residents of a possible health issue. The EPA litigated with the responsible parties in order update its notification and testing measures to warn residents about possible exposure as early as possible and keeping people away from any unsafe areas. As of 2016 , the site is owned by GI Partners, an investment company, and has been leased by Apple Inc. since 2015 for research and development as of 2021 . The octagonal glass building

1752-413: The EPA, and geologist Michael Calhoun. In 2014 and 2015, a newly required vapor intrusion test of the surrounding residential area, including homes, apartment buildings, and four schools, showed unacceptable levels of TCE. A 2011 study had revealed TCE caused birth defects and cancer by all pathways of exposure. In 2014, the region's congressional representative Anna Eshoo expressed concerns that

1825-583: The Earth in a Low Earth orbit . Data returned from these three fully successful TRS satellites, circling the Earth in Medium Earth orbits (within the Van Allen Belts), returned valuable data on the effects of orbital radiation on solar cells. Of significance, it was determined that p-on-n silicon cells deteriorated five times more quickly than n-on-p cells. While protective covers did not affect n-on-p degradation, they were shown to be helpful for

1898-579: The Earth's water cycle in the oceans, lakes, atmosphere, polar ice caps , and vegetation . TRW designed and built the descent engine or (LMDE) for the Apollo lunar lander . Due to the need for a soft landing on the Moon, it was the first throttleable engine for crewed space flight . This, and the requirements for high thrust , low weight , and crushability (in case of landing on a large rock), earned surprising praise from NASA's history pages, considering

1971-618: The ICBM efforts. TRW originated in 1901 with the Cleveland Cap Screw Company , founded by David Kurtz and four other Cleveland residents. Their initial products were bolts with heads electrically welded to the shafts. In 1904, a welder named Charles E. Thompson adapted their process to making automobile engine valves and by 1915, the company was the largest valve producer in the United States . Charles Thompson

2044-607: The Offy engine design with his partner Louis Meyer in 1946 and won the Indianapolis 500 twenty-seven times, more than any other engine design. During the period leading up to World War II , through the end of the Korean war , Thompson Products was a key manufacturer of component parts for aircraft engines, including cylinder valves . The TAPCO plant, owned by the U.S. government but operated by Thompson Products, extended for almost

2117-460: The RW-300 for sales in 1959, one of the first "all-transistor" computers with a power supply that used vacuum tubes . The computer was targeted at industrial control applications, with 1024 analog inputs multiplexed to a 1.9K sample/s 10-bit analog-to-digital converter which was transparent to the programmer. It weighed about 600 lb (270 kg). The real-time operating system

2190-714: The TDRS satellites were the largest, most sophisticated communications satellites built at the time. The seventh vehicle in the series was ordered as a replacement when TDRS-B was lost in the Challenger accident . Launched in 2002, TRW produced the Aqua spacecraft based on their modular standardized satellite bus . A joint project of the U.S. Global Change Research Program ( NASA ), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency ( JAXA ), and National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Brazil , Aqua delivers 750 Gigabytes per day detailing

2263-415: The air. Jared Blumenfeld, the former EPA director, said that TCE released in the air after the cleanup efforts reduces the concentrations to levels that eliminate health risks. Blumenfeld said that airborne TCE is not ideal, but the cleanup has reduced the toxins by 90% as of 2013 , according to Max Shahbacian, the project's lead at California State Water Resources Control Board before it was transferred to

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2336-545: The atoms "know" when they are not on the same part. Applications include wire stock and electrical connections (such as insulation-displacement connectors and wire wrap connections). Mechanical problems in early satellites were sometimes attributed to cold welding. In 2009 the European Space Agency published a peer reviewed paper detailing why cold welding is a significant issue that spacecraft designers need to carefully consider. The paper also cites

2409-478: The board of Space Technology Laboratories (STL), the division which continued to support the Air Force ICBM efforts. Other aerospace companies believed TRW's Air Force advisory role granted it unfair access to their technologies and in September 1959, Congress issued a report recommending that STL be converted to a non-profit organization. With nearly half of STL's employees, The Aerospace Corporation

2482-437: The budget cuts, forcing responsible parties to pay for the cleanup. Scott Pruitt, Trump's head of the EPA threatened to cut budgets again for the enforcement. In 2019, the EPA and Philips Semiconductors agreed to a consent decree, with Northrop Grumman as a signatory, to fund the remaining cleanup and monitoring of the site, along with two nearby sites collectively known as the "Triple Site". In March 2021, Ashley Gjøvik ,

2555-579: The cafeteria of Building S. William Shatner had previously filmed at the TRW campus for the Outer Limits episode "Cold Hands, Warm Heart". In the episode, he plays an astronaut for "Project Vulcan". The 1967 sci-fi film Countdown , also filmed at the TRW Space Park. The TRW building is supposedly one of the credit company buildings demolished in the 1999 film Fight Club . This is because at

2628-651: The complexity of the lunar missions: "The lunar module descent engine probably was the biggest challenge and the most outstanding technical development of Apollo". This engine was used on Apollo 13 to achieve free return trajectory and make a minor course correction after damage to the Service Module . After the Apollo program Moon landings, the LMDE was further developed into the TRW TR-201 engine. This engine

2701-454: The country's toxic waste sites. The site TRW (now Northrop Grumman) is responsible for is called the ' TRW Microwave site '. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) worked with TRW to treat the water with ultraviolet light and oxygenation and excavate the contaminated soil. In 1994, a public health study determined that the groundwater was still unacceptably contaminated, which can cause vapor intrusion . The EPA says

2774-577: The earlier ERS series was a command receiver, allowing instructions to be sent from the ground, and a Pulse-code modulation digital telemetry system, versus the analog transmitters used on prior ERS missions. Like prior ERS, the OV5s were spin-stabilized and heat was passively controlled. All of the OV5 series were built by TRW with the exception of OV5-6, built by AFCRL, and OV5-9, built by Northrop Corporation . OV5 Missions TETR (also known as TTR and TATS, all standing for "Test and Training Satellite")

2847-478: The early development of the U.S. ICBM program under the leadership of the Teapot Committee led by John von Neumann . TRW pioneered systems engineering, creating the ubiquitous N chart and the modern functional flow block diagram . It served as the primary source of systems engineering for the United States Air Force ballistic missile programs. Space Technology Laboratories (STL), then

2920-469: The early stage of American research, TRW was one of the companies involved in the development of automatic guns of the Bushmaster program, where, under the leadership of engineer Eugene Stoner , the author of the famous M16 rifle, a 25 mm automatic cannon was developed under the internal designation TRW model 6425 , an ordinary system with automatic gas venting and locking the barrel with a rotary bolt

2993-481: The first four weeks of operation. In addition to returning basic scientific data, as well as helping to refine the Vela design by a better understanding of the radiation hazard the satellite series would endure, ERS 17 also monitored for the telltale increase of electron fluxes in the event of nuclear detonations in near space. ERS reentered 1 July 1967. The heavier ERS 18, launched with the next set of Vela satellites with

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3066-411: The first man-made objects to pass through the asteroid belt and Jupiter's radiation belt. Simplicity, redundancy , and use of proven components were essential. As NASA's first all-atomic powered spacecraft, these used plutonium-238 units developed by Teledyne Isotopes . Pioneer 10 carried eleven instruments and Pioneer 11 carried twelve for investigating Jupiter and Saturn , respectively. Data

3139-591: The lead contractor of the resulting ICBM development effort, reporting to the United States Air Force . With continued backing from Thompson Products, Ramo-Wooldridge diversified into computers and electronic components , founding Pacific Semiconductors in 1954. They also produced scientific spacecraft such as Pioneer 1 . Thompson Products and Ramo-Wooldridge merged in October 1958 to form Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc., unofficially known as "TRW". In February 1959, Jimmy Doolittle became chairman of

3212-457: The more sensitive p-on-n cells. An unexpected result of the solar cell experiment was that, while it had been observed in ground tests that exposure to radiation of the cells' quartz covers and the epoxy adhesive that held them to the cells reduced the light they transmitted (and thus the power generated) to the cells by 15%, such was not observed in orbit. TRS 2 and 3 marked the first time two satellites were deployed into orbit simultaneously. Data

3285-507: The nuclear Partial Test Ban Treaty . Subsequently, they produced the Advanced Vela series, first launched in 1967, which could detect nuclear air bursts using instruments actually called bhangmeters . It had the first dual-spin attitude control system with the total system momentum controlled to zero. The Vela and Advanced Vela satellites were the first to alert astronomers to the presence of gamma-ray bursts . They also reported

3358-452: The production of computers and monitors . Thompson Ramo Wooldridge officially became TRW Inc. in July 1965. Free of anti-competitive restrictions short of ICBM hardware, STL was renamed TRW Systems Group that same month. In 1968, the company entered the credit reporting industry by purchasing Credit Data Corporation and renaming it TRW Information Systems and Services Inc. The Credit Data group

3431-509: The same mission as ERS 17, operated successfully from launch until thirteen months later, on June 3, 1968, when its transmitter was turned off by the onboard timer, as planned. Analysis of returned data indicated that the intensity of gamma rays of energy greater than 1 MeV were higher than would be expected by simply extrapolating from the intensity of gamma rays of less than 1 MeV energy. This suggested an additional, as yet undetermined source of high intensity gamma rays. As of 8 June 2022, ERS 18

3504-541: The same title. Representatives from Space Technology Laboratories (STL) present their ICBM expertise to Don and Pete in Mad Men season 2 episode " The Jet Set ". The Star Trek: The Original Series season 1 episode " Operation -- Annihilate! " (13 April 1967) was filmed on the then-TRW campus (now Northrop Grumman's Space Park ) in Redondo Beach, California . The two sets of stairs shown are those leading to

3577-450: The satellite was designed to investigate, measuring charged particles, X rays, gamma rays, and cosmic rays in the near-earth environment. Approximately 1500 hours of data were collected by the ERS 17's five radiation detectors until November 3, 1965, when the transmitter ceased. Though this was much shorter than the planned lifespan of one year, the satellite had collected a useful data set within

3650-495: The site has institutional controls to protect people from contact with affected water. Drinking water in the area comes from Hetch Hetchy and municipal wells. In the 2000s, a bioremediation method developed by Stanford University using bacteria in molasses to naturally breakdown the TCE into harmless sub-compounds was implemented. Other measures included engineering vapor pathways to avoid direct human contact by releasing it into

3723-417: The telemetry system when the satellite was in the sun. Transmission of data was constant at that time as the spacecraft included neither internal battery nor command system. A transistor-based system provided eight channels of data: five for experiments, two for telemetry calibration, and one for the spacecraft temperature. A 40 in (1.0 m) antenna transmitted data. on 136.771 Mhz . Each TRS satellite

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3796-412: The time it was launched, TRS 1 was the smallest satellite ever placed into orbit. The aluminum spacecraft carried 140 solar cells, producing 600 milliwatts of power, and five radiation-detecting cells. Though the satellite did not separate from its primary satellite, it returned eight minutes of data per orbit to tracking stations below. It was designed to turn off after 90 days of operation. TRS 1 circled

3869-685: The time the book was written, TRW was in the business of credit reporting. However, there is no TRW building in Delaware , where the demolition purportedly happens. TRW equipment/boxes can be seen stored and being unloaded in the film Close Encounters of the Third Kind during scenes filmed at Devils Tower. In the 1960s and 1970s, TRW stored trichloroethylene (TCE), a critical chemical for cooling and degreasing computer chips , in tanks deep underground in Sunnyvale, California for later use. TCE

3942-480: The welds are nearly perfect, with the same crystal orientation, strength and electrical conductivity as the rest of the nanowire. The high quality of the welds is attributed to the nanoscale sample dimensions, oriented-attachment mechanisms and mechanically assisted fast surface diffusion . Nanoscale welds were also demonstrated between gold and silver, and silver and silver, indicating that the phenomenon may be generally applicable and therefore offer an atomistic view of

4015-531: Was 57th on the Fortune 500 list of highest revenue American companies in 1986 and had 122,258 employees in 2000. It operated in 25 countries. On 3 February 1986, the TRW plant in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania , burned to the ground in an eight-alarm fire . The damage was estimated to be greater than US$ 10 million and was the most serious fire to date in the area. In February 2002, Northrop Grumman launched

4088-499: Was a series of octahedral ERS satellites which were built to train Apollo program ground station crews for the Manned Space Flight Network . Four were produced: TTR-1 through TTR-4 (ERS-30 through ERS-33) TETR 2 supported training for Apollo missions 8 through 13 despite a faulty battery pack. TETR C failed to orbit due to a failure in the launch vehicle. Space Technology Laboratories TRW Inc.

4161-736: Was a wholly owned subsidiary formed to commercialize the integrated circuit technology the company had developed in support of its aerospace business. They produced some of the first commercially available digital signal processing ICs including the TDC1008 multiplier-accumulator . They also made the first 8-bit flash ADC IC, the TDC1007, resulting in an Emmy Award for analog/digital video conversion technology. TRW also pioneered gallium arsenide (GaAs) chip applications for local multipoint distribution service (LMDS) systems, radios, and satellite communications. Bel Canto Stereophonic Recordings,

4234-464: Was an American corporation involved in a variety of businesses, mainly aerospace , electronics , automotive , and credit reporting . It was a pioneer in multiple fields including electronic components, integrated circuits, computers, software and systems engineering . TRW built many spacecraft , including Pioneer 1 , Pioneer 10 , and several space-based observatories . It was #57 on the 1986 Fortune 500 list, and had 122,258 employees. The company

4307-556: Was an octahedron measuring 28 cm on a side. Two were produced: ORS-3 and ORS-4 (ERS-17 and ERS-18). Taking advantage of the high-apogee, eccentric orbit of the Vela 3A and Vela 3B satellites, ERS 17 was attached as a "pigmy" satellite, adding negligibly to the payload compared to the Velas launched 20 July 1965 to monitor the Earth for nuclear tests. ERS 17's 112,012 km (69,601 mi) apogee and 207 km (129 mi) perigee orbit took it through Earth's Van Allen Belts, which

4380-576: Was called Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc. , after the 1958 merger of the Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation and Thompson Products. This was later shortened to TRW. The company was founded in 1901 and lasted for just over a century until being acquired by Northrop Grumman in 2002. It spawned a variety of corporations, including Pacific Semiconductors, The Aerospace Corporation , Bunker-Ramo and Experian . Its automotive businesses were sold off by Northrop Grumman as TRW Automotive , which

4453-580: Was estimated to cost only $ 25,000 (equivalent to $ 213,888.89 in 2020) to build, excluding development, launch and mission operations costs. The Air Force Space Systems Division (AFSSD), then headed by Col. T. O. Wear, was the first and only customer for STL's TRS Mk. 1 satellites, initially purchasing six for its Environmental Research Satellite (ERS) program. Ten TRS Mk. 1 satellites were ultimately produced, designed to research radiation and micrometeoroid flux in Earth orbit. All were launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base attached to primary payloads. At

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4526-471: Was formed in 1970 to compete with Dun & Bradstreet , from the combination of TRWISS and ESL Incorporated to specialize in technical strategic reconnaissance . TRW Information Systems and Services Division (Credit Data) was spun off in 1996 to form Experian . TRW acquired LucasVarity in 1999, then selling Lucas Diesel Systems to Delphi Automotive and Lucas Aerospace (then called TRW Aeronautical Systems) to Goodrich Corporation . The company

4599-705: Was formed in June 1960. It headed the Atlas conversion for Mercury , Titan conversion for Gemini , and provided ongoing systems engineering support for the government. The Air Force continued its ICBM work with TRW. Dean Wooldridge retired in January 1962 to become a professor at California Institute of Technology (Caltech). Simon Ramo became president of the Bunker-Ramo Corporation in January 1964, jointly owned by TRW and Martin Marietta for

4672-540: Was named general manager of the company, which became Thompson Products in 1926. Their experimental hollow sodium -cooled valves aided Charles Lindbergh 's solo flight across the Atlantic. In 1937, Thompson Motor Products bought J.A. Drake and Sons (JADSON). The company made high-performance valves that were used in many racing engines of the day, including the Miller Offy . Dale Drake (son of J.A. Drake) bought

4745-457: Was obtained by NASA's Minitrack communications network in cooperation with the USAF. The TRS Mk. 2 design was a tetrahedron measuring 21 cm on a side. Four were produced: ERS-11 through ERS-14, though only two were launched, both pick-a-back with primary USAF payloads. They were designed to operate for one year, at which point, an onboard timer would shut the satellites off. Launched into

4818-559: Was renovated in 2014 and made available for occupancy in 2015. The safety of the site was verified by the EPA. In 2016, the Donald Trump administration cut funding the Superfund program by $ 330 million and EPA funding by more than 30%, resulting in a significant reduction in enforcement and testing. During his presidency, the EPA increased its use of consent decrees, or administrative settlements, to ensure progress continued under

4891-501: Was similar to that of ERS 12, with a perigee of 250 km (160 mi), but an even higher apogee : 120,317 km (74,762 mi). Spinning once every six seconds, the satellite measured electron and proton levels in the Van Allen Belts with omni-directional radiation detectors—a scintillation counter and a solid-state detector. The onboard transmitter, with a power of 100 m W could only reach ground stations when ERS 13

4964-612: Was the electronics industry standard for two decades, was invented by TRW's James L. Buie in 1961. In 1965, engineers Don Nelson and Dick Pick at TRW developed the Generalized Information Retrieval Language and System, for use by the U.S. Army to control the inventory of Cheyenne helicopter parts. This developed into the Pick Database Management System which is still in use as of 2016. TRW LSI Products, Inc.

5037-529: Was to produce the recently invented transistor for commercial sales. In 1957, Howard Sachar and Sanford "Sandy" Barnes invented the Varicap electronic component (also known as the varactor diode) at Pacific Semiconductors. This device reduced the physical size of radio tuners and eliminated the need for moving mechanical parts. This simplified the implementation of remote control TV tuners. Sachar and Barnes were awarded an Emmy in 2007. The company manufactured

5110-573: Was transmitted back to Earth at 8 watts , 128 bytes/s at Jupiter, and 1 byte/s from further out. Pioneer 10 was the first man-made object to pass the planetary orbits and its last telemetry was received in 2002, thirty years after launch. TRW Systems Group designed and built the instrument package which performed the Martian biological experiments , searching for life aboard the two Viking Landers launched in 1975. The 15.5 kg (34 lb) system performed four experiments on Martian soil using

5183-619: Was used in the second stage Delta-P of the Delta launch vehicle for 77 launches between 1972–1988. At the turn of 1964-65, the United States started the ambitious Bushmaster program to create small-caliber assault guns for arming promising infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs) of the American Army. The result of this program was the creation of a whole series of automatic cannons with an external automatic drive in caliber from 25 to 40 mm, which received their own general name Bushmaster . At

5256-422: Was within 40,280 km (25,030 mi) of Earth. The satellite functioned normally until 1964-10-20, when transmission became erratic. The satellite went silent on 1965-01-25. (it is possible that ERS 12 and ERS 13 had the same experiments in their packages) There is no evidence that any Octahedral Research Satellite Mark 1 ever flew. The ORS Mk. 2 design was an octahedron measuring 23 cm on

5329-638: Was written by John Neblett, and was the intellectual precursor of the RSX-11 operating system for the PDP-11 . The TRW-130 computer was introduced in 1961, and designated the AN/UYK-1 by the U.S. Navy as part of its pre-GPS TRANSIT (NAVSAT) satellite-based location system . It used Doppler shifts to compute a location in about 15 minutes, and had rounded corners to allow installation in submarines. The Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL) logic gate, which

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