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68-840: The company was originally established as the Toronto Hospitals Steam Corporation in 1969 to provide heating services for the Toronto General Hospital , the Hospital for Sick Children , New Mount Sinai Hospital and Women's College Hospital , and later provided these services to other medical institutions, the University of Toronto and the provincial government. It was renamed as the Toronto District Heating Corporation in 1980, at which time it acquired

136-434: A depth of 83 metres. The water at that depth is a constant 4 °C, its temperature protected by a layer of water above it, called a thermocline. The water is piped to a filtration plant and then to a heat-transfer station on the lakeside. Here the chill is “transferred” to another closed loop, consisting of smaller pipes that supply the towers of the city's financial district. Built at a cost of C$ 230m ($ 200m) over four years,

204-504: A detailed study anthropogenic sources on climate change, IPCC researchers found that there was "stronger evidence that most of the observed warming observed over the last 50 years [was] attributable to human activities." Since the Industrial Revolution humans have had a major impact on concentrations of atmospheric methane, increasing atmospheric concentrations roughly 250%. According to the 2021 IPCC report , 30 - 50% of

272-519: A major contributor to the rising concentration of greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere , and are responsible for up to one-third of near-term global heating . During 2019, about 60% (360 million tons) of methane released globally was from human activities, while natural sources contributed about 40% (230 million tons). Reducing methane emissions by capturing and utilizing the gas can produce simultaneous environmental and economic benefits. Since

340-545: A mechanical chiller plant. The expansion will increase the capacity of the District Heat Recovery System, which produces up to 93% less carbon emissions compared to traditional heating technology. Enwave's London Energy Plant has 6 miles (9.7 kilometres) of steam pipes, 1.85 miles (2.98 kilometres) of chilled water pipes and has recently invested 50 million dollars to supply power to the provincial electricity grid through London's local grid. In 2019,

408-530: A member of the Canadian Royal Family , is patron of the hospital. The hospital started as a small shed in the old town and was used as a British Army military hospital during the War of 1812 , after which it was founded as a permanent institution – York General Hospital – in 1829, at John and King Streets (now home to Bell Lightbox ). In 1855 a new home for the hospital

476-626: A new state-of-the-art thermal storage facility underneath The Well, consisting of a large temperature-controlled tank. The tank is fed by the DLWC system and has the capacity to hold 2 million gallons (7.6 million liters) of water. As a thermal “battery,” the ingenious system can store energy at night during off-peak times, easing strain on the electricity grid and reducing costs. The system is efficient, resilient, and, with greater capacity, can now supply low-carbon heating and cooling to an additional 17 million square feet of space. With Federal support, Enwave

544-649: A number of specific sources including industrial activity; from extraction of oil and natural gas from underground reserves; transportation via pipeline of oil and natural gas; and thawing permafrost in Arctic regions, due to global warming which is caused by human use of fossil fuels. The primary component of natural gas is methane, which is emitted to the atmosphere in every stage of natural gas "production, processing, storage, transmission, and distribution". A 2005 Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy article identified pipelines that transport natural gas as

612-433: A part of the methane cycle . Wetland emissions have been declining due to draining for agricultural and building areas. Most ecological emissions of methane relate directly to methanogens generating methane in warm, moist soils as well as in the digestive tracts of certain animals. Methanogens are methane producing microorganisms. In order to produce energy, they use an anaerobic process called methanogenesis. This process

680-569: A process called fermentation . Acetoclastic methanogenesis – certain archaea cleave acetate produced during anaerobic fermentation to yield methane and carbon dioxide. Hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis – archaea oxidize hydrogen with carbon dioxide to yield methane and water. While acetoclastic methanogenesis and hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis are the two major source reactions for atmospheric methane, other minor biological methane source reactions also occur. For example, it has been discovered that leaf surface wax exposed to UV radiation in

748-445: A result of human activity occurred in the 1700s during the industrial revolution. During the 20th century—mainly because of the use of fossil fuels—concentration of methane in the atmosphere increased, then stabilized briefly in the 1990s, only to begin to increase again in 2007. After 2014, the increase accelerated and by 2017, reached 1,850 (parts per billion) ppb. Increases in methane levels due to modern human activities arise from

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816-428: A result of human contamination. Methane emission in waste treatment facilities occurs as a result of anaerobic treatments of organic compounds and anaerobic biodegradation of sludge. Arctic methane emissions contribute to a rise in methane concentrations in the atmosphere . Whilst the Arctic region is one of many natural sources of the greenhouse gas methane, there is nowadays also a human component to this due to

884-595: A source of methane emissions. The article cited the example of Trans-Siberian natural gas pipeline system to western and Central Europe from the Yamburg and Urengoy exist gas fields in Russia with a methane concentration of 97%. In accordance with the IPCC and other natural gas emissions control groups, measurements had to be taken throughout the pipeline to measure methane emissions from technological discharges and leaks at

952-484: A study titled “Deep Lake Water Cooling: its origins and the next evolution” about Enwave's DLWC system. The study speaks of the origins of Deep Lake Water Cooling, Enwave's current impact, plans for a 4th intake, integration of thermal storage at The Well, and how Enwave is integrating heat pumps to create a community energy sharing network at scale to provide resilient, low carbon heating and cooling. Toronto General Hospital The Toronto General Hospital ( TGH )

1020-543: A teaching hospital for the University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine . In 2019, the hospital was ranked first for research in Canada by Research Infosource for the ninth consecutive year. The emergency department now treats 28,065 persons each year, while the hospital also houses the major transplantation service for Ontario, performing heart , lung , kidney , liver , pancreas , and small intestine , amongst others, for patients referred from all over Canada. The hospital

1088-424: A team of researchers led by Scot M. Miller, said that U.S. greenhouse gas reduction policies in 2013 were based on what appeared to be significant underestimates of anthropogenic methane emissions. The article said, that "greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture and fossil fuel extraction and processing"—oil and/or natural gas—were "likely a factor of two or greater than cited in existing studies." By 2001, following

1156-453: A third major category (18%). Plant agriculture, including both food and biomass production, constitutes a fourth group (15%), with rice production being the largest single contributor. The world's wetlands contribute about three-quarters (75%) of the enduring natural sources of methane. Seepages from near-surface hydrocarbon and clathrate hydrate deposits, volcanic releases , wildfires , and termite emissions account for much of

1224-440: A year oxygen levels are depleted and anaerobic conditions dominate the landfill allowing methanogens to takeover the decomposition process. These methanogens emit methane into the atmosphere and even after the landfill is closed, the mass amount of decaying matter allows the methanogens to continue producing methane for years. Waste water treatment facilities act to remove organic matter, solids, pathogens, and chemical hazards as

1292-535: Is a major teaching hospital in Toronto , Ontario , Canada and the flagship campus of University Health Network (UHN). It is located in the Discovery District of Downtown Toronto along University Avenue 's Hospital Row; it is directly north of The Hospital for Sick Children , across Gerrard Street West, and east of Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Mount Sinai Hospital . The hospital serves as

1360-482: Is a significant source of methane. With warm weather and water-logged soil, rice paddies act like wetlands, but are generated by humans for the purpose of food production. Due to the swamp-like environment of rice fields, these paddies emitted about 30 of the 400 million metric tons of anthropogenic methane in 2022. Incomplete burning of both living and dead organic matter results in the emission of methane. While natural wildfires can contribute to methane emissions,

1428-479: Is a way of comparing the warming due to other gases to that from carbon dioxide, over a given time period. Methane's GWP 20 of 85 means that a ton of CH 4 emitted into the atmosphere creates approximately 85 times the atmospheric warming as a ton of CO 2 over a period of 20 years. On a 100-year timescale, methane's GWP 100 is in the range of 28–34. Methane emissions are important as reducing them can buy time to tackle carbon emissions . Biogenic methane

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1496-415: Is actively produced by microorganisms in a process called methanogenesis . Under certain conditions, the process mix responsible for a sample of methane may be deduced from the ratio of the isotopes of carbon , and through analysis methods similar to carbon dating . As of 2020 , emission volumes from some sources remain more uncertain than others; due in part to localized emission spikes not captured by

1564-481: Is also produced. Including both the direct and indirect forcings, the increase in atmospheric methane is responsible for about one-third of near-term global heating. Though methane causes far more heat to be trapped than the same mass of carbon dioxide, less than half of the emitted CH 4 remains in the atmosphere after a decade. On average, carbon dioxide warms for much longer, assuming no change in rates of carbon sequestration. The global warming potential (GWP)

1632-504: Is currently the largest in the world, performing 167 lung transplants in 2017. In 2015, surgeons performed the world's first triple organ transplant (lung, liver and pancreas) in 19 year old Reid Wylie at Toronto General Hospital. TGH teaches resident physicians, nurses, and technicians; it also conducts research through the Toronto General Research Institute. Currently, Sophie, Duchess of Edinburgh , as

1700-549: Is higher in the Northern Hemisphere since most sources (both natural and human) are located on land and the Northern Hemisphere has more land mass. The concentrations vary seasonally, with, for example, a minimum in the northern tropics during April−May mainly due to removal by the hydroxyl radical . For example, plants that produce methane can emit as much as two to four times more methane during

1768-610: Is increasing and exceeded 1860 parts per billion in 2019, equal to two-and-a-half times the pre-industrial level. The methane itself causes direct radiative forcing that is second only to that of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). Due to interactions with oxygen compounds stimulated by sunlight, CH 4 can also increase the atmospheric presence of shorter-lived ozone and water vapour, themselves potent warming gases: atmospheric researchers call this amplification of methane's near-term warming influence indirect radiative forcing . When such interactions occur, longer-lived and less-potent CO 2

1836-640: Is named after Peter Munk , the founder and chairman of Barrick Gold corporation, who donated $ 100 million in 2017, the largest donation to a hospital in Canadian history, at the time. He donated a total of $ 175 million since 1993 to the hospital. Toronto General Hospital has had many research achievements, including: 43°39′32″N 79°23′19″W  /  43.658977°N 79.388505°W  / 43.658977; -79.388505 Methane emissions Sources of methane emissions due to human activity (year 2020 estimates) Increasing methane emissions are

1904-489: Is pursuing a project on Prince Edward Island which will divert an additional 23,000 tonnes of waste from landfill to generate energy, thus reducing harmful methane emissions . The federal government is contributing $ 3.5 million to upgrade and expand a 35-year-old waste-to-energy system in Charlottetown. The upgrade will include a larger furnace, the addition of a heat recovery boiler and air pollution controls. Through

1972-471: Is the largest organ transplant center in North America, performing 639 transplants in 2017. The hospital is also renowned for cardiac and thoracic surgery. The world's first single and double lung transplants were performed at TGH in 1983 and 1986 and the world's first valve-sparing aortic root replacement was done by Tirone David at Toronto General Hospital in 1992. The Lung Transplant program

2040-714: Is the world's top methane emitter from oil and gas. Animal agriculture is a similarly large source (30%); primarily because of enteric fermentation by ruminant livestock such as cattle and sheep. According to the Global Methane Assessment published in 2021, methane emissions from livestock (including cattle) are the largest sources of agricultural emissions worldwide A single cow can make up to 99 kg of methane gas per year. Ruminant livestock can produce 250 to 500 L of methane per day. Human consumer waste flows, especially those passing through landfills and wastewater treatment , have grown to become

2108-559: Is used in lieu of aerobic, or with oxygen, processes because methanogens are unable to metabolise in the presence of even small concentrations of oxygen. When acetate is broken down in methanogenesis, the result is the release of methane into the surrounding environment. Methanogenesis , the scientific term for methane production, occurs primarily in anaerobic conditions because of the lack of availability of other oxidants. In these conditions, microscopic organisms called archaea use acetate and hydrogen to break down essential resources in

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2176-589: The Snowy Mountains region of Australia showed 8 tonnes of methane oxidized by methanotrophic bacteria per year on a 1,000 hectare farm. 200 cows on the same farm emitted 5.4 tonnes of methane per year. Hence, one cow emitted 27 kg of methane per year, while the bacteria oxidized 8 kg per hectare. The emissions of one cow were oxidized by 27/8 ≈ 3.4 hectare. Termites also contain methanogenic microorganisms in their gut. However, some of these microorganisms are so unique that they live nowhere else in

2244-605: The effects of climate change . In the Arctic, the main human-influenced sources of methane are thawing permafrost , Arctic sea ice melting , clathrate breakdown and Greenland ice sheet melting . This methane release results in a positive climate change feedback (meaning one that amplifies warming), as methane is a powerful greenhouse gas. When permafrost thaws due to global warming, large amounts of organic material can become available for methanogenesis and may therefore be released as methane. Since around 2018, there has been consistent increases in global levels of methane in

2312-488: The rumen of livestock and mitigation of methane emissions. Nicholas Stern, the author of the 2006 Stern Review on climate change has stated "people will need to turn vegetarian if the world is to conquer climate change". In 2003, the National Academy of Sciences 's president, Ralph Cicerone —an atmospheric scientist—raised concerns about the increase in the number of methane-producing dairy and beef cattle

2380-772: The $ 28 million steam plant was completed on budget and two months ahead of schedule. The plant won the DBIA National Award of Merit and the ENR Best Projects for Texas and Louisiana Award of Merit. Enwave also helped solidify LEED certification applications for its customers. Enwave customers One York Street in Toronto achieved LEED Platinum certification, and in Chicago Aon Center holds a LEED Silver certification. The United Nations initiative called “United 4 Sustainable Smart Cities” published

2448-469: The 1800s, atmospheric methane concentrations increased annually at a rate of about 0.9%. The AR6 of the IPCC said, "It is unequivocal that the increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ), and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) since the pre-industrial period are overwhelmingly caused by human activities." Atmospheric methane accounted for 20% of the total radiative forcing (RF) from all of

2516-553: The 2001 value was significantly less than that of 1996. A 2012 Climatic Change article and 2014 publication by a team of scientists led by Robert W. Howarth said that there was strong evidence that "shale gas has a larger GHG footprint than conventional gas, considered over any time scale. The GHG footprint of shale gas also exceeds that of oil or coal when considered at decadal time scales." Howarth called for policy changes to regulate methane emissions resulting from hydraulic fracturing and shale gas development. A 2013 study by

2584-565: The Arctic's role in global methane trends is considered very likely to increase in the future. There is evidence for increasing methane emissions since 2004 from a Siberian permafrost site into the atmosphere linked to warming. Natural and anthropogenic methane emissions from aquatic ecosystems are estimated to contribute about half of total global emissions. Urbanization and eutrophication are expected to lead to increased methane emissions from aquatic ecosystems. Conversion of forests and natural environments into agricultural plots increases

2652-509: The Industrial Revolution, concentrations of methane in the atmosphere have more than doubled, and about 20 percent of the warming the planet has experienced can be attributed to the gas. About one-third (33%) of anthropogenic emissions are from gas release during the extraction and delivery of fossil fuels ; mostly due to gas venting and gas leaks from both active fossil fuel infrastructure and orphan wells . Russia

2720-510: The Province of Ontario funded the system to expand and include an additional combined heat and power (CHP) system, 17 MW gas turbine, 4 MW condensing steam turbine, 1,451 metric tons of electric chillers. London Energy Plant now serves 60 customers, including St. Joseph's Health Care London. The Well is a visionary mixed-use development featuring more than 3 million square feet of retail, office and residential space. Enwave designed and installed

2788-616: The TGH was completed and opened in 2002. Toronto General Hospital was the largest organ transplantation center in North America in 2017, performing 639 transplants in total. Toronto General Hospital is the home of the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (PMCC) , which is one of the largest open heart centers in Canada and is ranked first in Canada and in the top ten in North America for academic productivity. Many clinical firsts in cardiovascular care were performed at TGH. The center

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2856-418: The acetate from the plant material to produce methane, and because these bacteria live in the stomachs and intestines of ruminants, whenever the animal "burps" or defecates, it emits methane as well. Based upon a 2012 study in the Snowy Mountains region, the amount of methane emitted by one cow is equivalent to the amount of methane that around 3.4 hectares of methanotrophic bacteria can consume. research in

2924-425: The amount of nitrogen in the soil, which inhibits methane oxidation , weakening the ability of the methanotrophic bacteria in the soil to act as sinks. Additionally, by changing the level of the water table, humans can directly affect the soil's ability to act as a source or sink. The relationship between water table levels and methane emission is explained in the wetlands section of natural sources. Rice agriculture

2992-500: The anniversary of the 2003 blackout . In 2019, Enwave announced a C$ 100 million system expansion with C$ 10 million in federal funding from the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change's Low Carbon Economy Challenge. The expansion of the DLWC supply could reduce demand on the electricity grid during peak times by up to 0.5 kW per ton of cooling load delivered, resulting in up to 70% peak demand savings in electricity compared to

3060-472: The atmosphere, with the 2020 increase of 15.06 parts per billion breaking the previous record increase of 14.05 ppb set in 1991, and 2021 setting an even larger increase of 18.34 ppb. However, there is currently no evidence connecting the Arctic to this recent acceleration. In fact, a 2021 study indicated that the methane contributions from the Arctic were generally overestimated, while the contributions of tropical regions were underestimated. Nevertheless,

3128-413: The atmosphere—acting like inverted lightning rods as they direct the gas up through the soil and into the air. They are also suspected to produce methane themselves, but because the plants would have to use aerobic conditions to produce methane, the process itself is still unidentified, according to a 2014 Biogeochemistry article. A 1994 article on methane emissions from northern wetlands said that since

3196-963: The current rise in temperatures is caused by emissions of methane, and reducing methane is a fast way of climate change mitigation . An alliance of 107 countries, including Brazil, the EU and the US, have joined the pact known as the Global Methane Pledge, committing to a collective goal of reducing global methane emissions by at least 30% from 2020 levels by 2030. The European Union adopted methane regulations in 2024. The law requires oil and gas developers to monitor, measure, and report methane emissions. Producers must stop flaring unused natural gas and use satellite imagery to detect leaks. Ruminant animals, particularly cows and sheep, contain bacteria in their gastrointestinal systems that help to break down plant material. Some of these microorganisms use

3264-460: The day than during the night. This is directly related to the fact that plants tend to rely on solar energy to enact chemical processes. Additionally, methane emissions are affected by the level of water sources. Seasonal flooding during the spring and summer naturally increases the amount of methane released into the air. Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands of concern consist primarily of methane and nitrous oxide emissions. Wetlands are

3332-511: The entire company through a partnership. Enwave's Deep Lake Water Cooling (DLWC) is a system that harnesses the cold temperature at the bottom of Lake Ontario to cool hospitals, data centers, educational campuses, government buildings, commercial and residential buildings. Some customers include Toronto-Dominion Centre , Royal Bank Plaza , RBC Centre , Metro Toronto Convention Centre and Scotiabank Arena . It utilizes three large pipes have been run 5 kilometres (3.1 miles) into Lake Ontario, to

3400-476: The large collections of organic matter and availability of anaerobic conditions, landfills are the third largest source of atmospheric methane in the United States, accounting for roughly 18.2% of methane emissions globally in 2014. When waste is first added to a landfill, oxygen is abundant and thus undergoes aerobic decomposition; during which time very little methane is produced. However, generally within

3468-436: The largest natural source of atmospheric methane in the world, and are therefore a major area of concern with respect to climate change . Wetlands account for approximately 20–30% of atmospheric methane through emissions from soils and plants, and contribute an approximate average of 161 Tg of methane to the atmosphere per year. In wetlands, where the rate of methane production is high, plants help methane travel into

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3536-501: The life of the project it could, on average, reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 75,000 tonnes a year. In 2005, hurricanes Katrina and Rita devastated homes, businesses, and critical infrastructure in New Orleans. Electrical substations were flooded and the city lost power for several weeks. Throughout the disaster, Enwave's district energy plant, maintained service to Louisiana's largest health care and medical research center. As

3604-507: The limited global measurement capability. The time required for a methane emission to become well-mixed throughout earth's troposphere is about 1–2 years. Satellite data indicate over 80% of the growth of methane emissions during 2010–2019 are tropical terrestrial emissions. There is accumulating research and data showing that oil and gas industry methane emissions – or from fossil fuel extraction, distribution and use – are much larger than thought. Natural sources have always been

3672-763: The long-lived and globally mixed greenhouse gases. According to the 2021 assessment by the Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) over 50% of global methane emissions are caused by human activities in fossil fuels (35%), waste (20%), and agriculture (40%). The oil and gas industry accounts for 23%, and coal mining for 12%. Twenty percent of global anthropogenic emissions stem from landfills and wastewater. Manure and enteric fermentation represent 32%, and rice cultivation represents 8%. The most clearly identified rise in atmospheric methane as

3740-596: The only functioning facility with power and cooling, it also served as a hub for FEMA workers. Louisiana State University subsequently commissioned Enwave to design, build and operate a future-proof system with the same level of reliability and redundancy to provide critical medical services through a disaster. The plant is designed to be failproof: built to withstand hurricane-force winds and a 20-foot storm surge, with all critical equipment located 20 feet above grade. It also features emergency backup generation and an innovative 55,000 ton-hour “ice battery” to store energy, allowing

3808-407: The pipeline fittings and vents. Although the majority of the natural gas leaks were carbon dioxide, a significant amount of methane was also being consistently released from the pipeline as a result of leaks and breakdowns. In 2001, natural gas emissions from the pipeline and natural gas transportation system accounted for 1% of the natural gas produced. Between 2001 and 2005, this was reduced to 0.7%,

3876-485: The plant to operate for seven full days off-grid in the event of a disaster. After hurricane Katrina, Enwave expanded its service in New Orleans beyond the medical district. Enwave constructed a new steam plant in 2014 to serve an additional 22 buildings in the business core. Its three 70,000-lb/hr natural gasfired boilers produce steam for distribution to 22 buildings totaling 4.1 million sq ft for space heating, domestic hot water, laundry and sterilization use. Construction of

3944-409: The presence of oxygen is an aerobic source of methane. Emissions of methane into the atmosphere are directly related to temperature and moisture. Thus, the natural environmental changes that occur during seasonal change act as a major control of methane emission. Additionally, even changes in temperature during the day can affect the amount of methane that is produced and consumed. Its concentration

4012-533: The region served by Enwave in Downtown Toronto where is absorbs energy and repeats the cycle to provide cooling and dehumidification. This system is advantageous since it reduces, or even completely eradicates chiller usage during summer months and shoulder seasons, reducing energy usage, as well as minimizing the number of evaporative cooling towers from operating, which are susceptible to becoming breeding grounds for Legionella pneumophila . This system

4080-400: The remainder. Contributions from the surviving wild populations of ruminant mammals are vastly overwhelmed by those of cattle, humans, and other livestock animals. The Economist recommended setting methane emissions targets as a reduction in methane emissions would allow for more time to tackle the more challenging carbon emissions ". The atmospheric methane (CH 4 ) concentration

4148-793: The steam utility that was also being operated by Toronto Hydro . The corporation was privatized in 1998, with shares going to the province, the municipal government of Toronto , the University of Toronto and the four founding hospitals. The corporation was renamed as Enwave in 1999. Over time, only two shareholders remained: the city with 43%, and the Ontario Municipal Employees Retirement System with 57%. On October 2, 2012, Toronto City Council voted to sell its 43% stake in Enwave. This followed an announcement that Brookfield Asset Management would acquire

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4216-459: The surface of Lake Ontario . Cold lake water is pumped through the source side of heat exchangers situated at Toronto's John Street Pumping Station while a glycol and water mixture is circulated through the load circuit of the heat exchanger, allowing for a net energy transfer from the water/glycol mixture to the lake water. The chiller glycol mixture is then circulated using pumps throughout fan-coil units installed in high-rise properties throughout

4284-497: The system is run by the Enwave Energy Corporation. The cooling system is a clean, renewable, and reliable energy source. Compared to traditional air-conditioning, Deep Lake Water Cooling reduces electricity use by 75%, and will eliminate 40,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide, the equivalent of taking 8,000 cars off the streets. Enwave draws cold water (4 °C/39 °F) from a depth of 83 metres (272 feet) below

4352-495: The vital role of enteric fermentation in livestock on global warming. A 2006 UN FAO report reported that livestock generate more greenhouse gases as measured in CO 2 equivalents than the entire transportation sector. Livestock accounts for 9% of anthropogenic CO 2 , 65%t of anthropogenic nitrous oxide and 37% of anthropogenic methane. Since then, animal science and biotechnology researchers have focused research on methanogens in

4420-480: The world except in the third gut of termites. These microorganisms also break down biotic components to produce ethanol , as well as methane byproduct. However, unlike ruminants who lose 20% of the energy from the plants they eat, termites only lose 2% of their energy in the process. Thus comparatively, termites do not have to eat as much food as ruminants to obtain the same amount of energy, and give off proportionally less methane. In 2001, NASA researchers confirmed

4488-409: Was a "serious topic" as methane was the "second-most-important greenhouse gas in the atmosphere". Approximately 5% of the methane is released via the flatus , whereas the other 95% is released via eructation . Vaccines are under development to reduce the amount introduced through eructation. Asparagopsis seaweed as a livestock feed additive has reduced methane emissions by more than 80%. Due to

4556-536: Was built on the north side of Gerrard Street, east of Parliament, using a design by architect William Hay . In 1913, the hospital moved to College Street , near its current location, expanding and upgrading over the ensuing years. The 1913 structure, previously called the College Wing , was eventually sold by the hospital, to become the home of the MaRS Discovery District after a new wing for

4624-457: Was officially launched on August 17, 2004, at Steam Whistle Brewing, one of Enwave's customers. In support of Deep Lake Water Cooling (DLWC), the launch was attended by actor and renewable energy activist Alec Baldwin , Ontario Minister of Energy Dwight Duncan , Canadian Minister of Human Resources and Skills Development Joe Volpe, and Toronto Deputy Mayor Sandra Bussin, among other business leaders and government officials. The launch coincided with

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