A bay is a recessed, coastal body of water that directly connects to a larger main body of water, such as an ocean , a lake , or another bay. A large bay is usually called a gulf , sea , sound , or bight . A cove is a small, circular bay with a narrow entrance. A fjord is an elongated bay formed by glacial action. The term embayment is also used for related features , such as extinct bays or freshwater environments.
33-567: Encounter Bay is a bay in the Australian state of South Australia located on the state's south central coast about 100 kilometres (62 mi) south of the state capital of Adelaide . It was named by Matthew Flinders after his encounter on 8 April 1802 with Nicolas Baudin , the commander of the Baudin expedition of 1800–03 . It is the site of both the mouth of the River Murray and
66-441: A bay often reduces the strength of winds and blocks waves . Bays may have as wide a variety of shoreline characteristics as other shorelines. In some cases, bays have beaches , which "are usually characterized by a steep upper foreshore with a broad, flat fronting terrace". Bays were significant in the history of human settlement because they provided easy access to marine resources like fisheries . Later they were important in
99-453: A bay unless its area is as large as (or larger than) that of the semi-circle whose diameter is a line drawn across the mouth of that indentation — otherwise it would be referred to as a bight . There are various ways in which bays can form. The largest bays have developed through plate tectonics . As the super-continent Pangaea broke up along curved and indented fault lines, the continents moved apart and left large bays; these include
132-535: A number of Aboriginal Canadian communities, such as the Kashechewan First Nation and nine communities affiliated with the Cree of northern Quebec. As with the rest of Hudson Bay, the waters of James Bay routinely freeze over in winter. It is the last part of Hudson Bay to freeze over in winter, and the first to thaw in summer. Human presence along the shores of the bay began after the retreat of
165-591: Is a large body of water located on the southern end of Hudson Bay in Canada. It borders the provinces of Quebec and Ontario , and is politically part of Nunavut . Its largest island is Akimiski Island . Numerous waterways of the James Bay watershed have been modified with dams or diversion for several major hydroelectric projects. These waterways are also destinations for river-based recreation. Several communities are located near or alongside James Bay, including
198-613: Is also exported to the United States via a direct transmission high voltage line. The James Bay Project continues to expand, with work that began in 2010 on a new phase that involves the diversion of the Rupert River . A proposed development project, the Great Recycling and Northern Development Canal (GRAND Canal), centred on constructing a large dike to separate southern James Bay from Hudson Bay. This would turn
231-595: Is part of the Polar Bear Provincial Park . Ringed seals are common elsewhere along James Bay and polar bears can be seen hunting the seals as prey. Beluga whales within James Bay basin could be distinct from those found in Hudson Bay. Hundreds of rivers flow into James Bay. The geography of the region gives many of them similar characteristics. They tend to be wide and shallow near the Bay (in
264-799: The Encounter Marine Park . The following protected areas adjoin the shores of the bay: the Coorong National Park . Bay A bay can be the estuary of a river, such as the Chesapeake Bay , an estuary of the Susquehanna River . Bays may also be nested within each other; for example, James Bay is an arm of Hudson Bay in northeastern Canada . Some large bays, such as the Bay of Bengal and Hudson Bay, have varied marine geology . The land surrounding
297-644: The French River to Lake Huron (Georgian Bay). Many of the rivers flowing into James Bay are popular destinations for wilderness canoe-trippers. Among the more popular rivers are: Two less-travelled rivers are the Groundhog River and the Harricana . The Groundhog is less travelled in modern times due to a series of seven dams that are about a day or two up-river from the Moose. Canoeists can contact
330-609: The Gulf of Guinea , the Gulf of Mexico , and the Bay of Bengal , which is the world's largest bay. Bays also form through coastal erosion by rivers and glaciers . A bay formed by a glacier is a fjord . Rias are created by rivers and are characterised by more gradual slopes. Deposits of softer rocks erode more rapidly, forming bays, while harder rocks erode less quickly, leaving headlands . James Bay James Bay ( French : Baie James ; Cree : ᐐᓂᐯᒄ , romanized: Wînipekw , lit. 'dirty water')
363-589: The Hannah Bay Bird Sanctuary . This sanctuary has also been designated as a Wetland of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention since May 1987. The shores in this area are a mixture of intertidal mud , sand, and salt flats , estuarine waters , intertidal marshes , freshwater ponds, swamps , and forested peatlands . These elements make an abundance of wildlife. James Bay contains numerous islands. The largest of
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#1732771957904396-594: The Polar Bear Express train south to Cochrane at the end of a trip. This train regularly features a 'canoe car' enabling paddlers to travel with their canoes. Waskaganish , Quebec , is a town farther to the north and east on James Bay. It is accessible via the James Bay Road , and is the most common end point for trips on the Broadback, Pontax, and Rupert rivers (the town itself is situated at
429-739: The Taiga Shield ecozone. This rocky and hilly eastern shore forms the western edge of the Canadian Shield in Quebec and as such, the main habitat is boreal forest of the Eastern Canadian Shield taiga ecoregion . The western shore, however, is characterised by broad tundra lowlands that are an extension of the Hudson Bay Lowlands , and the vegetation is mostly muskeg bog. A large portion of this area
462-583: The English Crown, primarily Prince Rupert of the Rhine , a favoured nephew of Charles I and cousin to Charles II , that a colonial enterprise in the north would yield wealth in minerals and fur. Des Groseilliers accompanied Captain Zachariah Gillam on the ketch Nonsuch and they jointly founded Charles Fort, the first European fur-trading post on James Bay. Their success was such that
495-611: The James Bay Lowlands), whereas they are steeper and narrower farther upstream (as they pour off the Canadian Shield ). For a larger list of waterways in the region, see list of Hudson Bay rivers . Hannah Bay is the southernmost bay of James Bay. Here the Kesagami and Harricana Rivers flow into James Bay. About 238 km is protected under the Migratory Birds Convention Act of Canada as
528-816: The Missinaibi and the Groundhog are both fairly high in the summer, the Moose is often quite low. Depending on the tides, groups have had to walk long stretches of the river. Rapids on the Groundhog tend to be bigger and more technical than those on the Missinaibi, but the campsites are few and poor, because the volume of travel is so much less. The Harricana River is wild, powerful, dangerous river that flows into James Bay 40 miles (64 km) east of Moosonee after two infamous sections of river known as 1-mile and 7-mile island. Consistent whitewater and waterfalls make these sections of river extremely dangerous. Anyone wishing to take this route must allow about two days to cross
561-590: The bay into a freshwater lake, due to the numerous rivers that empty into it. The main benefit expected from this would be to redirect this freshwater for human use. Water would be pumped south from the newly formed James Lake into the Harricana River , crossing into the Great Lakes watershed near Amos , into Lake Timiskaming and the Ottawa River , crossing near Mattawa into Lake Nipissing and
594-469: The bay, an extremely dangerous proposition if the tides and the weather are unfavourable. The most common access point for paddlers to this area is Moosonee, at the southern end of James Bay. A campsite at Tidewater Provincial Park provides large campgrounds with firepits and outhouses on an island across the river from the town. Water taxis will ferry people back and forth for about C$ 20 each. Many of these rivers finish near Moosonee, and paddlers can take
627-723: The bay. Islands located within Encounter Bay include (from west to east): Wright Island , Granite Island , Seal Island (also known as Seal Rock) and Pullen Island . The following protected areas exist within the bay’s waters: the Granite Island Recreation Park , the Pullen Island Conservation Park and the West Island Conservation Park , while the bay’s waters are within the boundaries of
660-526: The coast of Encounter Bay from June 1837 at Police Point, Granite Island and Rosetta Head . The last of these closed down in 1855. They were the most successful and longest lasting whaling stations in South Australia. An attempt was made to re-establish the fishery in 1871–72. The bay's coastline is the site for the following settlements: Victor Harbor, Port Elliot , Middleton and Goolwa . The Murray , Inman and Hindmarsh Rivers drain into
693-483: The company was chartered by Charles II on their return, although they did not bring any minerals. This charter granted a complete trading monopoly to the company of the whole Hudson Bay basin (including James Bay). At the same time, the first English colony on what is now mainland Canada, Rupert's Land , was formed, with the first "capital" designated at Charles Fort. The first colonial governor, Charles Baley (various spellings exist, including but not limited to "Bailey"),
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#1732771957904726-503: The dam company and arrange to be portaged around the dams on company trucks, but they must make arrangements specific to the hour, and they cannot be late. The Groundhog flows into the Mattagami . The Mattagami then flows into the Moose; it is at the meeting of the Missinaibi and Mattagami rivers that the Moose river begins, marked by an island known as Portage Island. This point is about two or three days travel by canoe to Moosonee. Though
759-527: The development of sea trade as the safe anchorage they provide encouraged their selection as ports . The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea defines a bay as a well-marked indentation in the coastline, whose penetration is in such proportion to the width of its mouth as to contain land-locked waters and constitute more than a mere curvature of the coast. An indentation, however, shall not be regarded as
792-408: The glaciers at the end of the last ice age , around 8,150 years ago. A variety of indigenous cultures have lived in this area. At the time of contact with Europeans, the indigenous peoples along both shores of the bay were ethnically Cree peoples. Henry Hudson is believed to have been the first European to enter the bay, when he explored it in 1610 as part of his exploration of the larger bay that
825-475: The islands in Hudson Bay and James Bay remained part of the North-West Territory. Following the partition of the North-West Territory in 1999, the islands in Hudson Bay and James Bay were transferred to the new territory of Nunavut. The shores of James Bay are sparsely populated. On the eastern shore in Quebec there are four coastal communities belonging to the Cree , the indigenous people of
858-585: The islands is Akimiski Island , which covers 3,002 square kilometres (1,159 sq mi). All of northern Ontario and northern Quebec were part of the Hudson Bay Company's proprietary colony of Rupert's Land, and after Rupert's Land was purchased by Canada in 1869, the area became part of the North-West Territory. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Canada transferred much of the North-West Territory to Ontario and Quebec, thus forming modern northern Ontario and northern Quebec. However, all of
891-534: The occupation of Encounter Bay by the Ramindjeri in the late 1830s may have been a response to the activities of whalers in the area". He also notes that the "Encounter Bay people" mentioned in 1836 by Colonel Light and his party at Rapid Bay in 1836 spoke the Kaurna language . The Ramindjeri language name for Encounter Bay was Ramong, although some sources ascribe this name to The Bluff only. Encounter Bay
924-611: The region (from south to north): On the western shore in Ontario there are five coastal communities (from south to north): Since 1971, the government of Quebec has built hydroelectric dams on rivers in the James Bay watershed, notably La Grande and Eastmain rivers. Built between 1974 and 1996, the James Bay Project now has a combined generating capacity of 16,021 MW and produces about 83 billion kWh of electricity each year, about half of Quebec's consumption. Power
957-699: The regional city of Victor Harbor . It is one of four " historic bays " located on the South Australian coast. There are at least two definitions of the bay’s extent: Although traditional ownership has long been ascribed to the Ramindjeri clan of the Ngarrindjeri people, linguist Rob Amery of the University of Adelaide suggested in a 1998 paper that Kaurna traditional lands "may have extended as far eastward as Encounter Bay and that
990-606: The west coasts of James and Hudson bays. East Main was, nevertheless, the gateway to British settlements in what would become Manitoba ( Winnipeg , for example) and as far west as the Rocky Mountains . James Bay represents the southern extent of the Arctic Archipelago Marine ecozone . While the coastal areas are primarily in the Hudson Plains , the northeastern coast bordering Quebec is in
1023-519: Was a Quaker , and this is believed to have been a factor in his respectful relations with the company's trading partners, the First Nations . Significant fur trapping has continued in the region. In general, the east coast or East Main of James Bay was too easily accessed by French and independent traders from the south. The Hudson's Bay Company emphasised from an early period trading relations with tribes in interior trapping grounds, reached from
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1056-581: Was named by Matthew Flinders on 8 April 1802 after his encounter with Nicolas Baudin , both of whom were charting the Australian coastline for their respective countries ( Britain and France ). The encounter between the scientists was peaceful, even though they believed their countries were at war at the time. (Both parties were unaware that the Treaty of Amiens , ceasing hostilities, had been signed on 25 March 1802.) After British colonisation of South Australia , shore-based bay whaling stations operated on
1089-557: Was named for him. This southerly bay was named in honour of Thomas James , a Welsh captain who explored the area more thoroughly in 1630 and 1631. James Bay is important in the history of Canada as one of the most hospitable parts of the Hudson Bay region, although it has had a low human population. It was an area of importance to the Hudson's Bay Company and British expansion into Canada . The fur-trapping duo of explorers Pierre-Esprit Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers convinced
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