Endau is a small town in Mersing District , Johor , Malaysia . It lies on the northern tip of east Johor , on the border with the Pahang state.
107-526: The town was named Endau after a Peranakan Indian who resided in the area. In the 19th century it was known to the British as Blair's Harbour . The town was opened by Dato' Mohd Ali by an order from Temenggong Ibrahim. The town expanded due to its location as the center of economy for the people who worked in the trading, fishing and logging sectors at that time. During World War 2, the Japanese created
214-706: A Burmese word for the Peranakan or Straits Chinese who have settled in Myanmar. They maintained their culture partially despite their native language gradually disappearing a few generations after settlement. Popular myths by the Malays of the Peranakan Chinese in Malacca, Singapore, and Penang sometimes state exclusive descent from the royal retinue of an allegedly princess named Hang Li Po —alleged by
321-426: A multiracial community, with the caveat that individual family histories vary widely and likewise self-identification with multiracialism as opposed to Chineseness varies widely. The Malay/Indonesian phrase "orang Cina bukan Cina" ("a not-Chinese Chinese person") encapsulates the complex relationship between Peranakan identity and Chinese identity. The particularities of genealogy and the unique syncretic culture are
428-456: A Eurasian ethnic group. They are descendants through paternal lines of European colonists from the 16th to 20th centuries (mostly Portuguese, Dutch, German and British) and with maternal ancestry among local women. Other European minorities in such admixtures include Swedish, Norwegian, French and Irish. The Sri Lanka Kaffirs are an ethnic group partially descended from 16th-century Portuguese traders and their enslaved Africans. The Kaffirs spoke
535-640: A Eurasian mix developed during the Colonial period, beginning with the French, Dutch, Portuguese and other European traders and merchants, including British. Such interaction continued during the British Rule in India, although it lessened as British families settled in the country. The estimated population of Anglo-Indians, the term for these Eurasians, is 600,000 worldwide, with the majority living in India and
642-466: A Hindi (originally Persian) loan-word borrowed by Malay speakers as a term of affection for one's grandparents, and became part of the common vernacular. In Penang Hokkien , it is pronounced bā-bā (in Pe̍h-ōe-jī ), and sometimes written with the phonetic loan characters 峇峇. Female Straits-Chinese descendants were either called or styled themselves Nyonyas . Nyonya (also spelled nyonyah or nonya )
749-560: A centuries-long history of transculturation and interracial marriage . Immigrants from the southern provinces of China arrived in significant numbers in the region between the 14th and 17th centuries, taking abode in the Malay Peninsula (where their descendants in Malacca, Singapore and Penang are referred to as Baba–Nyonya ); the Indonesian Archipelago (where their descendants are referred to as Kiau–Seng );
856-546: A common language and similar cultural elements. The Malagasy of the central highlands of Madagascar have predominantly Austronesian ancestry, the Malagasy of the west coast and the south of the island have predominantly Bantu ancestry, and Malagasy of the island's east coast are of roughly equal degrees Bantu and Austronesian ancestry. The average Malagasy person's genetic makeup includes a roughly equal blend of Southeast Asian and East African genes. The people of South Asia have
963-476: A designator of genealogical descent, connoting ancestry or lineage, including great-grandparents or more-distant ancestors. On its own, when used in common parlance, the word "peranakan" does not denote a specific ethnicity of descent unless followed by a subsequent qualifying noun. For example Peranakan Tionghoa/Cina may simply mean "Chinese descendants"; likewise Jawi Peranakan can mean "Arab descendants", or Peranakan Belanda "Dutch descendants". However, in
1070-871: A distinctive creole based on Portuguese, the Sri Lanka Kaffir language, which is now extinct. Their cultural heritage includes the dance styles Kaffringna and Manja, as well as the Portuguese Sinhalese, Creole, Afro-Sinhalese varieties. Under terms of the Geneva Accords of 1954 , departing French troops took thousands of Vietnamese wives and children with them after the First Indochina War . Some Eurasians stayed in Vietnam, after independence from French rule. Ottoman slave traders sold slaves in cumulatively large numbers over
1177-435: A diverse genetic pool, being composed of South Asian hunter-gatherers, Neolithic Iranians, and Western Steppe Herders . This makes up the genome of modern-day Indians and varies from caste and region. Henry Louis Vivian Derozio , a radical thinker and educator, was of Indian and European background. Prior to colonization, the peoples of India had a long history of trade and other interaction with other peoples. More recently
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#17327718288481284-408: A minimum of five racial categories: European American ; African American ; Native American and Alaska Native ; Asian ; and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander . Perhaps the most significant change for Census 2000 was that respondents were given the option to mark one or more races on the questionnaire to indicate their racial identity. Census 2000 race data are shown for people who reported
1391-614: A person who arrived in the Nusantara region during much later periods of Chinese migration. Conversely, the other Dutch, Malay and Siamese-speaking Peranakan Chinese in Dutch East Indies, Siam and Malaya would be unlikely to refer to themselves using the English term 'Straits Chinese'. The Peranakan Chinese commonly refer to themselves as Baba-Nyonya. The term Baba is an honorific for Straits Chinese men. It originated as
1498-669: A race either alone or in combination with one or more other races. In the English-speaking world , many terms for mixed-race people exist, some of which are pejorative or are no longer used. Mulato , zambo and mestizo are used in Spanish , mulato , caboclo , cafuzo , ainoko (from Japanese ) and mestiço in Portuguese, and mulâtre and métis in French . These terms are also in certain contexts used in
1605-431: A section entitled 'Mixed', to which 1.4% (1.6% by 2005 estimates) of people responded, which was split further into White and Black Caribbean , White and Asian , White and Native African and Other Mixed . In the 2011 census, 2.2% chose 'Mixed' for the question on ethnicity. Mixed-race Canadians in 2006 officially totaled 1.5% of the population, up from 1.2% in 2001. The official mixed-race population grew by 25% since
1712-578: A semantic shift, the word peranakan has come to be used as a "metaphorical" adjective that has the meaning of "locally born but non-indigenous". In Indonesian, it can denote "hybrid" or "crossbred". Thus the term "Peranakan Cina" or "Peranakan Tionghoa" can have the literal or archaic meaning of "Chinese womb" or "Chinese descendants" or "Chinese ancestry" or "descended from the Chinese"—but more latterly has come to mean "locally born but non-indigenous Chinese" or even " half-caste Chinese". The semantic shift
1819-549: A significant majority of their recent ancestors were African. Some percentage of people who look African or native African will possess genetic markers indicating the majority of their recent ancestors were European. In the United States: Many state and local agencies comply with the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) 1997 revised standards for the collection, tabulation, and presentation of federal data on race and ethnicity. The revised OMB standards identify
1926-640: A significant portion of the population in many parts of the world. In North America , studies have found that the multiracial population is continuing to grow. In many countries of Latin America , mestizos make up the majority of the population and in some others also mulattoes . In the Caribbean, multiracial people officially make up the majority of the population in the Dominican Republic (73%), Aruba (68%), and Cuba (51%). While defining race
2033-517: A small minority of Cantonese . Baba Nyonya are a subgroup within Chinese communities. Peranakan families occasionally arranged brides from China for their sons or arranged marriages for their daughters with newly arrived Chinese immigrants. There are parallels between the Peranakan Chinese and the Cambodian Hokkien , who are descendants of Hoklo Chinese. Likewise the Pashu of Myanmar ,
2140-687: A small settlement of Chinese from Singapore called the Endau settlement , to alleviate food shortages. It was abandoned after the Japanese surrender. The town is one of the largest fishing ports on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia . Endau has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with heavy to very heavy rainfall year-round and with extremely heavy rainfall in December. 2°39′N 103°37′E / 2.650°N 103.617°E / 2.650; 103.617 This Johor location article
2247-638: A socially and ethnically distinct group within the Maghreb. For centuries, Arab slave traders sold sub-Saharan Africans as slaves in cumulatively large numbers throughout the Persian Gulf , Anatolia , Central Asia and the Arab world . Communities descended from these slaves and local peoples can be found throughout these regions. Barbary pirates were known to attack European and British ships and take Europeans into slavery as well. So many were taken, that
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#17327718288482354-414: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Peranakan The Peranakan Chinese ( / p ə ˈ r ɑː n ə ˌ k ɑː n , - k ən / ) are an ethnic group defined by their genealogical descent from the first waves of Southern Chinese settlers to maritime Southeast Asia , known as Nanyang ( Chinese : 南洋 ; pinyin : nán yáng ; lit. 'Southern Ocean'), namely
2461-532: Is a Malay and Indonesian honorific used to refer to a foreign married lady. It is a loan word, borrowed from the old Portuguese word for lady donha (compare, for instance, Macanese creole nhonha spoken on Macau, which was a Portuguese colony for 464 years). Because Malays at that time had a tendency to address all foreign women (and perhaps those who appeared foreign) as nyonya , they used that term for Straits-Chinese women as well. It gradually became more exclusively associated with them. In Penang Hokkien , it
2568-738: Is a Peranakan dish from Purwodadi , a frog soup dish. Nyonya laksa is a very popular dish in Malacca, Malaysia while another variant called asam laksa is famous in Penang, Malaysia. Pongteh is also another popular and savoury dish of the Malaccan Peranakan community. The main ingredient is onion, black mushroom (optional), chicken (at times pork is used instead of chicken, hence it's called babi pongteh ) and fermented bean sauce. The Malaccan Nyonyas are well known for this dish. Multiracial people The terms multiracial people refer to people who are of multiple races , and
2675-655: Is a dying language, and its contemporary use is mainly limited to members of the older generation. It is common for the Peranakan of the older generation (particularly among women) to latah in Peranakan Malay when experiencing unanticipated shock. The Peranakan Malay spoken by the Malaccan Peranakans community is strongly based on the Malay language as most of them can only speak little to none of
2782-544: Is a geographical designator specific to the former British colonies in the region, whereas 'Peranakan Chinese' is a broader genealogical designator covering all parts of the Nusantara region where Chinese people settled (including areas colonized by the Dutch, who would not have used the word 'Straits'), the two terms cannot be said to fully overlap or be interchangeable. Someone who is said to be 'Straits Chinese' in British colonial documents might, for example, be non-Peranakan, i.e.
2889-399: Is a key part of the Peranakan diet. Moreover, Peranakans were traditionally English educated at missionary schools, notably in Penang. In Indonesia, Peranakan referred to all Indonesian Chinese who had converted to Islam up until the 19th century. This indicated the importance of Islamic identity as a "criterion of indigenization." Later, Peranakan referred to all Indonesian Chinese born in
2996-422: Is controversial , race remains a commonly used term for classification, often related to visible physical characteristics or known community. Insofar as race is defined differently in different cultures, perceptions of mixed race are subjective. According to U.S. sociologist Troy Duster and ethicist Pilar Ossorio: Some percentage of people who look native European will possess genetic markers indicating that
3103-537: Is limited to informal occasions. The first Chinese immigrants to settle in the Malay Archipelago arrived from Guangdong and Fujian provinces in the 10th century C.E. They were joined by much larger numbers of the Chinese in the 15th through 17th centuries, following on the heels of the Ming emperor's reopening of Chinese-Malay trade relations in the 15th century. In the 15th century, some small city-states of
3210-510: Is no longer the case in modern times where anyone who marries Malay women is required to convert to Islam. Peranakan, Straits Chinese, Baba Nyonya are all names for the descendants of Han Chinese men and their Javanese, Sumatran and Malay wives. Han Chinese men did not allow their women to leave China, so they married local Muslim Javanese and other Southeast Asian women. Dayak women were married by Han Chinese men who settled in Borneo as noted in
3317-546: Is not classified as "pardo" but as "branco", a white Brazilian . The same applies to "negros", Afro-Brazilians whose European or Native American ancestors are not visible in their appearance. According to genetic research, most Brazilians of all racial groups (except Asian-Brazilians and natives) are, to some extent, mixed-race. In the English language, the terms miscegenation and amalgamation were used for unions between whites, blacks, and other ethnic groups. The term 'miscegenation' initially replaced 'amalgamation' due to
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3424-421: Is presumed to have arisen from the thorough hybridization or assimilation of the earliest Chinese or other non-indigenous settlers in the Malay Archipelago such that their ethnic heritage needed to be specified whenever referring to them, either to avoid confusion or to emphasise difference. The designator peranakan —in its original sense simply connoting "descendant of X ethnicity", or "the wombs of X"—emerged as
3531-465: Is pronounced nō͘-niâ (in Pe̍h-ōe-jī), and sometimes written with the phonetic loan characters 娘惹. A 2021 genetic study Singapore's Peranakan Chinese have Malay ancestry, with an average of 5–10%. Many Peranakans identify as Holoh ( Hokkien ) despite being of numerous origins, such as the descendants of adopted local Malaysian aborigines. A sizeable number are of Teochew or Hakka descent, including
3638-651: The British , Portuguese and Dutch colonial ports in the Malay Peninsula and the Indonesian Archipelago , as well as Singapore . Peranakan culture, especially in the dominant Peranakan centres of Malacca , Singapore , Penang , Phuket and Tangerang , is characterized by its unique hybridization of ancient Chinese culture with the local cultures of the Nusantara region, the result of
3745-855: The East African Community ), people of mixed race are called half-castes (in English) or chotara (singular, in Swahili ), wachotara (plural in Swahili). North Africa has numerous mixed-race communities, reflecting a history of both extensive Mediterranean trade around the region and later colonization and migration by African groups. Among these are the Haratin , oasis-dwellers of Saharan southern Morocco , Algeria , and Mauritania . They are believed to be an ethnicity composed of Sub-Saharan African and Berber ancestry. They constitute
3852-894: The Malacca state of Malaysia, are Tamils with considerable Malay ancestry. The early Tamil settlers took local wives, as they had not brought their own women at that time. In the East Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak , intermarriage has been common between Chinese and native tribespeople, such as the Murut and Dusun in Sabah, and the Iban and Bisaya in Sarawak. A mixture of cultures has resulted in both states. The offspring of these marriages are called "Sino-(name of tribe)", e.g. Sino-Dusun. Normally, children are strongly affected by
3959-642: The Malay Annals as having made a marriage of alliance with the Sultan of Malacca in the fifteenth century however modern historians disproved the princess marriage as a false myth by the Malay Annals. The language of the Peranakans, Baba Malay ( Bahasa Melayu Baba ) or Peranakan Malay, is a creole language related to the Malay language ( Bahasa Melayu ), which contains many Hokkien words. It
4066-627: The Southern Thailand (where their descendants are referred to as Baba-Yaya ), primarily in Phuket , Trang , Phang Nga , Takua Pa and Ranong ; Terengganu (where their descendants are referred to as Cheng Mua Lang ) and North Borneo from the 18th century (where their descendants in Sabah are also referred to as Sino-Natives ). Intermarriage between these Chinese settlers and their Malay , Thai , Javanese or other predecessors in
4173-802: The Treaty of Manila , the U.S. recognized the Republic of the Philippines as an independent nation. Even after 1946, the U.S. maintained a strong military presence in the Philippines, with as many as 21 U.S. military bases and 100,000 U.S. military personnel stationed there as defense in Asia and during the Vietnam War. After the bases closed in 1992, American troops left, often abandoning partners and their Amerasian children. The Pearl S. Buck International foundation estimates there are 52,000 Amerasians in
4280-582: The 18th century. One Dayak man named Budi mentioned a Chinese man married Budi's sister and that he liked Chinese but he hated Madurese as he was talking about the massacres of Madurese settlers. Malay and Dayak ethnically cleansed Madurese settlers from their and in West Kalimantan starting in Sambas from December 1996 to February 2001 after the Sampit fights in December 2000. The Chinese are perhaps
4387-877: The 1930s, modern shapes became popular and heels were gradually added. In Indonesia, the Peranakans develop their own kebaya , most notably kebaya encim , derived from the name encim or enci to refer to a married Chinese woman. Kebaya encim was commonly worn by Chinese ladies in Javan coastal cities with significant Chinese settlements, such as Semarang , Lasem, Tuban, Surabaya , Pekalongan and Cirebon . It marked differently from Javanese kebaya with its smaller and finer embroidery, lighter fabrics and more vibrant colours. They also developed their own batik patterns, which incorporate symbols from China. The kebaya encim fit well with vibrant-coloured kain batik pesisiran (Javan coastal batik), which incorporated symbols and motives from China; such as dragon, phoenix, peony and lotus. For
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4494-419: The 19th century completely absorbed the converted Chinese Muslims who originally had their own separate kapitan and community in the late 18th century. The remaining commoner non-Muslim Chinese Peranakans descended from Chinese men and Javanese Muslim women generally stopped marrying Javanese and the elite Peranakans stopped marrying Javanese completely and instead started only marrying fellow Chinese Peranakans in
4601-588: The 19th century, as they realized they might get absorbed by the Muslims. DNA tests done on Chinese Peranakan in Singapore showed that those Peranakan who are mixed with Malays are mostly of paternal Han Chinese descent and of maternal Malay descent. Peranakans in Malaysia and Singapore formed when non-Muslim Chinese men were able to marry Malay Muslim women a long time ago without converting to Islam. This
4708-579: The 2011 BBC documentary Mixed Britannia noted that 1 in 10 British children are growing up in mixed households. In 2000, The Sunday Times reported that "Britain has the highest rate of interracial relationships in the world" and certainly the UK has the highest rate in the European Union . The 2001 census showed the population of England to be 1.4% mixed-race, compared with 2.7% in Canada and 1.4% in
4815-451: The Baba they will wear baju lokchuan (which is the Chinese men's full costume) but the younger generation they will wear just the top of it which is the long-sleeved silk jacket with Chinese collar or the batik shirt. Most Peranakans generally subscribed to Chinese beliefs systems such as Taoism , Confucianism and Han Buddhism , and even Roman Christianity nowadays. Just like the Chinese,
4922-532: The Chinese Muslim community which was descended from converts. Adoption of Islam back then was a marker of peranakan status which it no longer means. The Semaran Adipati and the Jayaningrat families were of Chinese origin. Peranakans were held in high regard by Malays. Some Malays in the past may have taken the word "Baba", referring to Chinese males, and put it into their name, when this used to be
5029-537: The Chinese men did not convert to Islam since their Javanese wives did not ask them to, but a minority of Javanese women asked them to convert so a Chinese Muslim community made out of converts appeared among the Javanese. In the late half of the 19th century, Javanese Muslims became more adherent to Islamic rules due to going on hajj and more Arabs arriving in Java, ordering circumcision for converts. The Batavian Muslims in
5136-409: The Chinese was widespread. It cannot be denied, however, that the existence of slavery in this quarter, in former years, was of immense advantage in procuring a female population for Pinang . From Assaban alone, there used to be sometimes 300 slaves, principally females, exported to Malacca and Pinang in a year. The women get comfortably settled as the wives of opulent Chinese merchants, and live in
5243-658: The Dutch Government, who had great difficulty in subduing them. In 1912, Chinese engaged in mass violent riots against Dutch colonial rule in Surayaba and Batavia in the Dutch East Indies. Among the Straits Chinese (Peranakan) descendants in Sulu , the Philippines is Abdusakur Tan II, the governor. Many Straits Chinese (Peranakans) migrated from Singapore to Jolo, Sulu and Mindanao to live and trade among
5350-605: The English-speaking world. In Canada , the Métis are a recognized ethnic group of mixed European and Indigenous American descent, who have status in the law similar to that of First Nations . Terms such as mulatto for people of partially African descent and mestizo for people of partially Native American descent are still used by English-speaking people of the Western Hemisphere but mostly to refer to
5457-420: The Indian Ocean, and Bantu peoples who crossed the Mozambique Channel from mainland Africa. These two groups intermixed, forming the modern Malagasy people; later migrants from Arabia, Somalia, and India added to the genetic mixture. Virtually all Malagasy people are of some degree of mixed descent; however, the amount of mixture varies greatly between regions of Madagascar, despite all Malagasy people sharing
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#17327718288485564-515: The Javanised Arabic script , and Pekan being a colloquial contraction of Peranakan . The prominence of Peranakan Chinese culture, however, has led to the common elision whereby 'Peranakan' may simply be taken to refer to the Peranakan Chinese, i.e. the culturally unique descendants of the earliest Chinese settlers in the Malay Archipelago, as opposed to the other smaller groups that also justifiably call themselves 'peranakan'. For some Peranakans of Chinese descent, calling oneself "Peranakan" without
5671-407: The Malay Peninsula often paid tribute to various kingdoms such as those of China and Siam . Close relations with China were established in the early 15th century during the reign of Parameswara when Admiral Zheng He ( Cheng Ho ), a Muslim Chinese, visited Malacca and Java during his expedition (1405–1433). According to a legend in 1459 CE, the Emperor of China sent a princess, Hang Li Po , to
5778-402: The Malay and Indonesian languages. The word Peranakan, which can have very broad and labile meanings in Malay and Indonesian and, when used in common parlance, is simply an indicator of heritage or descent, may also be used to refer to other ethnic groups in the same region. Owing to the broad meaning of the term 'peranakan', the term is also encountered when referring to other communities in
5885-410: The Malay influence, a unique "Nyonya" cuisine has developed using typical Malay spices. Examples are chicken kapitan , a dry chicken curry and inchi kabin , a Nyonya version of fried chicken. Pindang bandeng is a common fish soup served in Indonesia during the Chinese New Year and so is a white round mooncake from Tangerang which is normally used during the Autumn Festival . Swikee purwodadi
5992-700: The Moro Muslims like the Tausug people and Maguindanaons and sell weapons, rifles, cannon and opium to them in exchange for gutta-percha. Tausug and Chinese married each other and Chinese also converted to Islam. Moros carried out suicide juramentado attacks against the Japanese. Moro juramentados used opium in their attacks against US soldiers. American military officers Charles Wilkes saw Sulu Moro Sultan Mohammed Damaliel Kisand (spelling error of Jamalul Kiram) and his sons smoke opium and he had bloodshot eyes because of it. Datu Uto received Spencer and Enfield rifles from Straits Chinese (Peranakan) merchants. Lantaka swivel bronze cannon were sold by Chinese to
6099-496: The Moros who were fighting the Americans. A novel was written about this. Balinese women, Bugis women and other native women in Indonesia who married Han Chinese men were buried according to Chinese custom with Chinese characters on their gravestones instead of being cremated. Straits Chinese, Baba Nyonya or Peranakan are descended from Malay women and Chinese men. The Peranakan retained most of their ethnic and religious origins (such as ancestor worship), but assimilated
6206-479: The Peranakan convert to Islam, Datu Seri Nara, who according to Wybrand of Warwijck was the most important commercial and military figure in Pattani in 1602. Due to the culture of Nyonya and Babas is merged between Malay and Chinese and influence by Indonesia. Malacca was once the world's merchant gathering point enabling the birth of Baba and Nyonya ethnic group. Therefore, the Nyonya food can be summarized as "Malay Archipelago Delicacies of Nanyang Cuisine". From
6313-423: The Peranakan language is mainly based on Indonesian and Javanese , which is mixed with elements of different Chinese varieties , mostly Hokkien. Speakers of the Peranakan language can be found scattered along the northern coastline area throughout West Java , Central Java and East Java , and also in Special Region of Yogyakarta , Indonesia. Young Peranakans can still speak this creole language, although its use
6420-429: The Peranakans also celebrate Lunar New Year , Lantern Festival and other Chinese festivals , while adopting the customs of the land they settled in, as well as those of their colonial rulers. There are traces of Portuguese , Dutch , British , Malay and Indonesian influences in Peranakan culture. Just like in any other cultures, the Peranakans still believe in pantang larang (meaning taboos ) especially among
6527-413: The Philippine population, has Spanish or Latin-American admxiture. And it also has Philippine-American descent. After the defeat of Spain during the Spanish–American War in 1898, the Philippines and other remaining Spanish colonies were ceded to the United States in the Treaty of Paris . The Philippines was under U.S. sovereignty until 1946, though occupied by Japan during World War II. In 1946, in
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#17327718288486634-423: The Philippines, with 5,000 in the Clark area of Angeles City . An academic research paper presented in the U.S. (in 2012) by an Angeles, Pampanga, Philippines Amerasian college research study unit suggests that the number could be a lot more, possibly reaching 250,000. This is also partially due to the fact that almost all Amerasians intermarried with other Amerasians and Filipino natives. The newer Amerasians from
6741-412: The Sultan of Malacca as a token of appreciation for his tribute. The nobles (500 sons of ministers) and servants who accompanied the princess initially settled in Bukit Cina and eventually grew into a class of Straits-born Chinese known as the Peranakans. Chinese men in Melaka fathered children with Javanese , Batak and Balinese slave women. Their descendants moved to Penang and Singapore during
6848-547: The U.S. (estimate from 2002), although this U.S. figure did not include mixed-race people who had a parent with African Ancestry. Both the US and UK have fewer people identifying as mixed race, however, than Canada. In the United Kingdom, many mixed-race people have Caribbean , African or Asian heritage. For example, supermodel Naomi Campbell has Jamaican , African and Asian roots. Some, like 2008 Formula One World Champion Lewis Hamilton , are referred to or describe themselves as ' mixed '. The 2001 UK Census included
6955-433: The UK. Article 366(2) of the Indian Constitution defines Anglo-Indian as: (2) an Anglo-Indian means a person whose father or any of whose other male progenitors in the male line is or was of European descent but who is domiciled within the territory of India and is or was born within such territory of parents habitually resident therein and not established there for temporary purposes only; Myanmar (formerly Burma)
7062-564: The United States would add to the already older settlement of peoples from other countries in the Americas that happened when the Philippines was under Spanish rule, as the Philippines once received immigrants from Spanish occupied Panama, Peru, and Mexico. In the United States, intermarriage between Filipinos and other ethnicities is common. They have the highest number of interracial marriages among Asian immigrant groups, as documented in California. Some 21.8% of Philippine-Americans are of mixed ancestry. According to government statistics,
7169-511: The capital, Kuching. In North Borneo an irruption of some thousands occurred on the opening up of the country, and great numbers are employed on the tobacco plantations lately established. In Labuan, and in Pengaron in South Borneo, the coal mines were worked by Chinese, and they still act as sago-washers in the former island. Bound together by societies with stringent laws, their system of co-operation enables them to prosper where others would fail. In West Borneo they thus became so powerful as to defy
7276-436: The case. This is not followed by the younger generation, and the current Chinese Malaysians do not have the same status or respect as Peranakans used to have. In Penang, Thai women replaced Nias slave women and Batak slave women as wives of Chinese men after the 1830s when slavery was abolished. Many Peranakan in Java , Indonesia are descendants of non-Muslim Chinese men who married abangan Javanese Muslim women. Most of
7383-430: The centuries throughout the Persian Gulf , Anatolia , Central Asia and the Arab world and communities descended from these slaves can be found throughout these regions. Romani people are of mixed South Asian, Middle Eastern and European ancestry. They settled in Europe hundreds of years ago. In 1991 an analysis of the census showed that 50% of Mixed Caribbean men born in the UK have native British partners, and
7490-404: The classifications were common. The well-known Casta paintings in Mexico and, to some extent, Peru, were illustrations of the different classifications. At one time, Latin American census categories have used such classifications. In Brazilian censuses since the Imperial times , for example, most persons of mixed heritage, except Asian Brazilians with some European descent (or any other to
7597-412: The country, including those of descendants of mixed race unions. Large numbers of Peranakans, many from Fujian having prior experience with foreign Muslims who had a dominant position in that provinces most important seaport, adopted Islam in Java, strongly Muslim areas of Indonesia, and Malaysia. As in the case of the Peranakans in Cirebon , this conversion process occurred over several centuries and
7704-547: The country. The Philippines, Singapore, and Borneo receive, perhaps, a larger number of these immigrants than any other countries. In Borneo they are scattered over the whole seaboard, carrying on a good deal of the river trade, and supplanting in many ways the less energetic Malay. But they are chiefly to be found in West Borneo, especially in the mining districts, as in Sambas and Montrado (Menteradu) in Dutch territory. Numbers are settled around Bau and Bidi, in Sarawak, and in
7811-752: The early 1870s. Most, if not all descendants, identify as Teochew Peranakans today. In Singapore, the Kampong Kapor Methodist Church , founded in 1894 by an Australian missionary, Sophia Blackmore , is considered one of the first Peranakan churches. During its establishment, Sunday service were conducted in Baba Malay language, and it is still one of the languages being used in their services. Despite living in Muslim majority countries such as Indonesia and Malaysia, converting to Christianity allows Peranakans to continue eating pork which
7918-421: The early Roman Catholic Church starting from 1834. This early church was set up by French missionaries (Mission Enstrangeres de Paris Order) in 1832 on Bras Basah Road, on the grounds of the present day Singapore Art Museum. Approximately 26 intermarriages between mainly China-born Teochew men and Melaka Serani, Malay, Peranakan Chinese and Indian women, took place under the auspices of this church, between 1834 and
8025-744: The early years of independence. After Burma gained independence in 1948, many Anglo-Burmese left the country; the diaspora resides primarily in Australia , New Zealand and the UK . An estimated 52,000 Anglo-Burmese live in Burma. The Philippines was a Spanish colony for almost four centuries, or 333 years. The United States took it over after the Spanish-American War, ruling for 46 years. Many Filipinos are mixed Spanish Filipino , and according to Fedor Jagor , one-third of Luzon which holds half
8132-485: The extent it is not clearly perceptible) and vice versa, tend to be thrown into the single category of " pardo ". But racial boundaries in Brazil are related less to ancestry than to phenotype. A westernized Amerindian with copper-colored skin may also be classified as a "pardo", a caboclo in this case, despite not being mixed race. A European-looking person, even with one or more native African or Indigenous ancestors,
8239-479: The father's ethnicity and culture, being raised in his culture. These Sino-natives usually become fluent in both Malay and English . A smaller number are able to speak Chinese dialects and Mandarin , especially those who have received education in vernacular Chinese schools. Due to its strategic location in the Indian Ocean, the island of Sri Lanka has been a confluence for settlers from various parts of
8346-439: The greatest comfort. Their families attach these men to the soil; and many never think of returning to their native country. The female population of Pinang is still far from being upon a par with the male; and the abolition therefore of slavery, has been a vast sacrifice to philanthropy and humanity. As the condition of the slaves who were brought to the British settlements, was materially improved, and as they contributed so much to
8453-430: The happiness of the male population, and the general prosperity of the settlement, I am disposed to think (although I detest the principles of slavery as much as any man), that the continuance of the system here could not, under the benevolent regulations which were in force to prevent abuse, have been productive of much evil. The sort of slavery indeed which existed in the British settlements in this quarter, had nothing but
8560-678: The language and culture of the Malays. The Nyonya's clothing, Baju Panjang (Long Dress) was adapted from the native Malay's Baju Kurung. It is worn with a batik sarong (batik wrap-around skirt) and three kerosang (brooches). Peranakan beaded slippers called Kasot Manek were hand-made with much skill and patience: strung, beaded and sewn onto canvas with tiny faceted glass cut beads (known as Manek Potong ) similar to ones from Bohemia (present-day Czech Republic ). Traditional kasot manek design often have European floral subjects, with colours influenced by Peranakan porcelain and batik sarongs. They were made into flats or bedroom slippers. But from
8667-545: The language of their Chinese forebears. Whereas in the east coast of Peninsula Malaysia , the Peranakans are known to not only speak a Hokkien version of their own but also Thai and Kelantanese Malay in Kelantan and Terengganu Malay in Terengganu . Unlike the rest of the Peranakans in Malaysia, Penang Peranakans are much heavily influenced by a dialect of Hokkien known locally as Penang Hokkien . In Indonesia ,
8774-511: The latter's association with slavery in the 1800s, while 'miscegenation' is today often considered offensive and controversial. The terms mixed-race , biracial or multiracial are becoming generally accepted. In other languages, terms for miscegenation are not necessarily considered offensive. The terms "multi-ethnic people" or "ethnically mixed people" refer to people who are of more than one ethnicity . In East Africa , specifically Uganda , Kenya and Tanzania (including portions of
8881-443: The local tongue, constitute a fair share of members Chinese community, particularly among those who have family ties with the Peranakans of Penang and Malacca. Chinese who married local Javanese women and converted to Islam created a distinct Chinese Muslim Peranakan community in Java. Chinese rarely had to convert to Islam to marry Javanese abangan women but a significant number of their offspring did, and Batavian Muslims absorbed
8988-445: The main features that distinguish the Peranakan from descendants of later waves of Chinese immigrants to the region. The word Peranakan is a grammatical inflection of the Malay and Indonesian word anak , meaning child or offspring . With the addition of the prefix per- and the suffix -an to the root anak , the modified word peranakan has a variety of meanings. Among other things, it can mean womb , or it can be used as
9095-670: The majority of Chindians in Malaysia are usually classified as " Indian " by the government. As for the Malays , who are predominantly Muslim , legal restrictions in Malaysia make it uncommon for them to intermarry with either the Indians, who are predominantly Hindu , or the Chinese, who are predominantly Buddhist and Taoist . But Indian Muslims and Arabs in Singapore and Malaysia often take local Malay wives, because of their common Islamic faith. The Chitty people, in Singapore and
9202-702: The memoirs of survivors are considered a literary genre known as captivity narratives . When English and other European colonists were taken captive by Native Americans, they had models for recounting their trials. Cape Verde, in west Africa, has one of the most mixed-race populations (around 75% of the population) on the planet. In South Africa , the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act of 1949 prohibited marriage between Native Europeans (people of European descent) and non-Whites (being classified as African, Asian and Coloured). But this followed centuries of interaction and unions resulting in mixed-race children. This law
9309-506: The most important people in Borneo. They have been traders and settlers on the coast from beyond historic times, and, as has just been stated, have for an equally long period mixed with the natives; so that some Dyaks—the Dusuns especially might almost be classed with them. They are not only traders who amass wealth merely to return with it to their own empire, but miners, agriculturists, and producers, without whom it would be difficult to develop
9416-465: The name against it; for the condition of the slaves who were brought from the adjoining countries, was always ameliorated by the change; they were well fed and clothed; the women became wives of respectable Chinese; and the men who were in the least industrious, easily emancipated themselves, and many became wealthy. Severity by masters was punished; and, in short, I do not know any race of people who were, and had every reason to be, so happy and contented as
9523-408: The name for entire ethnic groups that were "locally born but non-indigenous" or perceived to be "hybrid" and "crossbred", and, in time, the latter meaning has come to predominate. It should also be noted that the broadness of the semantic range of peranakan means that it can have significantly different connotations in different parts of the Nusantara region and across different dialects or variants of
9630-494: The older generations. In some cases, quite a number the Peranakan's pantang larang are deemed too strict and complex. But today, most Peranakans no longer practice complex pantang larang to keep up with the modern times. A significant number of the modern Peranakan community have embraced Christianity , most notably in Indonesia. In 2019, a new branch of Singapore-specific Peranakan intermarriages were found to exist within
9737-458: The past or to the demography of Latin America and its diasporic population. Half-breed is a historic term for people of partial Native American ancestry; it is now considered pejorative and discouraged from use. Mestee , once widely used, is now used mostly for members of historically mixed-race groups, such as Louisiana Creoles, Melungeons , Redbones , Brass Ankles and Mayles . In South Africa and much of English-speaking southern Africa,
9844-453: The period of British rule. Chinese men in colonial southeast Asia also obtained slave wives from Nias . Chinese men in Singapore and Penang were supplied with slave wives of Bugis , Batak , and Balinese origin. The British colonial government tolerated the importation of slave wives since they improved the standard of living for the slaves and provided contentment to the male population. The usage of slave women or house maids as wives by
9951-482: The population of Singapore as of September 2007 was 4.68 million. Mixed-race people, including Chindians and Eurasians , formed 2.4%. In Singapore and Malaysia , the majority of inter-ethnic marriages are between Chinese and Indians . The offspring of such marriages are informally known as " Chindian ". The Malaysian government classifies them only by their father's ethnicity. As the majority of these intermarriages usually involve an Indian groom and Chinese bride,
10058-563: The previous census. Of these, the most frequent combinations were multiple visible minorities (for example, people of mixed black and South Asian heritage form the majority, specifically in Toronto ), followed closely by white-black , white-Chinese , white-Arab and many other smaller mixes. During the time of slavery in the United States , a very large but unknown number of African American slaves escaped to Canada, where slavery
10165-498: The qualifier "Chinese" can be a way of asserting an ethnic identity distinct from and independent of Chineseness (though such a use of "Peranakan" as a single-word ethnonym may clash with the desire of other groups of non-Chinese descent to equally call themselves "Peranakan"). Later waves of immigrants to South East Asia are generally referred to using larger umbrella terms such as Malaysian Chinese , Chinese Singaporean , Chinese Indonesian or Tionghoa , or Thai Chinese . One of
10272-486: The region contributed to the emergence of a distinctive hybrid culture and ostensible phenotypic differences. Through colonisation of the region, the impact and presence of the Peranakan Chinese spread beyond Nusantara. In Sri Lanka , the Peranakan Chinese went on to contribute to the development of the Sri Lankan Malay identity that emerged in the nation during Dutch rule . The Peranakans are considered
10379-571: The region with similar histories of immigration and assimilation. For example, the Chitty may accurately refer to themselves as 'Indian Hindu Peranakans', meaning "of Indian Hindu descent" or "locally born but non-indigenous Indian Hindu". Likewise the Kristang may accurately refer to themselves as 'Eurasian Peranakans'. The name of the Jawi Pekan people is derived from 'Peranakan', Jawi being
10486-482: The slaves formerly, and debtors as they are now called, who came from the east coast of Sumatra and other places. John Anderson – Agent to the Government of Prince of Wales Island People of Chinese ancestry in Phuket , Thailand make up a significant population, many of whom having descended from tin miners who migrated to the island during the 19th century. The Peranakans there are known as " Phuket Babas " in
10593-657: The sub-groups of Chinese-Peranakan, Straits Chinese or Straits-born Chinese were defined as those born or living in the Straits Settlements : a British colony consisting of Malacca , Penang , and Singapore which was established in 1826. Straits Chinese were not considered Baba Nyonya unless they displayed certain Sino-Malay syncretic attributes, in terms of attire worn, food, spoken language, choice of education, preferred career choices, choice of religion and loyalties. However, given that 'Straits Chinese'
10700-501: The term Coloured was used to describe both mixed-race persons of African and European descent, and those Asians not of African descent. In Latin America, populations became triracial after the introduction of African slavery. A panoply of terms developed during the Spanish and Portuguese colonial periods, including terms such as zambo for persons of Native American and native African descent. Charts and diagrams intended to explain
10807-578: The term "Métis" stems from the Latin verb miscēre , "to mix", the Métis people are a distinct ethnic group within Canada. In the United States , the 2000 census was the first in the history of the country to offer respondents the option of identifying themselves as belonging to more than one race. This mixed-race option was considered a necessary adaptation to the demographic and cultural changes that
10914-711: The terms multi-ethnic people refer to people who are of more than one ethnicities . A variety of terms have been used both historically and presently for multiracial people in a variety of contexts, including multiethnic , polyethnic , occasionally bi-ethnic , Métis , Muwallad , Melezi , Coloured , Dougla , half-caste , ʻafakasi , mestizo , mutt , Melungeon , quadroon , octoroon , sambo/zambo , Eurasian , hapa , hāfu , Garifuna , pardo , and Gurans . A number of these once-acceptable terms are now considered offensive , in addition to those that were initially coined for pejorative use. Individuals of multiracial backgrounds make up
11021-537: The world. There are several mixed-race ethnicities in the island. The most notable mixed-race group is the Sri Lankan Moors , who trace their ancestry to Arab traders who settled on the island and intermarried with local women. Today, the Sri Lankan Moors live primarily in urban communities. They preserve Arab-Islamic cultural heritage while adopting many Southern Asian customs. The Burghers are
11128-524: Was a British colony from 1826 until 1948. Other European nationals were active in the country before the British arrived. Intermarriage and relationships took place among such settlers and merchants with the local Burmese population, and subsequently between British colonists and the Burmese. The local Eurasian population is known as the Anglo-Burmese . This group dominated colonial society and through
11235-686: Was even recorded before the Dutch seized Jakarta . Many of these Peranakans in Indonesia who converted to Islam would marry into aristocratic dynasties. One organisation of Indonesian Peranakan Muslims is the Persatuan Islam Tionghoa Indonesia (Association of Indonesian Chinese Muslims), which was formed in 1936 in Medan . Some prominent Peranakan Muslims include the Indonesians Junus Jahja, Abdul Karim Oei Tjeng Hien and Tjio Wie Tay and from Pattani ,
11342-553: Was made illegal in 1834, via the Underground Railroad . Many of these people married in with European Canadian and Native Canadian populations, although their precise numbers and the numbers of their descendants are not known. Another 1.2% of Canadians officially are Métis (descendants of a historical population who were partially Aboriginal —also called "Indian" or "Native"—and European , particularly English , Scottish , Irish and French ethnic groups). Although
11449-488: Was repealed in 1985. Mixed-race South Africans are commonly referred to as Coloureds . According to the 2016 South African Census, they are the second-largest ethnic group (8.8%), behind Native Africans , or Native African Bantu peoples, who constitute (80.8%) of the current population. European South Africans make up 8.1%. Madagascar was settled between the first and ninth centuries AD by two groups: Austronesian peoples who arrived on outrigger canoes from across
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