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84-673: Endemol B.V. (stylized in all lowercase ) was a Dutch-based media company that produced and distributed multiplatform entertainment content. The company annually produced more than 15,000 hours of programming across scripted and non-scripted genres, including drama, reality TV, comedy, game shows, entertainment, factual and children's programming. Endemol, a global network of operations in more than 30 countries, worked with over 300 broadcasters, digital platforms and licensees worldwide. The business covered development, production, marketing, distribution, franchise management and multi-platform initiatives including digital video, gaming and apps. Endemol

168-639: A consolidated tape for the European Union , as part of the Capital Markets Union proposed by the European Commission . Listing of Euro Stoxx 50 companies as of 2021: Euronext operates its main regulated market, as well two types of multilateral trading facilities (MTFs) providing access to listing for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), titled Euronext Growth and Euronext Access . Euronext maintains

252-467: A combination of $ 11.27 in cash per share plus .1703 shares of stock. The acquisition is subject to regulator approval, though since the operations of ICE and NYSE have little in common—ICE is largely devoted to trading commodities, as opposed to NYSE's business of trading stocks and securities—the deal is not expected to be blocked. ICE said that after the deal closed it would sell the Euronext portion of

336-536: A common typographic practice among both British and U.S. publishers to capitalise significant words (and in the United States, this is often applied to headings, too). This family of typographic conventions is usually called title case . For example, R. M. Ritter's Oxford Manual of Style (2002) suggests capitalising "the first word and all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, but generally not articles, conjunctions and short prepositions". This

420-574: A consortium of eleven investors decided to invest in the company as "reference shareholders". These investors owned 33.36% of Euronext's capital and have a 3 years lockup period: Euroclear , BNP Paribas , BNP Paribas Fortis , Société Générale , Caisse des Dépôts , BPI France , ABN Amro , ASR, Banco Espirito Santo , Banco BPI and Belgian holding public company Belgian Federal Holding and Investment Company  [ fr ] (SFPI/FPIM). They have 3 board seats. In June 2014, EnterNext launched two initiatives to boost SME equity research and support

504-544: A deal with their former parent company Telefonica to buy back their French outfit which will become a division of the reunited Dutch-based entertainment giant. On 14 May 2007 the remaining 75% of Endemol shares were bought by a consortium, Edam Acquisition, led by Mediaset , the company controlled by Silvio Berlusconi 's family, and including the investment company Cyrte, in which the original co-founder John de Mol has shares. The consortium announced on 6 August 2007 that it now owned 99.54% of Endemol shares, after an offer to buy

588-470: A descending element; also, various diacritics can add to the normal height of a letter). There is more variation in the height of the minuscules, as some of them have parts higher ( ascenders ) or lower ( descenders ) than the typical size. Normally, b, d, f, h, k, l, t are the letters with ascenders, and g, j, p, q, y are the ones with descenders. In addition, with old-style numerals still used by some traditional or classical fonts, 6 and 8 make up

672-444: A handwritten sticky note , may not bother to follow the conventions concerning capitalisation, but that is because its users usually do not expect it to be formal. Similar orthographic and graphostylistic conventions are used for emphasis or following language-specific or other rules, including: In English, a variety of case styles are used in various circumstances: In English-language publications, various conventions are used for

756-400: A hyphen ( upper-case and lower-case  – particularly if they pre-modify another noun), or as a single word ( uppercase and lowercase ). These terms originated from the common layouts of the shallow drawers called type cases used to hold the movable type for letterpress printing . Traditionally, the capital letters were stored in a separate shallow tray or "case" that

840-565: A listed company itself after completing its initial public offering. In December 2001, Euronext acquired the shares of the London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange (LIFFE), forming Euronext.LIFFE. In 2002, the group merged with the Portuguese stock exchange Bolsa de Valores de Lisboa e Porto (BVLP), renamed Euronext Lisbon . In 2003, Euronext cash products were integrated onto

924-462: A marker to indicate the beginning of a line of verse independent of any grammatical feature. In political writing, parody and satire, the unexpected emphasis afforded by otherwise ill-advised capitalisation is often used to great stylistic effect, such as in the case of George Orwell's Big Brother . Other languages vary in their use of capitals. For example, in German all nouns are capitalised (this

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1008-498: A more general sense. It can also be seen as customary to capitalise any word – in some contexts even a pronoun  – referring to the deity of a monotheistic religion . Other words normally start with a lower-case letter. There are, however, situations where further capitalisation may be used to give added emphasis, for example in headings and publication titles (see below). In some traditional forms of poetry, capitalisation has conventionally been used as

1092-417: A non-standard or variant spelling. Miniscule is still less likely, however, to be used in reference to lower-case letters. The glyphs of lowercase letters can resemble smaller forms of the uppercase glyphs restricted to the baseband (e.g. "C/c" and "S/s", cf. small caps ) or can look hardly related (e.g. "D/d" and "G/g"). Here is a comparison of the upper and lower case variants of each letter included in

1176-542: A number of companies, including Company Webcast (webcasting) , iBabs (board portal), InsiderLog (compliance software) . In 1998, the London Stock Exchange and Deutsche Börse announced their intention of forming an alliance to fend off competition from the United States, and take advantage from the European Union's (EU) single currency and harmonisation of financial markets . In April 1999

1260-555: A plan for Euronext to compete more effectively on the Dutch retail segment. In May 2017, Alternext was renamed to Euronext Growth. On 14 August 2017, Euronext announced the completion of its acquisition of FastMatch, a currency trading platform. On 27 March 2018, Euronext announced the completion of its acquisition of the Irish Stock Exchange. On 18 June 2019, Euronext announced the completion of its acquisition of

1344-515: A portfolio of drama and comedy series including titles such as The Fall , Peaky Blinders , Hell on Wheels , Benidorm , Ripper Street , Black Mirror , Bad Education , My Mad Fat Diary , Hot in Cleveland , Kirstie , Leverage , Home and Away , Death Comes to Pemberley and The Crimson Field . Endemol was founded in 1994 by a merger of television production companies owned by Joop van den Ende and John de Mol ,

1428-642: A rival offer for the European Stock exchange operator from Deutsche Börse , the German stock market. Contrary to statements that it would not raise its bid, on 23 May 2006, Deutsche Börse unveiled a merger bid for Euronext, valuing the pan-European exchange at €8.6 billion (US$ 11b), €600 million over NYSE Group's initial bid. Despite this, NYSE Group and Euronext penned a merger agreement, subject to shareholder vote and regulatory approval. The initial regulatory response by SEC chief Christopher Cox (who

1512-663: A shareholder in Israel 's Channel 2 franchisee Reshet , following the acquisition in April of a controlling share in the Israeli independent producer Kuperman, which is now Endemol Israel. On 17 December 2014, Endemol's parent company Apollo Global Management announced that they've completed their merger of Endemol with fellow Apollo subsidiary Core Media , producer of American Idol , and 21st Century Fox's British-based entertainment production and distribution company Shine unit, with

1596-448: A single order book at its proprietary market platform Optiq . Euronext manages various country (national), as well as pan-European regional and sector and strategy indices. Euronext FX is a global foreign exchange trading platform, known as FastMatch until 2019. Euronext offers trading in a number of commodities, including: Euronext operates derivatives markets. Euronext is the largest centre for debt and funds listings in

1680-606: A single platform (NSC). In 2004, Euronext derivatives products were integrated onto LIFFE CONNECT . In 2005, Euronext introduced Alternext as a market segment to help finance small and mid-class companies in the Eurozone. Due to apparent moves by NASDAQ to acquire the London Stock Exchange or Euronext itself, NYSE Group, owner of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), offered €8 billion (US$ 10.2b) in cash and shares for Euronext on 22 May 2006, outbidding

1764-451: A strategy most suited to support their growth. The ICE's deal was approved by the shareholders of NYSE Euronext and Intercontinental Exchange on 3 June 2013. The European Commission approved the acquisition on 24 June 2013 and on 15 August 2013 the US regulator, SEC, granted approval of the acquisition. European regulators and ministries of Finance of the participating countries approved

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1848-567: Is registered in Amsterdam but its operational headquarters are located in Paris . It operates major stock exchanges in seven countries: France ( Euronext Paris ), the Netherlands ( Euronext Amsterdam ), Belgium ( Euronext Brussels ), Ireland ( Euronext Dublin ), Portugal ( Euronext Lisbon ), Italy ( Borsa Italiana ) and Norway ( Euronext Oslo Børs ). Euronext traces its origins back to

1932-547: Is also known as spinal case , param case , Lisp case in reference to the Lisp programming language , or dash case (or illustratively as kebab-case , looking similar to the skewer that sticks through a kebab ). If every word is capitalised, the style is known as train case ( TRAIN-CASE ). In CSS , all property names and most keyword values are primarily formatted in kebab case. "tHeqUicKBrOWnFoXJUmpsoVeRThElAzydOG" Mixed case with no semantic or syntactic significance to

2016-517: Is an Australian production company which was previously a joint venture of Endemol and Southern Star Group. Endemol purchased Southern Star Group from Fairfax Media in January 2009. It produces Endemol's popular worldwide formats for Australia, including Big Brother , Deal or No Deal , and Ready Steady Cook . It is based in Australia. Endemol sued Brazilian channel SBT over what it says

2100-409: Is an old form of emphasis , similar to the more modern practice of using a larger or boldface font for titles. The rules which prescribe which words to capitalise are not based on any grammatically inherent correct–incorrect distinction and are not universally standardised; they differ between style guides, although most style guides tend to follow a few strong conventions, as follows: Title case

2184-472: Is capitalised, as are all proper nouns . Capitalisation in English, in terms of the general orthographic rules independent of context (e.g. title vs. heading vs. text), is universally standardised for formal writing. Capital letters are used as the first letter of a sentence, a proper noun, or a proper adjective . The names of the days of the week and the names of the months are also capitalised, as are

2268-424: Is capitalised. Nevertheless, the name of the unit, if spelled out, is always considered a common noun and written accordingly in lower case. For example: For the purpose of clarity, the symbol for litre can optionally be written in upper case even though the name is not derived from a proper noun. For example, "one litre" may be written as: The letter case of a prefix symbol is determined independently of

2352-422: Is no technical requirement to do so – e.g., Sun Microsystems ' naming of a windowing system NeWS . Illustrative naming of the style is, naturally, random: stUdlY cAps , StUdLy CaPs , etc.. In the character sets developed for computing , each upper- and lower-case letter is encoded as a separate character. In order to enable case folding and case conversion, the software needs to link together

2436-405: Is not available. Acronyms (and particularly initialisms) are often written in all-caps , depending on various factors . Capitalisation is the writing of a word with its first letter in uppercase and the remaining letters in lowercase. Capitalisation rules vary by language and are often quite complex, but in most modern languages that have capitalisation, the first word of every sentence

2520-532: Is often denoted by the grammar of a language or by the conventions of a particular discipline. In orthography , the uppercase is reserved for special purposes, such as the first letter of a sentence or of a proper noun (called capitalisation, or capitalised words), which makes lowercase more common in regular text. In some contexts, it is conventional to use one case only. For example, engineering design drawings are typically labelled entirely in uppercase letters, which are easier to distinguish individually than

2604-853: Is removed and spaces are replaced by single underscores . Normally the letters share the same case (e.g. "UPPER_CASE_EMBEDDED_UNDERSCORE" or "lower_case_embedded_underscore") but the case can be mixed, as in OCaml variant constructors (e.g. "Upper_then_lowercase"). The style may also be called pothole case , especially in Python programming, in which this convention is often used for naming variables. Illustratively, it may be rendered snake_case , pothole_case , etc.. When all-upper-case, it may be referred to as screaming snake case (or SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE ) or hazard case . "the-quick-brown-fox-jumps-over-the-lazy-dog" Similar to snake case, above, except hyphens rather than underscores are used to replace spaces. It

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2688-572: Is sentence-style capitalisation in headlines, i.e. capitalisation follows the same rules that apply for sentences. This convention is usually called sentence case . It may also be applied to publication titles, especially in bibliographic references and library catalogues. An example of a global publisher whose English-language house style prescribes sentence-case titles and headings is the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). For publication titles it is, however,

2772-723: Is the largest center for debt and funds listings in the world, and provides technology and managed services to third parties. In addition to its main regulated market, it operates Euronext Growth and Euronext Access , providing access to listing for small and medium-sized enterprises . Euronext's commodity market includes the electric power exchange Nord Pool , as well as Fish Pool . Post-trade services include clearing performed by Euronext's multi-asset clearing house , Euronext Clearing , headquartered in Rome , as well as custody and settlement performed by Euronext's central securities depository (CSD), Euronext Securities . Euronext

2856-424: Is widely used in many English-language publications, especially in the United States. However, its conventions are sometimes not followed strictly – especially in informal writing. In creative typography, such as music record covers and other artistic material, all styles are commonly encountered, including all-lowercase letters and special case styles, such as studly caps (see below). For example, in

2940-577: The Big Brother reality television show, with versions in many countries after the initial Dutch version. Other examples include Deal or No Deal (sold to over 75 countries), The Money Drop (sold in over 50 countries), Fear Factor (sold in 30 countries) and Wipeout (sold in over 30 countries). From 2011 till its absorption by Endemol Shine Group, the company expanded its English language drama output with shows such as The Fall , Peaky Blinders , Ripper Street and Black Mirror in

3024-519: The English alphabet (the exact representation will vary according to the typeface and font used): (Some lowercase letters have variations e.g. a/ɑ.) Typographically , the basic difference between the majuscules and minuscules is not that the majuscules are big and minuscules small, but that the majuscules generally are of uniform height (although, depending on the typeface, there may be some exceptions, particularly with Q and sometimes J having

3108-473: The Italian Bourse in 2021, Euronext obtained the multi-asset clearing house Cassa di Compensazione e Garanzia S.p.A. (CC&G). CC&G was renamed Euronext Clearing . Euronext Corporate Services (ECS) is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Euronext. Founded in 2016, ECS provides solutions and services to more than 4,000 organisations, ranging from corporates to the public sector. It has acquired

3192-568: The London Stock Exchange Group (LSEG) entered into exclusive talks to sell the Italian Bourse (formally 100% of London Stock Exchange Group Holdings Italia S.p.A. ), situated in Milan , to Euronext. As part of the deal, CDP Equity, 100% owned by Cassa Depositi e Prestiti , and Intesa Sanpaolo would become Euronext reference shareholders. A €4.3 bn deal was announced on 9 October. On 29 April 2021, Euronext announced that

3276-720: The Oslo Stock Exchange . On 5 December 2019, Euronext announced that it would acquire 66% of the European power exchange Nord Pool . The acquisition was completed on 15 January 2020. On 23 April 2020, Euronext announced that it would acquire ca. 70% of the Danish Central Securities Depository, VP Securities . The acquisition was completed on 4 August 2020. On 18 September 2020, as part of regulatory remedies to see through its $ 27 billion purchase of data provider Refinitiv ,

3360-520: The wordmarks of video games it is not uncommon to use stylised upper-case letters at the beginning and end of a title, with the intermediate letters in small caps or lower case (e.g., ArcaniA , ArmA , and DmC ). Single-word proper nouns are capitalised in formal written English, unless the name is intentionally stylised to break this rule (such as e e cummings , bell hooks , eden ahbez , and danah boyd ). Multi-word proper nouns include names of organisations, publications, and people. Often

3444-520: The Netherlands, Belgium, Portugal, Ireland, and Norway. Its creation was followed by the introduction of the single currency and harmonisation of financial markets. The present day Euronext was spun off from the Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) in 2014, shortly after ICE's acquisition of NYSE Euronext the year before. On 23 August 2023, the company formed EuroCTP as a joint venture with 13 other bourses, in an effort to provide

Endemol - Misplaced Pages Continue

3528-590: The UK and Hell on Wheels in the US. In November 2013 the company launched Endemol Beyond, an international division specialising in original content for digital video platforms such as YouTube. In 2000, Endemol was sold to the Spanish telecom and media corporation Telefónica for €5.5 billion . In November 2005, 25% of Endemol was taken public, and since was listed on the Euronext Amsterdam exchange under

3612-582: The ascender set, and 3, 4, 5, 7 , and 9 the descender set. A minority of writing systems use two separate cases. Such writing systems are called bicameral scripts . These scripts include the Latin , Cyrillic , Greek , Coptic , Armenian , Glagolitic , Adlam , Warang Citi , Garay , Zaghawa , Osage , Vithkuqi , and Deseret scripts. Languages written in these scripts use letter cases as an aid to clarity. The Georgian alphabet has several variants, and there were attempts to use them as different cases, but

3696-508: The bulk of its debt. The current CEO is Just Spee . On 15 May 2014, Apollo and 21st Century Fox announced a joint venture to combine 21st Century Fox's Shine Group and Apollo's Endemol and CORE Media Group . The deal closed October 2014. Over the years Endemol has expanded its international presence either by starting up operations in new markets or by acquiring existing production companies. Most recently, in December 2013, Endemol became

3780-581: The capitalisation of the following internal letter or word, for example "Mac" in Celtic names and "Al" in Arabic names. In the International System of Units (SI), a letter usually has different meanings in upper and lower case when used as a unit symbol. Generally, unit symbols are written in lower case, but if the name of the unit is derived from a proper noun, the first letter of the symbol

3864-414: The capitalisation of words in publication titles and headlines , including chapter and section headings. The rules differ substantially between individual house styles. The convention followed by many British publishers (including scientific publishers like Nature and New Scientist , magazines like The Economist , and newspapers like The Guardian and The Times ) and many U.S. newspapers

3948-446: The case is usually known as lower camel case or dromedary case (illustratively: dromedaryCase ). This format has become popular in the branding of information technology products and services, with an initial "i" meaning " Internet " or "intelligent", as in iPod , or an initial "e" meaning "electronic", as in email (electronic mail) or e-commerce (electronic commerce). "the_quick_brown_fox_jumps_over_the_lazy_dog" Punctuation

4032-418: The code too abstract and overloaded for the common programmer to understand. Understandably then, such coding conventions are highly subjective , and can lead to rather opinionated debate, such as in the case of editor wars , or those about indent style . Capitalisation is no exception. "theQuickBrownFoxJumpsOverTheLazyDog" or "TheQuickBrownFoxJumpsOverTheLazyDog" Spaces and punctuation are removed and

4116-554: The company, including stock exchanges in Amsterdam, Brussels, Lisbon and Paris. The deal went through and Euronext is a sister division to NYSE and part of ICE. ICE CEO Jeffrey Sprecher would continue in that position at the combined company, while NYSE CEO Duncan Niederauer would serve as president. The future of the New York Stock Exchange's historic trading floor under ICE has not been announced. ICE closed

4200-404: The context of an imperative, strongly typed language. The third supports the macro facilities of LISP, and its tendency to view programs and data minimalistically, and as interchangeable. The fourth idiom needs much less syntactic sugar overall, because much of the semantics are implied, but because of its brevity and so lack of the need for capitalization or multipart words at all, might also make

4284-615: The creation of Euronext London to offer listing facilities in the UK. As such, Euronext received in June 2014 Recognized Investment Exchange (RIE) status from Britain's Financial Conduct Authority. On 20 December 2012, the boards of directors of both Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) and the NYSE Euronext approved an $ 8 billion acquisition of NYSE Euronext. Under the terms shareholders of NYSE would receive either $ 33.12 in cash for each share or .2581 IntercontinentalExchange Inc. shares, or

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4368-436: The deal and on 13 November 2013 the acquisition was completed. Part of ICE's deal to acquire NYSE Euronext was a spin-off for Euronext, which was considered a positive element for European stakeholders. After a complex series of operations, this occurred on 20 June 2014, through an initial public offering (IPO). The former Euronext.LIFFE was retained by ICE and renamed ICE Futures Europe . In order to stabilise Euronext,

4452-464: The first letter of each word is capitalised. If this includes the first letter of the first word (CamelCase, " PowerPoint ", "TheQuick...", etc.), the case is sometimes called upper camel case (or, illustratively, CamelCase ), Pascal case in reference to the Pascal programming language or bumpy case . When the first letter of the first word is lowercase (" iPod ", " eBay ", "theQuickBrownFox..."),

4536-437: The first-person pronoun "I" and the vocative particle " O ". There are a few pairs of words of different meanings whose only difference is capitalisation of the first letter. Honorifics and personal titles showing rank or prestige are capitalised when used together with the name of the person (for example, "Mr. Smith", "Bishop Gorman", "Professor Moore") or as a direct address, but normally not when used alone and in

4620-664: The high profile and historic trading floors of its other earlier acquisitions, the International Petroleum Exchange and the New York Board of Trade in New York. In December 2012 Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) announced plans to acquire NYSE Euronext, owner of Euronext, in an $ 8.2 billion takeover. In May 2013, Euronext established Enternext as a subsidiary to help small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs) listed on Euronext outline and apply

4704-412: The lowercase when space restrictions require very small lettering. In mathematics , on the other hand, uppercase and lower case letters denote generally different mathematical objects , which may be related when the two cases of the same letter are used; for example, x may denote an element of a set X . The terms upper case and lower case may be written as two consecutive words, connected with

4788-544: The management and will focus on scripted television series. It was reported in 2010 that the company was $ 3 billion in debt. Then in 2011, it was reported that the debt had grown to $ 4.1 billion. On August 9 2010, Endemol announced that they acquired a majority stake in Los Angeles-based American reality production company Authentic Entertainment expanding their operations in the USA. A loan restructure

4872-433: The modern written Georgian language does not distinguish case. All other writing systems make no distinction between majuscules and minuscules – a system called unicameral script or unicase . This includes most syllabic and other non-alphabetic scripts. In scripts with a case distinction, lowercase is generally used for the majority of text; capitals are used for capitalisation and emphasis when bold

4956-645: The name deriving from the combination of their surnames. On June 23 1998, Endemol Entertainment had announced that they've entered the British market by acquiring a 50% majority stake in London-based production company Broadcast Communications from the Guardian Media Group . Endemol has specialised in formatted programming that can be adapted for different countries around the world as well as different media platforms. One notable success has been

5040-753: The name, though there is some variation in this. With personal names , this practice can vary (sometimes all words are capitalised, regardless of length or function), but is not limited to English names. Examples include the English names Tamar of Georgia and Catherine the Great , " van " and "der" in Dutch names , " von " and "zu" in German , "de", "los", and "y" in Spanish names , "de" or "d'" in French names , and "ibn" in Arabic names . Some surname prefixes also affect

5124-453: The remaining shares went through on 3 August 2007; it asked the Euronext bourse for a delisting of Endemol. In December 2009, Endemol announced that their German division Endemol Germany had entered drama production by launching a joint-venture with Germany's Wiedemann & Berg Film being named Wiedemann & Berg Television with W&B Film founders Quirin Berg and Max Wiedemann overseeing

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5208-415: The resulting 'mega-indie' adopting the name "Endemol Shine Group", which was a 50:50 joint venture by both parent companies. The name took effect on 1 January 2015. 21st Century Fox 's predecessor company, Rupert Murdoch 's News Corporation , had in 2011 bought Shine (founder and chairperson until the 2015 merger: Murdoch's daughter Elisabeth ) for $ 673 million. Endemol has the following operations around

5292-475: The rules for "title case" (described in the previous section) are applied to these names, so that non-initial articles, conjunctions, and short prepositions are lowercase, and all other words are uppercase. For example, the short preposition "of" and the article "the" are lowercase in "Steering Committee of the Finance Department". Usually only capitalised words are used to form an acronym variant of

5376-546: The stock exchanges in Paris , Zurich , Madrid , Brussels , Amsterdam , and Milan signed a memorandum of understanding in Madrid, which formalised plans to include these bourses as well. Ultimately, only three decided to proceed, and on 22 September 2000 Euronext was formed following a merger of the Amsterdam Stock Exchange , Brussels Stock Exchange , and Paris Bourse . In 2001, Euronext became

5460-629: The stock symbol EML. On September 30 2003, Endemol announced that they had acquired a 51% majority stake in New York-based American reality independent production company True Entertainment with the company continued to be operated and placed with Endemol's US division with the latter expanding their international operations. On December 8 2006, Endemol announced that they're going to acquire back their French division Endemol France from their former parent Telefonica By January 9 2007, The Dutch-based European entertainment company had made

5544-403: The technology sector. EnterNext partnered with Morningstar to increase equity research focusing on mid-size companies, especially in the telecommunications, media and technology (TMT) sector. On 22 September 2014, Euronext announced a partnership with DEGIRO regarding the distribution of retail services of Euronext. Upon publishing the third quarter results for 2014, the partnership was seen as

5628-459: The term majuscule an apt descriptor for what much later came to be more commonly referred to as uppercase letters. Minuscule refers to lower-case letters . The word is often spelled miniscule , by association with the unrelated word miniature and the prefix mini- . That has traditionally been regarded as a spelling mistake (since minuscule is derived from the word minus ), but is now so common that some dictionaries tend to accept it as

5712-561: The tokens, such as function and variable names start to multiply in complex software development , and there is still a need to keep the source code human-readable, Naming conventions make this possible. So for example, a function dealing with matrix multiplication might formally be called: In each case, the capitalisation or lack thereof supports a different function. In the first, FORTRAN compatibility requires case-insensitive naming and short function names. The second supports easily discernible function and argument names and types, within

5796-481: The transaction with 98.2% of the vote. Only 1.8% voted in favour of the Deutsche Börse offer. Jean-François Théodore , the chief executive officer of Euronext, stated that they expected the transaction to close within three or four months. Some of the regulatory agencies with jurisdiction over the merger had already given approval. NYSE Group shareholders gave their approval on 20 December 2006. The merger

5880-753: The two characters representing the case variants of a letter. (Some old character-encoding systems, such as the Baudot code , are restricted to one set of letters, usually represented by the upper-case variants.) Euronext Euronext N.V. (short for European New Exchange Technology ) is a European bourse that provides trading and post-trade services for a range of financial instruments. Traded assets include regulated equities , exchange-traded funds (ETF), warrants and certificates, bonds , derivatives , commodities , foreign exchange as well as indices . In December 2021, it had nearly 2,000 listed issuers worth €6.9 trillion in market capitalisation. Euronext

5964-471: The two exchanges hoped to add Borsa Italiana (the Milan stock exchange) into the grouping. In 2008 and 2009 Deutsche Börse made two unsuccessful attempts to merge with NYSE Euronext. Both attempts did not enter into advanced steps of merger. In 2011, Deutsche Börse and NYSE Euronext confirmed that they were in advanced merger talks. Such a merger would create the largest exchange in history. The deal

6048-596: The unit symbol to which it is attached. Lower case is used for all submultiple prefix symbols and the small multiple prefix symbols up to "k" (for kilo , meaning 10 = 1000 multiplier), whereas upper case is used for larger multipliers: Some case styles are not used in standard English, but are common in computer programming , product branding , or other specialised fields. The usage derives from how programming languages are parsed , programmatically. They generally separate their syntactic tokens by simple whitespace , including space characters , tabs , and newlines . When

6132-445: The use of the capitals. Sometimes only vowels are upper case, at other times upper and lower case are alternated, but often it is simply random. The name comes from the sarcastic or ironic implication that it was used in an attempt by the writer to convey their own coolness ( studliness ). It is also used to mock the violation of standard English case conventions by marketers in the naming of computer software packages, even when there

6216-762: The world's first bourses, formed in the Low Countries ' shifting trade centres, Bruges , Antwerp and Amsterdam in 1285, 1485 and 1602, respectively, as well as to the foundation of the Paris Bourse in 1724. In its present form, Euronext was established in September 2000 through the merger of the bourses in Amsterdam, Brussels and Paris. The goal was to create a single, integrated, and liquid market for securities trading across Europe. Since its inception, Euronext has continued to expand, and now operates stock exchanges in several European countries, including France,

6300-689: The world. Euronext's product range also includes exchange-traded funds . Euronext provides custody and settlement services through its central securities depository (CSD), Euronext Securities , based on Euronext's ownership of previous national CSDs in Denmark, Italy, Norway and Portugal. Between 2016 and 2019 Euronext owned a 20% share in European Central Counterparty N.V. (EuroCCP). As of December 2019, Euronext owns an 11.1% share in LCH SA . As part of its acquisition of

6384-815: The world: Originally known as Broadcast Communications, Endemol UK is one of the UK's longest established production groups and won its first television commissions in the mid-1980s. It produces the main Endemol franchises such as Big Brother and Deal or No Deal . In January 2006, Endemol started producing programs with Mohit Raina in different channels which are in Hindi , Telugu , Tamil , Kannada , Malayalam and Bengali from Mumbai , India. For various media company's channels were Sony Pictures Networks India , Disney Star , Sun TV Network , Zee Entertainment Enterprises , Viacom 18 , NDTV Imagine , Mazhavil Manorama Endemol Australia (formerly "Endemol Southern Star")

6468-482: Was a Big Brother copycat, and threatened to sue Russian Behind the Glass for the same reason. Endemol was sued by four Georgia women alleging that a text-message game featured on Deal or No Deal is a form of illegal gambling. All lowercase Letter case is generally applied in a mixed-case fashion, with both upper and lowercase letters appearing in a given piece of text for legibility. The choice of case

6552-482: Was approved by shareholders of NYSE Euronext on 7 July 2011, and Deutsche Börse on 15 July 2011 and won the antitrust approved by the US regulators on 22 December 2011. On 1 February 2012, the deal was blocked by European Commission on the grounds that the new company would have resulted in a quasi-monopoly in the area of European financial derivatives traded globally on exchanges. Deutsche Börse unsuccessfully appealed this decision. In 2012, Euronext announced

6636-485: Was completed on 4 April 2007, forming NYSE Euronext . The new firm, NYSE Euronext , was headquartered in New York City, with European operations and its trading platform run out of Paris. Then-NYSE CEO John Thain , who was to head NYSE Euronext, intended to use the combination to form the world's first global stock market, with continuous trading of stocks and derivatives over a 21-hour time span. In addition,

6720-429: Was coordinating heavily with European counterparts) was positive, with an expected approval by the end of 2007. Deutsche Börse dropped out of the bidding for Euronext on 15 November 2006, removing the last major hurdle for the NYSE Euronext transaction. A run-up of NYSE Group's stock price in late 2006 made the offering far more attractive to Euronext's shareholders. On 19 December 2006, Euronext shareholders approved

6804-578: Was located above the case that held the small letters. Majuscule ( / ˈ m æ dʒ ə s k juː l / , less commonly / m ə ˈ dʒ ʌ s k juː l / ), for palaeographers , is technically any script whose letters have very few or very short ascenders and descenders, or none at all (for example, the majuscule scripts used in the Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209 , or the Book of Kells ). By virtue of their visual impact, this made

6888-657: Was merged into Endemol Shine Group (a joint-venture between The Walt Disney Company and Apollo Global Management ) and headquartered in the Netherlands in 2015. Since the merger, Endemol is an in-name-only unit of Endemol Shine Group, and in the next years, Endemol's iconic eye logo was replaced with Endemol Shine Group's wordmark-only logo in the closing credits of most of the shows that it licensed. Endemol created and ran reality, talent and game show franchises worldwide, including Big Brother , Deal or No Deal , Fear Factor , Wipeout , The Money Drop , Family Feud , and Your Face Sounds Familiar . The company also has

6972-481: Was planned for 2011 when Endemol was expected to breach its debt covenants. On 30 June, the debt covenants were breached at the same time that CEO Ynon Kreiz left the company and Endemol's UK subsidiary failed to file its annual accounts. On 23 March 2012, Endemol's debt was converted into shares by US private-equity firm Apollo Global Management . On 3 April 2012, Mediaset sold its majority stake in Endemol to Apollo and Dutch asset manager Cyrte, and Endemol restructured

7056-635: Was previously common in English as well, mainly in the 17th and 18th centuries), while in Romance and most other European languages the names of the days of the week, the names of the months, and adjectives of nationality, religion, and so on normally begin with a lower-case letter. On the other hand, in some languages it is customary to capitalise formal polite pronouns , for example De , Dem ( Danish ), Sie , Ihnen (German), and Vd or Ud (short for usted in Spanish ). Informal communication, such as texting , instant messaging or

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