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60-608: Its current head is Salavatov Rustam Abdulvagidovich . Endirey is an ancient original Kumyk name. It was adopted by Daghestan in 1991, replacing the Soviet name Andreyaul ( Андрейаул ). Under Imperial Russia , its name had been Andreyevo ( Андреево , Andreevo ) after an early Cossack leader who supposedly settled there, a Russian source quotes many alleged explanations. Former spellings include Enderi , Enderee , Indiri and al-Indiri , Andreeva , and Andreewa . It has also been known as Andreevskii Awul . Endirey lies at

120-823: A Turkic ethnic group living in Dagestan , Chechnya and North Ossetia . They are the largest Turkic people in the North Caucasus . They traditionally populate the Kumyk Plateau (northern Dagestan and northeastern Chechnya), lands bordering the Caspian Sea , areas in North Ossetia, Chechnya and along the banks of the Terek River . They speak the Kumyk language , which until the 1930s had been

180-642: A few administrative regions of Russia, such as Republic of Dagestan , Republic of North-Ossetia , Chechen Republic . In the 19th century, during and following the Caucasian War , numbers of Kumyks were subject to or willingly resettled (made hijra ) to the Ottoman Empire as a result of Russian deportation campaigns in the region. In the 1910s–1920s, during the Russian Revolution , another emigration wave to Turkey took place. Among

240-563: A lingua franca in Dagestan and Caucasus for some time. The historic literary culture of Kumyks and the entire region of Dagestan, North Caucasus , and Southern Ukraine was the Cuman language . Kumyk is a direct descendant of Cuman, and its centuries-long literaray tradition was a direct continuation of Cuman. The oldest record of Kumyk language being written in the Arabic script, goes back to

300-542: A pro-Russian stance, but after a new Russian fortress had been built they confronted Russia again. However, this time the Shamkhalate could not unite the neighboring local peoples and remained alone in their struggle. Russian historian Sergey Solovyov wrote: In October 1725 general-majors Kropotov and Sheremetev embarked to devastate the possessions of the Shamkhal and burned down twenty settlements, including Tarki,

360-590: A refusal. Russian 19th century general Gregory Phillipson, known for his important actions in subjugating the Adyghe and Abaza ethnic groups at the left flank of the Caucasian front in Circassia , wrote: I had vague knowledge about Caucasia and the Caucasian war, although professor Yazikov on the lectures in the military geography used to tell about one and the other; and according to his words it turned out that

420-512: A rock and a hard place, not always supported by the insurgents on one hand, and being a target of retaliation from Russians on the other. The same archives also described that: ...Kazi-mulla... used all the means to push away from us the population of the Small Chechnya and Kachkalik ridge, which however remained loyal to us only by their appearance, and namely because they didn't want to get between two fires as Kumyks did. Kumyks during

480-498: A strange trick: destroying their auls [settlements] in order to force them to resettle in the mountains by depriving of living spaces. On the 24th of July he, in front of our troops, made the first experiment on Endirey village and burned down the third of it. Prince [Knyaz] Bekovich [Russian officer] at that time was burning Kumyks' bread at the slopes of the mountains... During the Caucasian War, Kumyks found themselves between

540-782: Is a Turkic language spoken by about 520,000 people, mainly by the Kumyks , in the Dagestan , North Ossetia and Chechen republics of the Russian Federation . Until the 20th century Kumyk was the lingua franca of the Northern Caucasus . Kumyk language belongs to the Kipchak-Cuman subfamily of the Kipchak family of the Turkic languages . It's a descendant of the Cuman language , with likely influence from

600-529: Is an opinion that people of Kami, Kamaks, mentioned as long ago as by Ptolemaeus, are historically related to Kumyks. Their turkization started at the times of Khazars already, in the second half of the first millennium... Arrival of Cumans extended Turkic element further. That time point, marked by dissolution of the Khazar Kaghanate, is likely to be the period of the core formation for Kumyks, although some researchers (Bartold) linked their appearance to

660-646: Is that the Kumyks appeared in Dagestan along with the Khazars in the 8th century and stayed afterwards. Whereas others believe that the Kumyks appeared in Dagestan in the 12th-13th centuries along with Kipchaks . Kumyk verbal tradition carried through ages some proverbs and sayings coming from the times of the Khazar Kaghanate . S. Tokarev wrote that: ...Kumyks have very diverse ancestry. Its ancient stratum is, undoubtedly, pre-Turkic, Japhetic . There

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720-530: Is the Kumyk Cyrillic alphabet, adopted in 1938, and remaining in use in its original composition up till today. Over the decades, proposals to further improve the Cyrillic script have been raised. For example, it was proposed to have the digraphs гъ , гь , къ , нг , оь/ё , and уь/ю with single letters ғ , һ , қ , ң , ө , and ү respectively; it was also to introduce a letter ў to represent

780-531: Is the Latin alphabet developed for Kumyk since 1991, derived from modern Turkish orthography and the Common Turkic alphabet . Below table is the last standard iteration of the Arabic alphabet for Kumyk language, being compiled in 1921, and being the official alphabet until 1928: Compiled from: Irchi Kazak (Ийрчы Къазакъ Yırçı Qazaq ; born 1839) is usually considered to be the greatest poet of

840-613: The muhajirs (migrants) of that period were many prominent Kumyk nobility. Kumyks also used to move to Syria and Jordan, where a few Kumyk families still live. The Syrian village of Dar-Ful was established in 1878-1880 by Kumyk emigrants. There is no official state census of ethnic minorities in Turkey (ethnic or racial censuses are outlawed), but according to the studies of 1994–1996, there were more than 20 settlements with Kumyk population. The majority of researchers (Bakikhanov, S. A. Tokarev, A. I. Tamay, S. Sh. Gadzhieva) derive

900-601: The Cuman-Kipchak language. Samoylovich also considered Cuman-Kipchak close to Kumyk and Karachai-Balkar. Amongst the dialects of the Kumyk there are Kaitag , Terek (Güçük-yurt and Braguny), Buynaksk ( Temir-Khan-Shura ) and Xasavyurt . The latter two became basis for the literary language. Kumyk had been a lingua-franca of the bigger part of the Northern Caucasus, from Dagestan to Kabarda , until

960-512: The Khazar language , and in addition contains words from the Bulghar and Oghuz substratum . The closest languages to Kumyk are Karachay-Balkar , Crimean Tatar , and Karaim languages. Nikolay Baskakov , based on a 12th-century scripture named Codex Cumanicus , included modern Kumyk, Karachai-Balkar, Crimean Tatar, Karaim, and the language of Mamluk Kipchaks in the linguistic family of

1020-591: The Ottoman Empire and became the principal city of the Kumyks . General Yermolov constructed a major fort at Vnezapnaya in 1820, placing it across the Aktash from Endirey at the mouth of the Koysu . This fort was used to suppress the Endirey slave fair and to support the local shamkhal against the Kumyk nobility. It supported Russian colonization of the area: the revolts the program provoked (as Imam Shamil 's in

1080-871: The Persian campaign of the 1722–1723 . The Endirey principality was the first to oppose the Russian forces, and despite their defeat, caused great losses which shocked the Emperor. Kumyks of the Utamish Soltanate also fiercely resisted during the Battle at the River Inchge. Peter I stated afterwards: If these people had a comprehension of the Military Science [Art], no other nation could take arms against them. The Tarki Shamkhalate initially took

1140-484: The Safavid period (1501–1736), the small Kumyk's kingdom of Endirey formed somewhat of a "buffer state" towards the north. Feodor I dispatched Prince Grigori Zasekin against the local shamkhal in 1591. His force of 5000 Russian musketeers and 10,000 Cherkesses captured and razed Andreyevo the next year, wounding the shamkhal. Relations with the nearby Circassians were, however, generally friendly prior to

1200-626: The Schevkal campaign . This also failed and resulted in a significant loss for Russia at the Battle of Karaman. The united forces of the Dagestani peoples under the banners of the Kumyk Shamkhalian, Prince Soltan-Mahmud of Endirey prevailed, and according to the prominent Russian historian Nikolay Karamzin , stopped Russian expansion for the next 118 years until the rule of Peter I . In 1649 and 1650, Nogai leader Choban-murza sought

1260-565: The Sunzha River . Shah Abbas II intended to strengthen the Persian hold on the Kumyk lands, which didn't match with Surkhay's plans. In an alliance with Kaytag Uzmi Rustem, Surkhay III confronted Persians but was forced to withdraw. Nevertheless, the high losses disrupted the Shah's intentions of building fortresses in the Kumyk lands. In the 18th century, Russian Emperor Peter I organised

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1320-483: The lingua franca of the Northern Caucasus . Territories where Kumyks have traditionally lived, and where their historical state entities used to exist, are called Kumykia ( Kumyk : Къумукъ, Qumuq ). All of the lands populated by Kumyks were once part of the independent Tarki Shamkhalate . Kumyks comprise 14% of the population of the Republic of Dagestan, the third-largest population of Chechnya, and

1380-510: The 16th century, Kumyk rulers tried to balance their relationships with their three neighbouring states, and as a result the Shamkhalate established itself as a considerable regional power. The two empires and yet-to-be one Russian state considered the Caspian area as their influence domain. Shamkhal Chopan became a subject of the Ottoman Empire in the late 16th century, and participated in the 1578–1590 Ottoman-Persian War . The 1560s marked

1440-477: The 1840s and Haji Mohammed 's in 1877) were an expected consequence and were seen as permitting still greater relocation and resettlement. The fort also formed the staging point for the 1839 phase of the Caucasian War . General Grabbe 's siege of Akhoulgo formed part of this campaign. The town and fort were assaulted by Shamil in September 1843 but the Russian commander Colonel Kozlovsky was able to withstand

1500-492: The 1930s and was an official language of communication between the North-Eastern Caucasian nations and the Russian administration. The language was known in Dagestan as simply Muslim language ( Kumyk : бусурман тил , busurman til , بوسورمان تیل) due to its domniant role as the intertribal language of communication among various Muslim communities of the region. The historian Georgi Derluguian made

1560-536: The 8–19 cc., that "Gumik — Kumyk — Kumuk" is originally a Dagestani toponym from the Middle Ages . In various Russian, European, Ottoman and Persian sources Kumyks were also called Dagestan Tatars (or Dagestan Turks), Circassian and Caucasus Tatars. There is no universal opinion regarding the origin of the Kumyks. Some scholars propose that the population of the Kumyk plains of the 8th-10th centuries were directly ancestral to modern Kumyks. A view close to that

1620-493: The Arabic script, with the use of matres lectionis , the three letters ʾalif ا , wāw و and yāʾ ي . This meant that, overall, this script was far from being adapted to Kumyk phonology. In the beginning of the 20th century, parallel with other Turkic-Muslim minority ethnic groups within the Russian Empire , Kumyk speaking literaturists decided to undertake the task of standardization and improvement of

1680-500: The Arabic script. It was in this era that Kumyk literature flourished, and many poets, educators, and publishers rose. The first attempt at compiling an improved orthographic convention was done in 1915, by Abdulhalim Jengutaevsky" in the preface of his Kumyk translation of the poem Layla and Majnun , published in Temir-Khan-Shura . In the following years, vowel representations were standardized, and Arabic letters that had

1740-723: The Botheragan-Madjar region in the 7th century, which encompassed the vast North Caucasian plains. Kumyks historically were related to the states of the Caucasian Huns , Cuman-Kipchaks , and the Golden Horde . The beginning of the Kumyk nation is often considered to be in the Khazar Kaganate era. Until the 19th century, the Kumyks were a largely feudal, decentralized entity of strategical geographic and political importance for Russia, Persia and

1800-521: The Cossacks' submission to Peter the Great in 1712, after which raiding and invasions became more common. In a belated response to the 1707 burning of the Russian fort at Tarki , Peter the Great dispatched a unit of cavalry to occupy Endirey in 1722 as part of his Persian campaign . The force suffered a serious repulse and the area was left alone for several decades. Endirey had a large slave trade to

1860-464: The Imam Shamil — Idris of Endirey. According to genetic studies in 2023, the following haplogroups are found to predominate among Kumyks : The tsarist and Soviet government pursued a policy of settling the Kumyk lands with other peoples from the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century. Kumyk language Kumyk ( къумукъ тил , qumuq til , قوموق تیل )

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1920-465: The Kumyk language. The first regular Kumyk newspapers and magazines appeared in 1917–18 under the editorship of Kumyk poet, writer, translator, and theatre figure Temirbolat Biybolatov (Temirbolat Biybolat). Currently, the newspaper Ёлдаш ( Yoldash , "Companion"), the successor of the Soviet-era Ленин ёлу ( Lenin yolu , "Lenin's Path"), prints around 5,000 copies 3 times a week. The Kumyk language

1980-649: The Ottomans, headed by a leader called the Shamkhal (originally Shawkhal, in Russian sources Shevkal ). The Kumyk polity known as the Shamkhalate of Tarki was mentioned as early as the 14th century by Timurid historians. Other Kumyk states included the Endirey Principality, Utamish Sultanate, Tumen Possession, Braguny Principality, Mekhtuly Khanate, Kaytag Uzminate and others. In

2040-489: The Shamkhalate Revolt of 1831, the revolt at the Kumyk plains in 1831 and the Shamkhalate Revolt of 1843. There were also preparations for an insurgency on the Kumyk plains in 1844 and for a general Kumyk insurgency in 1855, which had been planned as a joined action with the advance of Imam Shamil , but the advance didn't progress enough into the Kumyk lands. In the insurgency in Dagestan in 1877–1878, one of

2100-701: The War gave the Caucasus many common heroes. Imam of Dagestan and Chechnya Shamil was of Kumyk descent, as well as his companion and the second pretender to the Imam's position Tashaw-Hadji. Also, Kumyks were the leaders of the earlier Dagestani revolts, such as Soltan Ahmed-Khan of the Avars, and Umalat-bek of Boynak (the heir of the Tarki throne), companion of the imam Gazi-Muhammad Razibek of Kazanish, trusted companion of

2160-637: The attack. In the later 19th century, it had a population of around 12,000 people comprising about 3000 households . The district around it included fertile agricultural valleys but also sandy desert, mineral springs , and upwellings of naphtha . Despite continuing as a Kumyk protectorate, it formed part of the Russian Empire 's district of the Caucasus . The area around Endirey is currently majority Sunni Muslim Kumyks - 6,025 (93,1 %). Kumyks Kumyks ( Kumyk : Къумукълар , romanized:  Qumuqlar , Russian : Кумыки ) are

2220-568: The beginning of the Caucasian war (resulting from the Treaty of Gulistan ), there were numerous revolts in Kumykia. In 1825 the village of [Old] Aksay was destroyed and 300 men from the settlement were gathered for their participation in the insurgence against Russian Empire led by the Chechen leader Taymiyev Biybolat, and murdered when Ochar-Haji, one of the Kumyks, killed two Russian generals on

2280-549: The capital of the Shamkhal, which comprised 1,000 households; the total number of destroyed households amounts to 6,110. Shamkhal, having only 3,000 troops, couldn't resist the overwhelming number of Russians, who had in their ranks 8,000 Cossacks and Kalmyks only, not counting the regular troops, and two infantry regiments and two cavalries; Adil-Girey [Shamkhal] left Tarki and together with the Turkish ambassador had sent letters to other mountaineer possessors, asking for help, but got

2340-519: The early Middle Ages. It would be preferable to also identify whether Kamaks, who used to be settled in the North Dagestan in the beginning of our era, are related to Kumyks. Another prominent Russian Orientalist , V. Minorsky, proposed his adjustment to the views mentioned, stating that: Today's Kumyk Turks, who populate North Eastern part of Dagestan, along the shore, possibly come from the basic Khazar stratum, strengthened and assimilated by

2400-670: The fifth-largest population of North Ossetia, all of which are parts of the Russian Federation . Kumyks are the second largest Turkic -speaking ethnic group after Azerbaijanis in the Causasus , the largest Turkic people of the North Caucasus and the third largest ethnic group of Dagestan. According to the Russian national census of 2010 there were more than 500,000 Kumyks in Russia. In terms of administrative division in their native lands, Kumyks today are mostly divided between

2460-776: The first ever grammatical book in the Russian language for one of the Northern Caucasian languages, which was international Kumyk. Makarov wrote: From the peoples speaking Tatar language I liked the most Kumyks, as for their language's distinction and precision, so for their closeness to the European civilization, but most importantly, I take in account that they live on the Left Flank of the Caucasian Front, where we're conducting military actions, and where all

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2520-556: The following analogy with regards to the role of Turkic languages in the Caucasus and beyond: “... For almost a thousand years, the Turkic languages that dominated the peoples of the steppe – Kumyk and Tatar – served, like Swahili in East Africa or French among the aristocracies of Europe, as a common lingua franca in the multinational North Caucasus...” In 1848, a professor of the "Caucasian Tatar" (Kumyk) Timofey Makarov published

2580-574: The foot of Mount Tshumlu on the Aktash River near Khasavyurt , just north of the Caucasus and just east of the Chechen border. It lies about 72 kilometers (45 mi) south of Kizliar and has a mean elevation of 40 meters (130 ft). The area preserves the ruins of a fortress destroyed by Tamerlane during the Tokhtamysh–Timur war . The early history Endirey is uncertain. During

2640-424: The last moment declared the true reason "to use the opportunity to attack the city of Endirey and plunder Kumyks' cattle". However, the troops disbanded in disappointment. Gazi-Muhammad himself tried to make Kumyks resettle higher in the mountains from the plains and join his resistance by destroying Kumyk settlements, as stated in the Russian military archives: Kazi-mulla, trying to hold Kumyks close, came up with

2700-409: The later re-settlers from the Kipchak steppes. The final stages of the Kumyk ethnogenesis stretched from the 12th-17th centuries. Some of the Turkic peoples who assimilated into the Kumyk nation were those of Tumens from the Tumen Khanate (Caucasian Tumen), which emerged in the 15th century as a fragment of the dissolved Golden Horde ; those of Bothe Bogans, Sople and pre-Cuman Turks, who populated

2760-470: The latter period, when remains of Cumans defeated by Mongols fled to the lands of Dagestan. A modern interpretation was proposed that " from the Turkified Lezgins , Kumyks also emerged" . However, professor of Caucasus studies L. Lavrov doubted the "Turkification" hypothesis of Kumyk origin: It's unlikely that Kumyks might be Turkified Dagestanians, as some claim. Rather, their ancestors are considered to be Kipchaks, Khazars and, probably, other Turks of

2820-416: The major centres of conflict was the Kumyk village of Bashly. Despite the devastation brought by the Imperial Army for their attempts to rise against Russia, the Kumyk plains were also exposed to plundering forays from the neighboring tribes. For instance, in 1830, one Chechen leader, Avko, gathered forces in a call to allegedly join the troops of the leader of the Caucasian resistance, Gazi-Muhammad, but at

2880-524: The mid-17th century. From the beginning of the 19th century, Kumyk literary language began to expand and grow, with an increase in the number of publications and books. The orthography of Kumyk was derived from the Arabic script, although with minor modifications, only several additional letters, same as in Persian alphabet , to represent consonants. Vowels, of which there exists a relatively large number of them in Turkic languages, and in Kumyk in particular (8 or 9 vowels) were rarely and irregularly written in

2940-411: The most valiant and inimical to us tribe was that of the Kumyks. Kumyks were one of the major forces in the late 18th century Sheikh Mansur's insurgence. Kumyk prince Chepalow, in alliance with Mansur made several attempts to attack the Russian stronghold of Kizlyar . In the final battle, Mansur led the Kumyk forces himself. Despite the formal acceptance of the Russian sovereignty over the Shamkhals at

3000-406: The name "Kumyk" from a Turkic ethnonym Kimak , or from another name for Kipchaks — Cuman . According to P. Uslar, in the 19th century the names "Kumyk" and "Kumuk" pertained to the Turkic speaking population of the Northern Caucasian lowlands. In Dagestan, Chechnya and Ingushetia , the name Kumyk, or originally Kumuk pertained to the Kumyks only. Y. Fyodorov wrote, based on sources from

3060-437: The peoples, apart from their own language, speak also Kumyk. During the Soviet era, the role of Kumyk was consolidated when in 1923, it was declared to be the state language of Dagestan ASSR due to the fact that "the majority of the population of indigenous Dagestan speaks and understands the Turkic-Kumyk language... the experience of teaching the Turkic language in the schools of Mountainous Dagestan gave brilliant results... it

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3120-418: The protection of Sultan-Mahmud of Endirey, recognized today as a pan-Caucasian hero. In 1594, the other campaign of Khvorostinin in Dagestan was organised, during which Russian forces and Terek Cossacks seized Tarki again, but were blocked by the Kumyk forces and forced to retreat to Terki, which resulted in a stampede. In 1604–1605, Ivan Buturlin conducted one more campaign against the Kyumks, often known as

3180-403: The protection of their allies in the Shamkhalate. Russia, at war with the Nogais, sent 8,000 men in order to force the nomadic tribe to return to Russian territory. Surkhay-Shawkhal III attacked and routed Russian troops at the Battle of Germenchik. Kumyk military success continued from 1651 to 1653, when the Kumyks, this time in an alliance with Safavid forces, destroyed the Russian fortress at

3240-427: The same pronunciation in Karachay-Balkar were dropped and consolidated (For example, the letters ث and ص were dropped in favour of the letter س ). Later, as part of a new state campaign of Latinisation , a Latin alphabet was developed for Kumyk, derived from Yañalif , being officially adopted in 1928. In the 1930s, the official Soviet policy was revised and the process of Cyrillization of Soviet languages

3300-483: The sound [ β ] and distinguish said sound with the sound [ v ] both written with the letter в ; and to introduce a letter җ to represent the sound [ dʒ ] and distinguish said sound with the sound [ ʒ ] both written with the letter ж . None of these policies were adopted in Kumyk orthography. Below table is the Latin alphabet for Kumyk, derived from Yañalif , and having an official status between 1928 and 1938. Below table

3360-513: The spot. In the same year the people of Endirey joined forces with mountain communities against the Russians. In total, there were at least five revolts in Shamkhalate and on the Kumyk plateau (called also Kumyk plains ): the Anti-Russian revolt, resulting in the defeat of Northern Kumyks (Endirey and Aksay principalities) and the then-disestablished Mekhtula Khanate, the Shamkhalate Revolt of 1823, participation in Beybulat Taymiyev's revolt (who though recently had pledged allegiance to Russia),

3420-461: The start of the numerous campaigns of the Imperial Russian Army against Kumyks, provoked by the requests of the Georgians and Kabardians . Commander Cheremisinov seized and plundered the capital of Tarki in 1560. The Tumen Khanate, allied with the Shamkhalate also resisted the invasion, but was conquered by Russia in 1588. The Russians established the Terki stronghold (Not to be mistaken for Tarki ) in its former capital. Tumen ruler Soltaney fled to

3480-674: Was learned by Russian classical authors such as Leo Tolstoy and Mikhail Lermontov , both of whom served in the Caucasus. The language is present in such works of Tolstoy as " The Raid ", Cossacks , Hadji Murat , and Lermontov's - " A Hero of Our Time ", Bestuzhev-Marlinsky 's - "Molla-nur" and "Ammalat-bek". Below is the translation of the Christian Lord's Prayer in Kumyk, in a variety of scripts. "в пределах Дагестана кумыкский язык был известен также под названием «бумурман тил» "мусульманский язык", при этом данный лингвоним обозначал только кумыкский язык, в отличие от многочисленных народов, населявший горный Дагестан." ["within Dagestan,

3540-443: Was noted... that the “Turkic-Kumyk” language is the only language of communication of the citizens of indigenous Dagestan." Over the decades, this has changed, and Russian has displaced Kumyk as the language of education and inter-ethnic communication in Dagestan. Today, more than 90% of the Kumyks, according to 2010 census, also speak Russian, and those in Turkey and the Levant speak Turkish and Arabic . Kumyk has been used as

3600-486: Was started. In 1938 the new alphabet based on Cyrillic letters was officially adopted, which remains the official alphabet for Kumyk up till today. With the fall of the Soviet Union, with an increased prospect in international connection among Turkic peoples, a project to develop Latin alphabet again, but derived from modern Turkish orthograhpy was undertaken. Several online publications, as well as many individuals using social media, have adopted this script as well. Below

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