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12-628: Archaeology has shown the existence of a pre-Roman centre here, on the border of the lands of the Hernici and the Aequi . In the 1st century AD it is mentioned as oppidum Afile by Frontinus . It was crossed by the Via Sublacense . In the 10th century a village existed in the former Roman oppidum , centred on the church of St. Peter. In 1013 a castle ( castrum ) is cited in Affile, which in 1109

24-406: A list of his deeds, and original 1955 newspapers from the day he died. The mausoleum was reported to cost Euro 127,000, paid for by taxpayers from regional funds. The town’s mayor, Ercole Viri, donated the bust from his own collection and said he hoped the sight would be as “famous and as popular as Predappio” – the burial place of Mussolini which has become a shrine for neo-Fascists. He later defended

36-570: Is therefore adding insult to injury." In 2017, Mayor Ercole Viri and two other town councillors were convicted of "fascism apology", a crime in Italy, for building the monument. Viri was sentenced to eight months' imprisonment and the two councillors were sentenced to six months each. The court did not, however, order the removal of the monument which remains in place albeit vandalized and in a state of disrepair. Hernici The Hernici were an Italic tribe of ancient Italy , whose territory

48-615: The Ethiopians”. He went on to fulfill that vow with indiscriminate use of chemical weapons and the massacre of thousands of Ethiopians. Graziani was never tried for his war crimes in Africa. Had he been alive, there is no doubt that he would have been forced to face justice at the International Criminal Court. The erection with public funds of a monument for someone who has the blood of so many Africans on his hands

60-775: The Latins. In 475 BC they fought alongside the Latins against the Aequi and Volsci, and in the same year fought alongside Rome against the Veientes and Sabines. In 468 BC they fought alongside Rome against the Volsci. In 464 BC they warned Rome of the betrayal of Ecetra , and fought alongside Rome against the Aequi who were allied with the Ecetrans. They broke away from Rome in 362 and in 306, when their chief town Anagnia

72-505: The council’s decision by stating that “Graziani was not a war criminal” However, demonstrations against the memorial were quickly organised. On 12 September the monument was damaged and covered in graffiti. The monument has also been denounced in Ethiopia. Speaking after the 18th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, historian Bahru Zewde said: "“He [Graziani] is remembered for vowing to deliver Ethiopia to Mussolini “with or without

84-583: The full Roman citizenship. The oldest Latin inscriptions of the district (from Ferentinum ) are earlier than the Social War , and present no local characteristic. A couple of inscriptions show that the Hernican language was a member of the Sabellian group. Their name, with its " co " termination, classes them along with the "co"-tribes, like the Volsci, who would seem to have been earlier inhabitants of

96-410: The memorial to those who died as a result of Graziani’s actions during Italy’s colonial wars in Ethiopia and Libya as well as during the short-lived Italian Social Republic . The New York Times described the monument as being in "a style reminiscent of fascist architecture". It was built on Affile's highest hill and bears the inscriptions “Honour” and “Homeland”. Inside is a marble bust of Graziani,

108-538: The west coast of Italy, rather than with the tribes whose names were formed with the " no "-suffix. Ecetra Ecetra was a town of the ancient Volsci tribe of central Italy. Its location is no longer known. It is mentioned by Livy in 495 BC in the context of the failed Volscian invasion of Rome . Livy says that after the Roman victory, the ambassadors of Ecetra asked the Roman senate for peace, who agreed on

120-554: Was ceded by Pope Paschal II to the Abbey of St. Scholastica of Subiaco. Later it was a possession of the Altieri and Braschi families. On 11 August 2012 a publicly funded mausoleum and memorial park was unveiled in the town to Rodolfo Graziani , a former resident of the area and convicted war criminal. The event was met with widespread criticism in the national and international media. A campaign has since been launched to rededicate

132-778: Was in Latium between the Fucine Lake and the Sacco River ( Trerus ), bounded by the Volsci on the south, and by the Aequi and the Marsi on the north. For many years of the early Roman republic they were allied with Rome and fought alongside it against its neighbours. In 495 BC Livy records that they entered into a treaty with the Volsci against ancient Rome . They long maintained their independence, and in 486 BC they were still strong enough to conclude an equal treaty with

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144-588: Was taken and reduced to a praefectura , but Ferentinum , Aletrium and Verulae were rewarded for their fidelity by being allowed to remain free municipia , a position which at that date they preferred to the civitas . The name of the Hernici, like that of the Volsci, is missing from the list of Italian peoples whom Polybius describes as able to furnish troops in 225 BC; by that date, therefore, their territory cannot have been distinguished from Latium generally, and it seems probable that they had then received

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