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71-579: The England First Party ( EFP ) was an English nationalist and far-right political party . It had two councillors on Blackburn with Darwen council between 2006 and 2007. They were formed in 2004 by Mark Cotterill who had been the founder and chairman of American Friends of the British National Party (BNP). However, he began to disagree with the BNP politically, and so formed the EFP, after

142-625: A clear sense of English ethnicity especially in the 19th century and set up many societies and organisations and celebrated English culture and traditions, such as the Sons of St George etc. In her widely cited book, Britons: Forging the Nation 1707-1837 , Linda Colley argues for the formation of an English nation in the Stuart era. There are few books which analyse English national identity. Liberal thinking has difficulty with English nationhood due to

213-528: A cleric, was brought before a court and asked how he wished to clear himself of charges of theft. Lambard said in English that he was a cleric and was then asked if he knew Latin or French. He replied that he was English, and English-born, and that to speak in his mother tongue was proper. He refused to speak any other language except English. Refusing to give any other answer to the court, he was committed to another court to suffer peine forte et dure . During

284-704: A closer vote. The EFP fielded seven candidates for the 2010 local elections three of them to compete against the BNP in Stoke, but it did not stand in the general election and they had encouraged EFP supporters to vote for the National Front . It came fourth place with 606 votes in the Longton North ward, fifth place with 117 votes in the Weston and Meir ward and sixth place in the Fenton ward with 236 votes in

355-411: A former British National Party councillor, John Gamble, confirmed that he had defected to the EFP, after criticising the BNP. In the preceding months, he had become increasingly disillusioned with the BNP's national and local leadership, this resulted in him being expelled from the BNP. He sat as an independent for a few days and then he decided to "join a party that offers a serious, radical challenge to

426-455: A guild was founded "to the honour of the holy Trinity and of its glorious martyr George, protector and patron of England". The Cross of St George was used by Edward III as banners on his ships and carried by his armies. St George became the patron saint of England and his cross eventually became the flag of England. Laurence Minot , writing in the early fourteenth century, wrote patriotic poems celebrating Edward III's military victories against

497-454: A magazine Heritage and Destiny , which ran issues every year from July 1999. It provided news on the progress of racial nationalism in Britain, Europe and America. The EFP was criticised for a section of its manifesto that promised "the abolition of all non-European faiths and religions". On 4 June 2010 Mark Cotterill issued a statement that "[f]ar from wishing to "abolish" any religion (from

568-429: A new party created by himself and Tony Melia For Darwen , while Mark Cotterill signalled his intention to stand down as a councillor and party leader at the 3 May local elections. Johnson's move followed a rift with the party after he objected to an anti-Islamic cartoon of Jesus on YouTube , while Cotterill—who remained a leading EFP activist—has put his decision down to a work-related move to Preston. On 1 May 2009,

639-489: A passionate devotion to the catholic religion and to Rome, absence of political guile, and pride in being Spanish". Mary wanted to marry a Spaniard and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor , chose Philip II (also his son and heir). With this marriage, England would become a Habsburg dominion and it did for a short time (arranged marriages such as these in the sixteenth century had built up the Habsburg empire). England "played barely

710-657: A place where 'hot nationalism' is avoided, which has an effect on expressions of national identity. One possible incentive for supporting the establishment of self-governing English political institutions has been the West Lothian question : the constitutional inconsistency whereby Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish MPs in the UK Parliament have been able to cast votes on bills which will apply only to England while English MPs have had fewer such rights in relation to Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish legislation, which

781-400: A rebellion to try to stop the marriage, motivated by a "nationalist resentment at the proposed foreign king". Supporters of the insurgency urged Londoners to join to stop the English becoming "slaves and vilaynes", which was met with the response that "we are Englishmen". The uprising was defeated, and Wyatt at his trial justified his actions by saying: "Myne hole intent and styrre was agaynst

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852-632: A sense of pride in England and the English people. English nationalists often see themselves as predominantly English rather than British. On the political level, some English nationalists have advocated self-government for England such as the English Democrats . This could take the form either of a devolved English parliament within the United Kingdom or the re-establishment of an independent sovereign state of England outside of

923-505: A speech to Parliament on 5 November 1566, emphasising her Englishness: "Was I not born in this realm? Were my parents born in any foreign country? Is there any cause I should alienate myself from being careful over this country? Is not my kingdom here?" The excommunication of Elizabeth by Pope Pius V 's papal bull ( Regnans in Excelsis ) of 1570; the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of 1572;

994-582: A spell in the White Nationalist Party . The EFP differed from the BNP in its analysis of the United Kingdom . It criticised British nationalism and supported English nationalism instead. Most members of the EFP were former BNP members like their chairman, Cotterill. The EFP campaigned against the creation of regional assemblies across England. They also campaigned on issues such as opposing immigration in England and opposing

1065-476: Is in many cases handled by the devolved legislatures. This anomaly was addressed in 2015 using the English votes for English laws procedures to ensure that legislation affecting only England requires a majority vote of MPs representing English constituencies. Many contemporary English nationalist movements are associated with support for right-of-centre economic and social policies, but nationalists elsewhere in

1136-454: Is manifestly declared and expressed that this realm of England is an empire...governed by one supreme head and king having the dignity and royal estate of the imperial crown of the same, unto whom a body politic, compact of all sorts and degrees of people divided in terms and by names of spiritualty and temporalty, be bounden and owe to bear next to God a natural and humble obedience. By declaring England to be an "empire", this meant that England

1207-462: Is there for him who knows no French? As for the nation of England, it is an Englishman who is usually there. It ought to be necessary to speak mostly the speech that one can best get on with. Seldom has the English tongue by any chance been praised in France; if we give everyone their own language, it seems to me we are doing them no injury. I am speaking to the English layman... In 1323, Henry Lambard,

1278-590: The Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum ( Ecclesiastical History of the English People ) around 730. Wormald attributes Bede with a decisive "role in defining English national identity and English national destiny". Bede uses the label "English" to describe the Germanic peoples who inhabited Britain: Angles , Saxons and Jutes , and excluding Britons , Scots and Picts . In the final paragraph to

1349-679: The British National Party (BNP). In 1998, when he lived just outside Washington, D.C. , he formed and ran the American Friends of the British National Party (AFBNP), which raised funds for the BNP. While living in the United States he campaigned for David Duke in his bid to be elected to the United States Congress in 1999, and worked for Pat Buchanan 's bid to be elected President of

1420-703: The Cross of Saint George were carried, along with those of Saint Edmund the Martyr and Saint Edward the Confessor . However Edward III promoted St George over the previous national saints of St Edmund, St Edward the Confessor and Saint Gregory the Great . On 13 August 1351 St George was celebrated as "the blessed George, the most invincible athlete of Christ, whose name and protection the English race invoke as that of their patron, in war especially". In Chichester in 1368

1491-452: The Norman conquest of 1066, "England was by then a nation-state". The Norman conquest introduced a ruling class over England who displaced English land owners and clergy, and who spoke only Anglo-Norman ; however, it is likely many (if not most) were conversant in English from the second generation onwards. William of Malmesbury , a chronicler of mixed Anglo-Norman descent writing in

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1562-594: The Sunday Telegraph , showed that support for an English Parliament had reached 68% and support for full English Independence had reached 48% of those questioned. A study conducted for the Commission for Racial Equality (CRE) in 2005 found that, in England, the majority of ethnic minority participants born there identified primarily as being British, whereas white English participants identified as being English first and British second. A YouGov survey for

1633-579: The 1640s, used nationalist rhetoric: "Lords and Commons of England, consider what nation it is whereoff ye are" and on another occasion: "Methinks I see in my mind a noble and puissant nation raising herself like a strong man after sleep". It has also been demonstrated by projects such as the Locating the Hidden Diaspora by Northumbria University that English communities in America and Canada had

1704-660: The BBC in 2018 found young people are less likely to feel proud to be English than older generations; further, the further someone lives from London, the more likely they are to identify with a particular part of England. English Democrat Website; online edn, Sep 2016, accessed 17 September 2017. Does not include organisations focused on Unionism which do not mention British nationalism in their official makeup. Does not include organisations supportive of Unionism or Scottish independence without mentioning nationalism in their official makeup. Mark Cotterill Cotterill

1775-713: The Church, might not make a particular law dischargeable with the general law of Christ's holy Catholic Church, no more than the City of London being but one poor member in respect of the whole realm, might make a law against an act of Parliament". He later said: "I am not bounden...to conform my conscience to the Council of one realm against the General Council of Christendom. For of the foresaid holy bishops I have...above one hundred; and for one Council or Parliament...I have all

1846-526: The Councils made these thousand years. And for this one kingdom, I have all other Christian realms". When Mary I (daughter of Henry and Catherine of Aragon) became Queen in 1553, she married Philip II of Spain and sought to return England to Roman Catholicism. Elton has written that "In the place of the Tudor secular temper, cool political sense, and firm identification with England and the English, she put

1917-672: The EFP candidate. In 2009 he was a candidate for the Preston East division of Lancashire County Council. On 7 May 2019, Cotterill was interviewed for an article about the UK far right published in the Financial Times . On 21 September 2023, the Lancashire Evening Post detailed how Cotterill hired a conference room claiming it was for a meeting of military veterans (securing a discount) whereas in reality it

1988-917: The EFP contested three seats in Blackburn , Preston and Macclesfield , polling an average of 18% of the vote. Two candidates contested the May 2006 local elections in Blackburn, polling an average of 37% of the vote and both were elected as councillors. In a by-election in the East Rural ward of Blackburn in September 2006, they polled 13%. They also contested a by-election in the Danehouse and Stoneyholme ward in Burnley in February 2007, polling 7%. Despite

2059-574: The East or West!), the EFP is committed to traditional English values of religious freedom." A later version of the party manifesto, last edited 28 April 2010, did not contain the call for abolition of non-European religions. In their first electoral test, a local government by-election in February 2004 for the Heysham South ward in Lancaster , the EFP polled 14%. In the May 2004 local elections,

2130-650: The Labour Party while encouraging trade union membership and re-nationalising and re-opening coal mines which had a "reasonable working life". According to the accounts filed with the Electoral Commission the party had 27 full members at year-end 2004 and 85 "supporters". By the end of 2005 this had increased to 39 paid members and 97 registered supporters. For the year end 2007 the party recognised "100 supporters". By year end 2010, England First had 42 full members and recognised 111 supporters. It sold

2201-514: The NF and formed the Patriotic Forum. The Patriotic Forum was largely composed of fellow ex-NF members, such as Darren Copeland (as Chairman), Keith Jowsey (as secretary), and Alan Harvey. The Patriotic Forum published a right-wing conservative magazine entitled British Patriot which Cotterill edited, and which also featured articles by Steve Brady and Alan Harvey. Alan Harvey had formed

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2272-490: The NF's recorded views were put to him. On 5 April 2010 England First refused to take him back. England First's chairman, Mark Cotterill, said: "While we have nothing against Cllr. Gamble, the fact is that despite his various and contradictory public statements he has had no involvement with the EFP – and is no longer an EFP member." Mr Cotterill went on to release a statement to The Sheffield Star saying, "We don't want anything to do with Councillor Gamble. He has done nothing for

2343-678: The Scots, French, Bohemians, Spaniards, Flemings and the Genoese. After the English victory at Cressy in 1346, a cleric wrote a Latin poem criticising the French and extolling the English: In English, this is: Shortly after Henry V's victory over the French at Agincourt in 1415, a song was written to celebrate the victory. It started: John Wycliffe (1320s–1384), the founder of the reformist Lollard movement, argued against

2414-784: The Stoke-on-Trent local elections. In the Preston Ribbleton ward, Mark Cotterill came fourth place with 315 votes; it came fourth place in the St James ward in Oldham with 425 votes, in the Bradley ward of Pendle it received 279 coming fourth place and sixth place in the Ince ward of Wigan with 134 votes. In March 2007 the EFP's two councillors announced their intentions to quit. Michael Johnson stated that he would be joining

2485-529: The UK tend towards a social democratic political stance, as evidenced by the policies of the Scottish National Party , Plaid Cymru , and SDLP . English nationalism is also often linked with Euroscepticism and Brexit has been described as a symptom of English nationalism. A MORI opinion poll in 2006 commissioned by the Campaign for an English Parliament indicated that support for

2556-485: The UK's continued membership of the European Union . On the economy, the EFP supported the gradual nationalisation of most national and public services in attempts to achieve autarky . While not aiming to abolish capitalist ownership, the EFP claimed the interests of workers to be paramount and subsequently supported worker co-operatives . The EFP also aimed to end the connections between trade unions and

2627-471: The United Kingdom. The history of English nationalism is a contested area of scholarship. The historian Adrian Hastings has written that: "One can find historians to date 'the dawn of English national consciousness' (or some such phrase) in almost every century from the eighth to the nineteenth". Patrick Wormald has claimed that England was a nation by the time of the Venerable Bede , who wrote

2698-535: The United States in the 2000 U.S. presidential election . However, "Buchanan's campaign threw out Cotterill and other racist volunteers after their presence was exposed by the Center for New Community and other groups". This involved Buchanan losing three-quarters of his Northern Virginia campaign staff. Cotterill became an associate of William Pierce , editing one issue of his Resistance magazine in 1999; he

2769-585: The Unready against a Viking invasion in 991. The poem praises the Anglo-Saxons defence of "their land, the land of Ethelred the King, the place and the people" and Byrhtnoth , Earl of Essex , is attributed as saying: "Shall our people, our nation, bear you to go hence with our gold?" Both Hastings and James Campbell believe England was a nation-state during late Anglo-Saxon times. Campbell writes that by

2840-451: The association of Englishness with regressive and conservative values. Academics typically consider 'the English question' in a constitutional manner. The English nationalist movement has its roots in a perception amongst many people in England that they are primarily or exclusively English rather than British , which mirrors the view in the other constituent countries. The perceived rise in English identity in recent years, as evidenced by

2911-435: The comyng in of strangers and Spanyerds and to abolyshe theym out of this realme". Mary vigorously persecuted Protestants , recorded by John Foxe in his Book of Martyrs , which were unprecedented in English history and resulted in an "undying hatred of the pope and of Roman Catholicism which became one of the most marked characteristics of the English for some 350 years". Elizabeth I (who succeeded Mary I in 1558) made

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2982-490: The corrupt political establishment". On 12 March 2010, John Gamble defected from the EFP to the National Front . This was after he told The Star newspaper in Sheffield he had "jumped ship" to the NF because he wanted to join a "more active" organisation than England First. On 1 April 2010, Gamble defected back to England First because he stated to The Star , "I am not aware of the severity of these opinions" when some of

3053-498: The creation of an English Parliament with the same powers as the existing Scottish Parliament had risen, with 41% of those questioned favouring such a move. In the same month, an ICM Omnibus poll commissioned by the Progressive Partnership (a Scottish research organisation) showed that support for full English Independence had reached 31% of those questioned. In November 2006, another ICM poll, commissioned by

3124-635: The fourteenth-century. That would not be to claim however that 'an English nation had come into existence, only that some of the processes that help to form nations had become discernible'. The historian of the Tudor period, Geoffrey Elton , has asserted that the "Tudor revolution in government" under King Henry VIII and his chief minister Thomas Cromwell has as its chief ingredient a concept of "national sovereignty". The Act in Restraint of Appeals 1533 famous preamble summarised this theory: Where by divers sundry old authentic histories and chronicles it

3195-477: The gilds are from 1389 and come from London, Norwich and King's Lynn . John Trevisa , writing in 1385, noted that: "...in all the grammar schools of England children are dropping French and construing and learning in English...Also gentlemen have now largely stopped teaching their children French". The Hundred Years' War with France (1337–1453) aroused English nationalist feeling. May McKisack has claimed that "The most lasting and significant consequences of

3266-436: The increased display of the English flag (particularly during international sporting competitions i.e. FIFA World Cup and UEFA European Championship ), is sometimes attributed in the media to the increased devolution of political power to Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland . The entanglement of nationhood and class in England means that nationalism is associated more with working class English people. England remains

3337-542: The later decades of the fourteenth century English started to come back into official use. The Pleading in English Act 1362 sought to replace French with English for all pleas in courts. The Mercers' Petition to Parliament of 1386 is the oldest piece of parliamentary English; the earliest English wills at the London Court of Probate date from 1387; the earliest English returns of the ordinances, usages, holdings of

3408-685: The life and death of the right Honourable, Sir Christopher Hatton... , which included the lines: Sir Walter Raleigh , in his A Discourse of War , wrote that "if our King Edward III. had prospered in his French Wars, and peopled with English the Towns which he won, as he began at Calais , driving out the French ; the Kings (as his Successors) holding the same Course, would by this Time have filled all France with our Nation, without any notable emptying of this Island". Hastings has claimed that this usage of

3479-523: The mid to late thirteenth century: ...the Norman could not speak anything then except their own speech, and they spoke French as they had done at home, and had their children taught it, too, so that important men in this country who come from their stock all keep to that same speech that they derived from them; because, unless a man knows French, he is thought little of. But humble men keep to English and their own speech still. I reckon there are no countries in

3550-448: The middle of the fourteenth-century nearly all the requirements for an English national identity were in place", including a "distinctive sense of territory and ethnicity, an English church, a set of national fables, and a clear common language". Scholar of nationalism Anthony D. Smith agrees to an extent, as from his ethnosymbolist perspective the ethnic core necessary for the development of modern nations had begun to crystallise during

3621-403: The modern period and that England cannot be described as a nation until the late nineteenth century. The idea of the Norman yoke became increasingly popular amongst English radicals in the seventeenth century. They believed that Anglo-Saxon England was a land of liberty but that this liberty was extinguished by the Norman conquest and the imposition of feudalism . John Milton , writing in

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3692-421: The part of a pawn" in the diplomatic battle between the great European powers (France opposed the match) and the marriage was widely unpopular in England, even with Mary's own supporters such as Stephen Gardiner , who opposed reducing England to "a Spanish colony". Ian Archer has argued that "the possibility that England might become another Habsburg milch cow was very real". A courtier, Sir Thomas Wyatt , headed

3763-522: The party campaigning for a ban on mixed-race marriages it was revealed that one of the two elected councillors was reported to have a great-grandmother from the West Indies and a grandfather from Wales . Steven Smith and Simon Bennett stood in the Cliviger with Worsthorne and Queensgate wards respectively, at the 2007 Burnley council elections . Smith came a very distant second with Bennett third in

3834-917: The party, and when he left we washed our hands of him." In May 2009, the England First Party decided to stand a candidate in the County council elections in Lancashire but did not stand any European candidates. For the European Parliament, the England First Party worked with the English Democrats and attended and spoke at the English Democrats' conference in Darwen. Cotterill stated that the parties had differences on race, immigration and independence but they had in common withdrawal from EU and putting England first. The party

3905-462: The power of the Pope over England: "Already a third and more of England is in the hands of the Pope. There cannot be two temporal sovereigns in one country; either Edward is king or Urban is king. We make our choice. We accept Edward of England and refuse Urban of Rome". Wycliffe justified his translating the Bible into English: "The gospels of Crist written in Englische, to moost lernyng of our nacioun". The historian Robert Colls has argued that "by

3976-405: The preface of the Ecclesiastical History of the English People Bede departs from the usual word " gens " and instead uses the word " natio " to describe the " historia nostrae nationis ": the history of our own nation. This is the first verbal appearance of the English nation . The Anglo-Saxon poem The Battle of Maldon described the said battle between the Anglo-Saxon forces of Ethelred

4047-471: The publication of Foxe's Book of Martyrs ; the Spanish Armada of 1588; and the Gunpowder Plot of 1605 all contributed to an English nationalism which was "thoroughly militant and Protestant". An example of this nationalism can be seen in Lord Chancellor Sir Christopher Hatton 's opening speech to Parliament in 1589 in the aftermath of the defeat of the Armada. It has been described as "an appeal designed to rouse both patriotic and ideological responses". It

4118-413: The short-lived White Rhino Club, which supported apartheid in South Africa ; Harvey later accused Cotterill of sabotaging the Club's activities, but without substantiating the claim. In turn Cotterill claimed to have expelled Harvey from the Patriotic Forum, although the organisation had no formal membership. Cotterill was, for a short time, a member of the Conservative Party in Torquay in 1993, and

4189-505: The twelfth century, described the Battle of Hastings as: "That fatal day for England, the sad destruction of our dear country [ dulcis patrie ]". He also lamented: "England has become the habitation of outsiders and the dominion of foreigners. Today, no Englishman is earl , bishop , or abbot , and newcomers gnaw away at the riches and very innards of England; nor is there any hope for an end of this misery". Another chronicler, Robert of Gloucester , speaking in part of earlier centuries, in

4260-410: The war should be sought, perhaps, in the sphere of national psychology...For the victories were the victories, not only of the king and of the aristocracy, but of the nation". In 1346, was exhibited in Parliament for propaganda purposes a forged ordinance (in which the French King would have called for the elimination of the English nation) while Parliament was summoned to vote supplies to the king, who

4331-442: The whole world that do not keep to their own speech, except England only. King Edward I , himself a Norman-French speaker, when issuing writs for summoning Parliament in 1295, claimed that the King of France planned to invade England and extinguish Old English , "a truly detestable plan which may God avert". In the Cursor Mundi , an anonymous religious poem in northern Middle English dating from approximately 1300, appears

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4402-521: The word "nation" (used by Dr. Johnson in his Dictionary ) is the same as the modern definition. Strong support exists among historians and students of nations and nationalism for the idea that England became a nation in or no later than the Tudor period. Liah Greenfeld argues that England was "the first nation in the world". Others, including Patrick Collinson and Diana Muir Appelbaum argue strongly for Tudor-era English nationhood. Others including Krishan Kumar , argue that nations arose only in

4473-416: The words: "Of Ingland the nacion". The Prologue starts: This can be translated into modern English as: This same book is translated, in accordance with the dignity of Holy Church, into the English tongue to be read, for love of the English people, the English people of England, for the common people to understand. I have normally read French verses everywhere here; it is mostly done for the Frenchman – what

4544-420: Was a member of the National Front (NF) from 1977 to 1979 and again from 1984 to 1992, and was the party's South West England organiser from 1985 to 1991. He "helped promulgate the New Atlantic Charter, signed between the National Front and the Nationalist Movement , pledging Anglo-American solidarity" and was "instrumental in arranging the exchange visit of (Nick) Griffin to America". In 1992 Cotterill left

4615-485: Was a state entirely independent of "the authority of any foreign potentates". Elton claimed that "We call this sort of thing a sovereign national state". The Act outlawed appeals from courts within the realm to courts outside the realm. The English Reformation destroyed the jurisdiction of the Pope over England. England was now completely independent. For this reason Sir Thomas More went to his death, because in his words: "This realm, being but one member and small part of

4686-403: Was active in the Revolutionary Conservative Caucus . In 1994, he was attacked, receiving severe head injuries, by two members of Anti-Fascist Action who were subsequently "charged with unlawful wounding". He stood as an Independent Conservative in the local elections in 1995. Cotterill wound up the Patriotic Forum and ceased publication of British Patriot in 1995. Cotterill then moved to

4757-423: Was also the U.S. distributor for Right Now! magazine. Cotterill was by now defined by the Southern Poverty Law Center as a "key British neofascist". In 2002, Cotterill was excluded from the U.S. for ten years. Back in England, Cotterill broke with the BNP and in 2004 founded the England First Party (EFP). He publishes and edits an ethnic nationalist bimonthly magazine called Heritage and Destiny . He

4828-458: Was de-registered on 14 June 2012, and as such the name "England First Party" cannot be used on ballot papers by candidates at elections. English nationalism English nationalism is a nationalism that asserts that the English are a nation and promotes the cultural unity of English people . In a general sense, it comprises political and social movements and sentiment inspired by a love for English culture , language and history , and

4899-411: Was elected councillor for Meadowhead on Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council in the 2006 local elections as leader of the England First Party, defeating the incumbent Labour councillor by more than 400 votes. However, Cotterill resigned the seat in May 2007 and also stood down from the party leadership. In the Preston local council elections in 2008 , 2010 , 2011 and 2012 , Cotterill stood as

4970-477: Was engaged in the Siege of Calais . After the Siege of Calais of 1346, King Edward III expelled the inhabitants of that city because, in his words, "I wolde repeople agayne the towne with pure Englysshmen". When King Henry V conquered Harfleur in 1415, he ordered the inhabitants to leave and imported English immigrants to replace them. Edward III promoted Saint George during his wars against Scotland and France. Under Edward I and Edward II, pennons bearing

5041-436: Was fiercely anti-Catholic (the Pope was a "wolfish bloodsucker"), execrated Englishmen who turned against their native country, and appealed for England's defence: "Shall we now suffer ourselves with all dishonour to be conquered? England hath been accounted hitherto the most renowned kingdom for valour and manhood in all Christendom, and shall we now lose our old reputation?". In 1591 a John Phillips published A Commemoration on

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