68-487: During the early part of the 17th century, and persisting in some form into the early 18th century, there were a number of proposals for an English Academy : some form of learned institution, conceived as having royal backing and a leading role in the intellectual life of the nation. Definite calls for an English Academy came in 1617, based on the Italian model dating back to the 16th century; they were followed up later, after
136-486: A ceremonial sword ( l'épée ). The members bear the cost of their uniforms themselves. The robes cost around $ 50,000, and Amin Maalouf said that his induction cost him some $ 230,000 overall. The swords can be particularly expensive as they are individually designed. Some new members have had funds for them raised by committees. The Académie is France's official authority on the usages, vocabulary, and grammar of
204-462: A learned society as an active educational and regulatory body. In fact no such Academy would be set up, though discussion of the perceived need for one continued into the eighteenth century. The development of ideas on the language-regulation function of a putative English Academy was studied initially by Hermann Martin Flasdieck. Flasdieck distinguished three phases: first private initiatives up to
272-643: A chairperson and chief representative of the Académie. The two other officers, a Director and a Chancellor, are elected for three-month terms. The most senior member, by date of election, is the Dean of the Académie. New members are elected by the Académie itself; the original members were appointed. When a seat becomes vacant, a person may apply to the Secretary if they wish to become a candidate. Alternatively, existing members may nominate other candidates. A candidate
340-439: A generation of history behind it: in the reign of Henry VIII Nicholas Bacon (with Robert Carey and Thomas Denton ) had reported on a project to create a new inn of court , conceived along the lines of a humanist academy. Bacon had then taken the idea further and combined it with legal experience of wardship, and in a paper of 1561 made a recommendation to the queen. The home and library of John Dee at Mortlake from 1570 to
408-630: A letter from in September 1659; in 1660 Bengt Skytte , a follower of Comenius , brought up a pansophic version of the concept with Boyle and others, on a similar scale. These ideas were overtaken by Boyle's involvement in the 1660 committee of 12 which led shortly to the formation of the Royal Society . Abraham Cowley in 1661 conspicuously and in detail advocated a "philosophical college" near central London, that would function as an innovating educational institution, in his Proposition for
476-807: A literary work), the grand prix du roman (for a novel), the Grand prix de poésie de l'Académie française (for poetry), the Grand prix de philosophie (for a philosophical work), the Grand prix du cinéma (for film), and the grand prix Gobert (for a work on French history). The Académie Française intervened in June 2008 to oppose the French Government's proposal to constitutionally offer recognition and protection to regional languages ( Flemish , Alsatian , Basque , Breton , Catalan , Corsican , Occitan , Gascon , and Arpitan ). The current members of
544-529: A little progress, London was subject to the Great Plague , Wentworth Dillon, 4th Earl of Roscommon set up, around 1682, a literary society that attracted the name 'academy'. It involved Dryden, other participants being George Savile, Marquess of Halifax , Richard Maitland , Charles Sackville, 6th Earl of Dorset , Lord Cavendish , Sir Charles Scarborough , and Heneage Finch . Their linguistic interests extended mainly to issues of translation. This group
612-526: A member and M.P., involved in the parliamentary debate. Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales revived by his patronage Humphrey Gilbert's proposal. He combined that concept with the French model of Antoine de Pluvinel 's riding academy, which included varied studies. The project was intended to cover mathematics and languages as well as equestrian skills, but was cut short by the Prince's death. The suppression of
680-465: A member is known as l'habit vert , or green clothing. The habit vert , worn at the Académie's formal ceremonies, was first adopted during Napoleon Bonaparte's reorganization of the Institut de France . It consists of a long black coat and black-feathered bicorne , both richly embroidered with green leafy motifs, together with black trousers or skirt. Further, members other than clergy carry
748-586: A modernised curriculum. He proposed a tax on publications to support it, but was opposed in Parliament and met with serious resistance from the universities. At the same period Daniel Defoe in his Essay upon Projects had a section on academies. Jonathan Swift in his Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue , advocated an academy for regulating the English language. In
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#1732765216356816-456: A role in censorship of publications outside theology, all supported by a subsidy. He gained some support from George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham , who put forward a plan (attributed to Prince Henry) in the 1621 Parliament; but nothing came of it. The end of the reign put an end to the plan. Salomon's House , the proposal or model from Francis Bacon 's New Atlantis for an institution of natural philosophy , dates also from this period at
884-478: A specific seat, not to the Académie in general: if several seats are vacant, a candidate may apply separately for each. Since a newly elected member is required to eulogize their predecessor in the installation ceremony, it is not uncommon that potential candidates refuse to apply for particular seats because they dislike the predecessors. Members are known as "les immortels" ("the Immortals") in reference to
952-421: A speech to the Académie, which includes a eulogy for the member being replaced. This is followed by a speech made by one of the members. Eight days thereafter, a public reception is held, during which the new member makes a speech thanking their colleagues for their election. On one occasion, one newly installed member, Georges de Porto-Riche , was not accorded a reception, as the eulogy he made of his predecessor
1020-434: Is continuing work on the ninth edition, of which the first volume ( A to Enzyme ) appeared in 1992, Éocène to Mappemonde was published in 2000, and Maquereau to Quotité in 2011. In 1778, the Académie attempted to compile a "historical dictionary" of the French language; this idea was later abandoned, the work never progressing past the letter A . As the use of English terms by media increased over
1088-492: Is elected by a majority of votes from voting members. A quorum is twenty members. If no candidate receives an absolute majority, another election must be performed at a later date. The election is valid only if the protector of the Académie, the President of France, grants their approval. The President's approbation is only a formality. The new member is then installed at a meeting of the Académie. The new member must deliver
1156-449: Is not necessary to be a member of the literary profession to become a member. The Académie has included numerous politicians, lawyers, scientists, historians, philosophers, and senior Roman Catholic clergymen. Five French heads of state have been members – Adolphe Thiers , Raymond Poincaré , Paul Deschanel , Philippe Pétain , and Valéry Giscard d'Estaing – and one foreign head of state, the poet Léopold Sédar Senghor of Senegal , who
1224-502: The Académie Française are: Thomas Hearne (antiquarian) Thomas Hearne or Hearn ( Latin : Thomas Hearnius , July 1678 – 10 June 1735) was an English diarist and prolific antiquary , particularly remembered for his published editions of many medieval English chronicles and other important historical texts. Hearne was born at Littlefield Green in the parish of White Waltham , Berkshire,
1292-585: The College of Heralds , wealthy collectors of old manuscripts and a few professional archivists. They met in London during each law term unless plague intervened. Using the notebook of one member, Francis Tate, Wright dates 22 meetings from 1590 to 1601. Thereafter, meetings became less regular, not only owing to plague but also to the suspicions of the government of James I after 1603. Two subjects for discussion were agreed in advance of meetings and every member
1360-466: The 1635 founding of the French Académie , by John Dryden (1664), John Evelyn (1665), and Daniel Defoe (1697). The proposals for an English Academy were initially and typically characterised by an antiquarian interest, for example in heraldry and medieval history. They represented a conservative wing in the larger discussion, and in different ways they informed approaches to the idea of
1428-552: The Académie's motto , À l'immortalité ("To Immortality"), which is inscribed on the official seal of the charter granted by Cardinal Richelieu. One of the immortels is chosen by their colleagues to be the Académie's Perpetual Secretary. The Secretary is called "Perpetual", as though the holder serves for life, but holds the ability to resign; they may thereafter be styled as "Honorary Perpetual Secretary", with three post- World War II Perpetual Secretaries having previously resigned due to old age. The Perpetual Secretary acts as
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#17327652163561496-559: The Académie, either because their candidacies were rejected, because they were never candidates, or because they died before appropriate vacancies arose. Notable French authors who never became academicians include Jean-Jacques Rousseau , Jean-Paul Sartre , Joseph de Maistre , Honoré de Balzac , René Descartes , Denis Diderot , Romain Rolland , Charles Baudelaire , Gustave Flaubert , Molière , Marcel Proust , Jules Verne , Théophile Gautier , and Émile Zola . The official uniform of
1564-587: The Advancement of Experimental Philosophy . One supporter of an English Academy to regulate the language was Thomas Sprat of the Royal Society, founded in 1662. A group actually met in Gray's Inn in 1665 to plan an academy, as was recalled later by Evelyn: Cowley and Sprat were involved, with George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham , Matthew Clifford , Cyril Wyche , John Dryden , and others. After only
1632-716: The Florentine academy had published its Vocabolario in 1612. During the French Revolution , the National Convention suppressed all royal academies, including the Académie Française . In 1792, the election of new members to replace those who died was prohibited; in 1793, the academies were themselves abolished. They were all replaced in 1795 by a single body called the Institut de France . Napoleon Bonaparte , as First Consul , decided to restore
1700-456: The French language since the 1700s, and has criticized the view that anglicisms present an "invasion" on the French language. It distinguishes anglicisms into three categories: some that are useful to the French language and introduced vocabulary which did not have a French equivalent at the time (the Académie cites the word " confortable " as an example, from the English "comfortable"); others that are detrimental and only establish more confusion as
1768-592: The French language. The Académie publishes a dictionary of the French language, known as the Dictionnaire de l'Académie française , which is regarded as official in France. A special commission composed of several (but not all) of the members of the Académie compiles the work. The Académie has published thirteen editions of the dictionary, of which three were preliminary, eight were complete, and two were supplements for specialised words. These are: The Académie
1836-495: The Society of Antiquaries having left a hiatus in intellectual life, at least as far as antiquarian interests were concerned, Edmund Bolton brought forward a plan for a royal academy (his "academ roial"). In 1617 a list of 27 names was put forward: it included Sir John Hayward , and Henry Ferrers . A similar list in 1624 included Sir William Segar . Bolton proposed a complex structure, an outer ring of membership (listing 84), and
1904-538: The academy admitted young gentlemen only, on exclusive grounds. The tutors were hand-picked by Kynaston. The new institution was satirised, though mildly, by Richard Brome 's play The New Academy (dated to 1636). Kynaston gave his own house in Bedford Street, Covent Garden , for the college, with ambitions to move into Chelsea College . He furnished it with books, manuscripts, musical and mathematical instruments, paintings, and statues, at his own expense. He
1972-572: The arts and sciences". The Académie Française has remained responsible for the regulation of French grammar, spelling, and literature. Richelieu's model, the first academy devoted to eliminating the "impurities" of a language, was the Accademia della Crusca , founded in Florence in 1582, which formalized the already dominant position of the Tuscan dialect of Florence as the model for Italian ;
2040-524: The contributions to their discussions were published by Thomas Hearne in the eighteenth century and these give several indications of how the antiquaries worked. For example, on 24 November 1599, the Society chose to discuss the antiquity, etymology and variety of English terms used to measure land. Arthur Agard (or Agarde), the Society’s most respected member, was hesitant: Although I must confess that in this proposition I have more travelled than in any of
2108-706: The curriculum. The academy idea was still in the air in the years before the First English Civil War , and Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel brought forward a proposal during the Short Parliament . Samuel Hartlib spoke of a pilot scheme he had run. In the years 1648–1650 Balthazar Gerbier revived the idea of an academy on Kynaston's lines in a series of pamphlets. Peter Chamberlen the third suggested an academy to oversee public welfare, as part of his reforming scheme. Around 1660 John Evelyn and Robert Boyle were interested once more in
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2176-627: The devotion of Hearne's readers, he reminded Dr Levett that "you formerly desired to be a subscriber for every Thing I published. I have accordingly put you down for one copy of Acts of the Ap. in Capitals". Hearne's most important work was done as editor of many of the English chronicles. Until the appearance of the Rolls Series , his editions were in some cases the only ones existent. Some have praised them for being well prepared and sourced. Among
2244-423: The diversity of measurement so variable and different in every … place in the realm, as I was in a mammering …. Society members consulted Agard for advice on what material might be available. He had been deputy chamberlain of the exchequer since 1570, responsible for what would be a 40-year project to compile inventories of the four treasuries at Westminster, which contained both royal and abbey records. The Society
2312-520: The earliest instances of the government’s consideration of linguistic diversity . The English Academy of Southern Africa was founded in 1961. Acad%C3%A9mie fran%C3%A7aise The Académie Française ( French pronunciation: [akademi fʁɑ̃sɛːz] ), also known as the French Academy , is the principal French council for matters pertaining to the French language . The Académie
2380-434: The early 1580s has been identified as a prototype 'academy'. His circle included Thomas Hariot and Walter Raleigh , and was closely linked to that around Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland . These groups with Gresham College comprised the centre of English scientific life at the period. The College (or Society) of Antiquaries met from around 1586 to around 1607. The membership comprised successful lawyers, members of
2448-625: The end of World War II : Philippe Pétain , Abel Bonnard , Abel Hermant , and Charles Maurras were all excluded for their association with the Vichy regime . In total, 20 members have been expelled from the Académie. There have been a total of 742 immortels , of whom eleven have been women; Marguerite Yourcenar was the first woman to be elected, in 1980, but there have been 25 unsuccessful female candidacies, dating from 1874. Individuals who are not citizens of France may be, and have been, elected. Moreover, although most academicians are writers, it
2516-634: The end of the reign of James I. It is an orderly and royally authorised institute for research. Bacon's follower Thomas Bushell was later rumoured to be intending to set up an actual institution, in London, or Wells in Somerset. The foundation in 1635 of the Académie française coincided closely with Francis Kynaston 's setting up of an actual educational institution, his Musaeum Minervae, in his own home in Covent Garden. The king gave money, and
2584-501: The existence of the Académie Française has been uninterrupted. The President of France is the "protector" or patron of the Académie. Cardinal Richelieu originally adopted this role; upon his death in 1642, Pierre Séguier , the Chancellor of France , succeeded him. King Louis XIV adopted the function when Séguier died in 1672; since then, the French head of state has always served as the Académie's protector. From 1672 to 1805,
2652-433: The form of a call for a "national dictionary" to regulate the English language, on the French model, this conception had much support from Augustan men of letters: Daniel Defoe , Joseph Addison ( The Spectator 135 in 1711) and Alexander Pope . At the end of Queen Anne 's reign some royal backing was again possible, but that ended with the change of monarch in 1714. The whole idea later met stern opposition, however, from
2720-488: The formal creation of the academy, new members were appointed in 1634. On 22 February 1635, at Richelieu's urging, King Louis XIII granted letters patent formally establishing the council; according to the letters patent registered at the Parlement de Paris on 10 July 1637, the Académie Française was "to labor with all the care and diligence possible, to give exact rules to our language, to render it capable of treating
2788-459: The former academies, but only as "classes" or divisions of the Institut de France . The second class of the Institut was responsible for the French language, and corresponded to the former Académie Française . When King Louis XVIII came to the throne in 1816, each class regained the title of "Académie"; accordingly, the second class of the Institut became the Académie Française . Since 1816,
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2856-477: The former, for that it concerneth me more to understand the right thereof, especially in that sundry have resorted to me thereabouts to know whether I have in my custody any records that avouch the same in certainty; yet so it fareth with me, that in perusing as well those abbreviations I have noted out of Domesday and other records …, as also those notes I have quoted out of ancient registers and books which have fallen into my hands within these xxx. years, I have found
2924-529: The foundation of new institutions such as the successive Gresham College , Chelsea College , Durham College , and the Royal Society , which had very different fates, as well as the pansophic projects that failed to get off the drawing board. In the early 1570s Humphrey Gilbert published The erection of an achademy in London , concerned with the education of wards and the younger sons of gentlemen. The proposed course included subjects seen as practical, as well as classical studies. This conception already had
2992-536: The idea of an academy. Evelyn's experience abroad included a meeting of the Umoristi, an academy in Rome devoted to verse and linguistic matters. Language now became aspect of the "English Academy" issue that continued to resonate with English literati, and was floated by small groups from time to time; and Evelyn himself was a constant advocate of attention to it. Evelyn sent Boyle a plan, costed at something over £1000, in
3060-567: The language. The Académie comprises forty members, known as les immortels ("the immortals"). New members are elected by the members of the Académie itself . Academicians normally hold office for life, but they may resign or be dismissed for misconduct. Philippe Pétain , named Marshal of France after the Battle of Verdun of World War I , was elected to the Académie in 1931 and, after his governorship of Vichy France in World War II ,
3128-440: The lexicographer Samuel Johnson , invoking "English liberty" against the prescription involved: he predicted disobedience of an academy supposed to set usage. Matthew Arnold , in an 1862 essay The Literary Influence of Academies , was positive in assessing the French and Italian cultural academies; but marks an endpoint in the tradition. In Culture and Anarchy Arnold denied that he supported setting up an English Academy, guying
3196-723: The library". However, he continued to reside in Oxford, and occupied himself in editing the English chroniclers. Hearne refused several important academic positions, including the librarianship of the Bodleian and the Camden professorship of ancient history , rather than take the oaths. He died on 10 June 1735. The readers of Hearne's works were devoted to them because of the depth of scholarship. He corresponded, for example, with Dr Henry Levett , an early English physician and medical doctor at Charterhouse , London. In November 1715, indicating
3264-626: The likely membership as establishment figures. During his 1780 diplomatic mission to Amsterdam, statesman, and later President of the United States , John Adams advocated for an official English Academy as part of the federal government in a letter to the Second Continental Congress . The proposal was later rejected by the Continental Congress due to concerns of individual liberty, and marked one of
3332-531: The middle of the 17th century; then the Restoration period in which the Royal Society and its membership took an interest; and a later period in which proposals to mirror the French Académie met with serious opposition. Nothing much came directly of such proposals, typically for an "academy royal" or court academy ; but they formed part of a wider debate including the role of the universities, and
3400-485: The modernization of the French orthography , has sometimes been criticized by many linguists for allegedly behaving in an overly conservative manner. For instance, in 1997, Lionel Jospin 's government began using the feminine noun " la ministre " to refer to a female minister, following the official practice of Canada , Belgium and Switzerland and a frequent, though until then unofficial, practice in France. The Académie insisted, in accordance with French grammar rules on
3468-579: The most important of a long list are: He also edited: He brought out editions of: Among his other compilations were: Hearne left his manuscripts to William Bedford, who sold them to Dr Richard Rawlinson , who in his turn bequeathed them to the Bodleian. Two volumes of extracts from his voluminous diary were published by Philip Bliss (Oxford, 1857), and afterwards an enlarged edition in three volumes appeared (London, 1869). A large part of his diary entitled Remarks and Collections , 1705–1714, edited by C. E. Doble and D. W. Rannie , has been published by
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#17327652163563536-562: The official meetings of the Académie were in the Louvre ; since 1805, the Académie Française has met in the Collège des Quatre-Nations (known now as the Palais de l'Institut). The remaining academies of the Institut de France also meet in the Palais de l'Institut. The Académie Française has forty seats, each of which is assigned a separate number. Candidates make their applications for
3604-621: The original meaning of the word is distorted in translation; and others still that are useless or avoidable, a category of anglicisms used by "snobs" who use words from an English provenance to demarcate themselves from society and appear "in vogue". For the last category of anglicisms, the Académie writes that those words are typically short-lived in French parlance. The Académie Française has informed government officials to stop using English gaming terms like "e-sports", it should be "jeu video de competition". Likewise "streamer" should be "joueur-animateur en direct". The Académie, despite working on
3672-416: The prizes were created during the twentieth century, and only two prizes were awarded before 1780. In total, the Académie awards more than sixty prizes, most of them annually. The most important prize is the Grand prix de la francophonie , which was instituted in 1986, and is funded by the governments of France, Canada, Monaco, and Morocco. Other important prizes include the Grand prix de littérature (for
3740-454: The son of George Hearn, the parish clerk. Having received his early education from his father, he showed such taste for study that a wealthy neighbour, Francis Cherry of Shottesbrooke (c. 1665–1713), a celebrated nonjuror , interested himself in the boy, and sent him to the school at Bray "on purpose to learn the Latin tongue". Soon Cherry took him into his own house, and his education
3808-474: The traditional use of the masculine noun, on the use of " le ministre " for a minister of either gender. In 2017, 77 linguists retaliated with an opinion column to denounce the "incompetence and anachronism of the Académie". Use of either form remains highly controversial. The Académie Française is responsible for awarding several different prizes in various fields (including literature, painting, poetry, theatre, cinema, history, and translation). Almost all of
3876-543: The years, the Académie has tried to prevent the Anglicization of the French language. For example, the Académie has recommended the avoidance of loanwords from modern English (such as walkman , computer , software and e-mail ), in favour of neologisms, i.e. newly coined French words derived from existing ones ( baladeur , ordinateur , logiciel , and courriel respectively). The Académie has also noted that anglicisms have been present in
3944-432: Was also the first African elected, in 1983. Other famous members include Voltaire ; Montesquieu ; Victor Hugo ; Alexandre Dumas, fils ; Émile Littré ; Louis Pasteur ; Louis de Broglie ; and Henri Poincaré . Many notable French writers have not become members of the Académie Française . In 1855, the writer Arsène Houssaye devised the expression "forty-first seat" for deserving individuals who were never elected to
4012-436: Was appointed second keeper. In 1715 Hearne was elected Architypographus and Esquire Bedell in civil law in the university, but objection having been made to his holding this office together with that of second librarian, he resigned it in the same year. A nonjuror himself, he refused to take the oaths of allegiance to King George I , and early in 1716 he was deprived of his librarianship, and "he was, in fact, locked out of
4080-406: Was considered unsatisfactory, and he refused to rewrite it. Georges Clemenceau refused to be received, as he feared being received by his enemy, Raymond Poincaré . Members remain in the Académie for life. The council may dismiss an academician for grave misconduct. The first dismissal occurred in 1638, when Auger de Moléon de Granier was expelled for theft. The most recent dismissals occurred at
4148-481: Was continued at Bray until Easter 1696 when he matriculated at St Edmund Hall, Oxford . At the university, he attracted the attention of Dr John Mill (1645–1707), the principal of St Edmund Hall, who employed him to compare manuscripts and in other ways. Having taken the degree of B.A. in 1699 he was made assistant keeper of the Bodleian Library , where he worked on the catalogue of books, and in 1712 he
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#17327652163564216-544: Was documented by Knightly Chetwood , Roscommon's friend. Giovanni Torriano , in his The Italian Reviv'd , equated some English clubs of the Restoration period with groups who in France or Italy would be called "academies". At the beginning of the reign of William III and Mary II a proposed Royal Academies Company was a lottery scheme. Lewis Maidwell (1650–1716) had some initial success in promoting his school in King Street, London as chartered by William III, with
4284-597: Was eventually closed down owing to the disapproval of James I. Those involved included: Robert Bruce Cotton and others petitioned Elizabeth I to establish a national library and academy, having in mind an institution for antiquarian study. The Society paid attention to the succession to Elizabeth , and then the Jacobean debate on the Union , with union tracts written by Cotton and another member, John Dodderidge , papers read on names for "Britain" in 1604, and Walter Cope ,
4352-586: Was expected to contribute. They aimed to ‘construct a detailed and credible account of the origins and development of the English people.’ Some, influenced by William Camden ’s Britannia , tackled the broad historical picture from pre-Roman times; some specialised in common law developments from the twelfth century. However, others began a serious study of the early-medieval origins of English culture and identity. In so doing, they made considerable use of Anglo-Saxon manuscripts in both Old English and Latin to supplement still thin published sources. A large number of
4420-525: Was forced to resign his seat in 1945. The Académie had its origins in an informal literary group deriving from the salons held at the Hôtel de Rambouillet during the late 1620s and early 1630s. The group began meeting at Valentin Conrart 's house, seeking informality. There were then nine members. Cardinal Richelieu , the chief minister of France, made himself protector of the group, and in anticipation of
4488-486: Was himself the regent, and his friends Edward May, Michael Mason, Thomas Hunt, Nicholas Fiske , John Spiedal (Spidall), and Walter Salter were professors in various areas. According to the Constitutions published by Kynaston in 1636, only the nobility and gentry were to be admitted to the college, the object of which was to prepare candidates for a Grand Tour . The full course was to occupy seven years; no gentleman
4556-438: Was officially established in 1635 by Cardinal Richelieu , the chief minister to King Louis XIII . Suppressed in 1793 during the French Revolution , it was restored as a division of the Institut de France in 1803 by Napoleon Bonaparte . It is the oldest of the five académies of the institute. The body has the duty of acting as an official authority on the language; it is tasked with publishing an official dictionary of
4624-412: Was ‘to exercise himself at once about more than two particular sciences, arts, or qualities, whereof one shall be intellectual, the other corporall.’ The regent taught the following subjects: heraldry , a practical knowledge of deeds and the principles and processes of common law , antiquities, coins, husbandry . Music, dancing and behaviour, riding, sculpture, and writing also formed important parts of
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