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26-501: With the support of Emperor Kanmu , the Buddhist monk Saichō ordained a hundred disciples in 807. Maintaining a strict discipline on Mt. Hiei, his monks lived in seclusion for twelve years of study and meditation . After this period, the best students were retained in positions in the monastery and others graduated into positions in the government. At the peak of its power, Enryaku-ji was a huge complex of as many as 3,000 sub-temples and

52-487: A chūnagon became the favored consort of the Crown Prince Ate (later known as Heizei -tennō ), her father's power and position in court was affected. Kammu disapproved of Fujiwara no Kusuko , daughter of Fujiwara no Tanetsugu ; and Kammu had her removed from his son's household. Emperor Kammu's Imperial family included 36 children. In 2001, Japan's emperor Akihito told reporters "I, on my part, feel

78-583: A certain kinship with Korea", given the fact that it is recorded in the Chronicles of Japan that the Emperor Kammu's (737-803) mother was one of the descendant of King Muryong of Baekje (462–523). It was the first time that a Japanese emperor publicly referred to any Korean ancestry in the imperial line. According to the Shoku Nihongi , Emperor Kammu's mother, Takano no Niigasa (720–90),

104-848: A change of government. Only one minor building survived, the Ruri-dō (るり堂, " Lapis Lazuli Hall"), which is located down a long, unmarked path from the Sai-tō complex. The structure dates to the 13th century and was repaired twice during the 20th century following harsh weather. During reconstruction, some buildings were transferred from other temples, notably Mii-dera, and thus the buildings themselves are old, though they have not always been at this location. Today, most of Enryaku-ji's buildings are clustered in three areas: Tō-dō (東塔, "East Pagoda"), Sai-tō (西塔, "West Pagoda"), and Yokokawa (横川). The monastery's most important buildings are concentrated in Tō-dō . Sai-tō

130-462: A coup d'état in 782, but it failed and Kawatsugu and his mother were sent into exile. In 785 Sawara was expelled and died in exile. The Nara period saw the appointment of the first shōgun , Ōtomo no Otomaro by Emperor Kammu in 794 CE. The shōgun was the military dictator of Japan with near absolute power over territories via the military. Otomaro was declared "Sei-i Taishōgun" which means "Barbarian-subduing Great General". Emperor Kammu granted

156-676: A further surname expansion) the Hōjō clan . The waka poet Ariwara no Narihira was one of his grandsons. Kammu is traditionally venerated at his tomb; the Imperial Household Agency designates Kashiwabara no Misasagi ( 柏原陵 , Kashiwabara Imperial Mausoleum) , in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto , as the location of Kammu's mausoleum . Kammu was an active emperor who attempted to consolidate government hierarchies and functions. Kammu appointed Sakanoue no Tamuramaro (758–811) to lead

182-454: A military expedition against the Emishi . The years of Kammu's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name ( nengō ). Earlier Imperial sponsorship of Buddhism , beginning with Prince Shōtoku (574–622), had led to a general politicization of the clergy, along with an increase in intrigue and corruption. In 784 Kammu shifted his capital from Nara to Nagaoka-kyō in

208-409: A move that was said to be designed to encumber the powerful Nara Buddhist establishments out of state politics—while the capital moved, the major Buddhist temples, and their officials, stayed put. Indeed, there was a steady stream of edicts issued from 771 right through the period of Kūkai's studies which, for instance, sought to limit the number of Buddhist priests, and the building of temples. However,

234-409: A movement against the yakuza. Finally on May 18, all representative directors of Enryaku-ji resigned, apologizing on their website and in e-mails which were sent to 3,000 branch temples. 35°04′14″N 135°50′28″E  /  35.07056°N 135.84111°E  / 35.07056; 135.84111 Emperor Kanmu Emperor Kanmu ( 桓武天皇 , Kammu-tennō , 735 – 9 April 806) , or Kammu ,

260-623: A powerful army of warrior monks ( 僧兵 , sōhei ) . In the tenth century, succession disputes broke out between Tendai monks of the line of Ennin and Enchin . These disputes resulted in opposing Tendai centers at Enryaku-ji and at Mii-dera , known respectively as the Mountain Order ( 山門 , sanmon ) and the Temple Order ( 寺門 , jimon ) . Warrior monks were used to settle the disputes, and Tendai leaders began to hire mercenary armies who threatened rivals and even marched on

286-531: A preeminent commander, Tamura Maro. Politically Kammu shored up his rule by changing the syllabus of the university. Confucian ideology still provided the raison d'être for the Imperial government. In 784 Kammu authorised the teaching of a new course based on the Spring and Autumn Annals based on two newly imported commentaries: Kung-yang and Ku-liang . These commentaries used political rhetoric to promote

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312-541: A state in which the Emperor, as "Son of Heaven," should extend his sphere of influence to barbarous lands, thereby gladdening the people. In 798 the two commentaries became required reading at the government university. Kammu also sponsored the travels of the monks Saichō and Kūkai to China , from where they returned to found the Japanese branches of, respectively, Tendai and Shingon Buddhism . Kugyō ( 公卿 )

338-579: Is a 20-minute walk away, primarily downhill from Tō-dō , and also features several important buildings. Yokokawa is more isolated and less visited, about a 1:30 walk, and is most easily reached by bus, which connects the three complexes and other locations on the mountain. On April 4, 2006, Enryaku-ji performed a ceremony for former leaders of Yamaguchi-gumi , by far the largest yakuza organization in Japan. Because such temple ceremonies have been used for Yamaguchi-gumi fund-raising and demonstrations of power,

364-513: Is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre- Meiji eras. In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Kammu's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included: When the daughter of

390-447: Is a descendant of Prince Junda , son of Muryeong, who died in Japan in 513 ( Nihon Shoki , Chapter 17). Unless otherwise noted (as BC), years are in CE  / AD   Imperial Consort and Regent Empress Jingū is not traditionally listed. Shoku Nihongi The Shoku Nihongi ( 続日本紀 ) is an imperially-commissioned Japanese history text. Completed in 797, it

416-533: Is the second of the Six National Histories , coming directly after the Nihon Shoki and followed by Nihon Kōki . Fujiwara no Tsugutada and Sugano no Mamichi served as the primary editors. It is one of the most important primary historical sources for information about Japan's Nara period . The work covers the 95-year period from the beginning of Emperor Monmu 's reign in 697 until

442-702: The Shiga Prefectural Police requested that Enryaku-ji cease performance of the ceremony. Rejecting the request, Enryaku-ji received crime-related money for the ceremony and allowed nearly 100 upper-level Yamaguchi-gumi leaders to attend. After reports in the Asahi Shimbun and Yomiuri Shimbun newspapers, Enryaku-ji faced a nationwide scandal. The temple was also criticized by the Japan Buddhist Temple Association (representing 75,000 Buddhist temples), which led

468-510: The 10th year of Emperor Kanmu 's reign in 791, spanning nine imperial reigns. It was completed in 797 AD. The text is forty volumes in length. It is primarily written in kanbun , a Japanese form of Classical Chinese , as was normal for formal Japanese texts at the time. However, a number of senmyō ( 宣命 ) or "imperial edicts" contained within the text are written in a script known as "senmyō-gaki", which preserves particles and verb endings phonographically. This article about

494-411: The authority of the Emperor and led to proliferation of private armies. Then in 794 Kammu suddenly shifted the capital again, this time to Heian-kyō, which is modern day Kyoto . The new capital was started early the previous year, but the change was abrupt and led to even more confusion amongst the populace. Kammu's rule witnessed the frontiers of Japan expanding into Izawa and Shiba, under the command of

520-405: The capital to enforce monastic demands. As part of a program to remove all potential rivals and unite the country, warlord Oda Nobunaga ended this Buddhist militancy in 1571 by attacking Enryaku-ji , leveling the buildings and slaughtering monks. Enryaku-ji's current structures date from the late 16th century through the first half of the 17th century, when the temple was reconstructed following

546-410: The move was to prove disastrous and was followed by a series of natural disasters including the flooding of half the city. In 785 the principal architect of the new capital, and royal favourite, Fujiwara no Tanetsugu , was assassinated. Meanwhile, Kammu's armies were pushing back the boundaries of his empire. This led to an uprising, and in 789 a substantial defeat for Kammu's troops. Also in 789 there

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572-646: The second title of shōgun to Sakanoue no Tamuramaro for subduing the Emishi in northern Honshu . Kammu had 16 empresses and consorts, and 32 imperial sons and daughters. Among them, three sons would eventually ascend to the imperial throne: Emperor Heizei , Emperor Saga and Emperor Junna . Some of his descendants (known as the Kammu Taira or Kammu Heishi ) took the Taira hereditary clan title, and in later generations became prominent warriors. Examples include Taira no Masakado , Taira no Kiyomori , and (with

598-473: Was Kammu who was later named to succeed their father. After Inoe and Prince Osabe were confined and then died in 775, Osabe's sister – Kammu's half-sister Princess Sakahito – became Kammu's wife. Later, when he ascended to the throne in 781, Kammu appointed his young brother, Prince Sawara , whose mother was Takano no Niigasa, as crown prince. Hikami no Kawatsugu, a son of Emperor Tenmu 's grandson Prince Shioyaki and Shōmu's daughter Fuwa, attempted to carry out

624-409: Was a severe drought and famine—the streets of the capital were clogged with the sick, and people avoiding being drafted into the military, or into forced labour. Many disguised themselves as Buddhist priests for the same reason. Consequently, in 792 Kammu abolished national conscription, replacing it with a system wherein each province formed a militia from the local gentry, however this system vitiated

650-445: Was born prior to Shirakabe's ascension to the throne. According to the Shoku Nihongi ( 続日本紀 ) , Yamabe's mother, Yamato no Niigasa (later called Takano no Niigasa ), was a 10th generation descendant of Muryeong of Baekje (462–523). After his father became emperor, Kammu's half-brother, Prince Osabe was appointed to the rank of crown prince . His mother was Princess Inoe , a daughter of Emperor Shōmu ; but instead of Osabe, it

676-517: Was the 50th emperor of Japan , according to the traditional order of succession . Kammu reigned from 781 to 806, and it was during his reign that the scope of the emperor's powers reached its peak. His reign saw the transition from the Nara period to the Heian period . Kammu's personal name ( imina ) was Yamabe ( 山部 ) . He was the eldest son of Prince Shirakabe (later known as Emperor Kōnin ), and

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