55-566: Earl Tylney , of Castlemaine in the County of Kerry, was a title in the Peerage of Ireland . It was created on 11 June 1731 for Richard Child, 1st Viscount Castlemaine . The Child family descended from the merchant, economist and colonial administrator Josiah Child , who on 16 July 1678 was created a baronet , of Wanstead in the County of Essex, in the Baronetage of England . The first Baronet
110-475: A session before ceding their seats to colleagues on a fixed rotation of dioceses . The rotation passed over any bishop already serving as an elected representative peer, as when Charles Agar sat as Viscount Somerton rather than as Archbishop of Dublin . The rotation was changed by the Church Temporalities Act 1833 ( 3 & 4 Will. 4 . c. 37), which merged many dioceses and degraded
165-559: A British peerage dignity. They reasoned that the Act of Union 1707 had established the number of Scots peers in the House of Lords at no more and no less than sixteen. In 1782, however, the House of Lords reversed the decision, holding that the Crown could admit anyone it pleases to the House of Lords, whether a Scottish peer or not, subject only to qualifications such as being of full age. Under
220-703: A UK peerage, as when Lord Curzon was made Earl Curzon of Kedleston in 1911. The Lord Chancellor of Great Britain—the presiding officer of the House of Lords—certified the vacancy, while the Lord Chancellor of Ireland directed the Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper to issue ballots to Irish peers, receive the completed ballots, determine the victor, and announce the result, which was then published in both The Dublin Gazette and The London Gazette . Roman Catholic peers could not vote or stand for election until
275-494: A disproportionate number of seats, with opposing parties sometimes being left entirely unrepresented. The Lord Clerk Register was responsible for tallying the votes. The return issued by the Lord Clerk Register was sufficient evidence to admit the representative peers to Parliament; unlike other peers, Scottish representatives did not receive writs of summons . The position and rights of Scottish peers in relation to
330-563: A major enactment such as the Act of Union could be repealed by implication. He argued instead that since the posts of Lord Chancellor of Ireland and Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper had been abolished, there was no mechanism by which Irish peers could be elected. Here too, the petitioners lost. The petitioners failed to raise the status of Northern Ireland as part of the United Kingdom. Charles Lysaght suggests that if this fact had been foremost, Lord Wilberforce's arguments relating to
385-614: A representative peer in 1908 , despite never having claimed the right to be an elector; he had been refused a peerage of the United Kingdom by the Liberal government of the day. The Acts of Union united the Church of England and Church of Ireland , whose bishops and archbishops had previously sat as Lords Spiritual in their respective Houses of Lords. In the united Parliament, there were at first four Irish prelates at any one time, one archbishop and three diocesan bishops , who sat for
440-465: The 8th Earl of Antrim , another peer from Ulster, and other Irish peers, petitioned the House of Lords, arguing that the right to elect representative peers had never been formally abolished. The House of Lords ruled against them. Lord Reid , a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary , based his ruling on the Act of Union, which stated that representative peers sat "on the part of Ireland." He reasoned that, since
495-516: The Constitution of Ireland forbidding the state conferring titles of nobility and stating that an Irish citizen may not accept titles of nobility or honour except with the prior approval of the Irish government. In the following table, each peer is listed only by his highest Irish title, showing higher or equal titles in the other peerages. Those peers who are known by a higher title in one of
550-587: The Curzon of Kedleston barony to George Curzon when he became Viceroy of India in 1898. Peers of Ireland have precedence below peers of England, Scotland, and Great Britain of the same rank, and above peers of the United Kingdom of the same rank; but Irish peers created after 1801 yield to United Kingdom peers of earlier creation. Accordingly, the Duke of Abercorn (the junior duke in the Peerage of Ireland) ranks between
605-719: The Duke of Sutherland and the Duke of Westminster (both dukes in the Peerage of the United Kingdom). When one of the Irish representative peers died, the Irish Peerage met to elect his replacement; but the office required to arrange this were abolished as part of the creation of the Irish Free State . The existing representative peers kept their seats in the House of Lords, but they have not been replaced. Since
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#1732797911788660-676: The House of Commons . Irish peers were not subject to the same restrictions. Irish members not nominated as representative peers were allowed to serve in Parliament as representatives of constituencies in Great Britain, although not in Ireland, provided they gave up their privileges as a peer . Lord Curzon , for example, specifically requested an Irish peerage when made Viceroy of India , so that he would not be debarred from sitting in
715-537: The House of Lords at Westminster . Both before and after the Union, Irish peerages were often used as a way of creating peerages which did not grant a seat in the House of Lords of England (before 1707) or Great Britain (after 1707) and so allowed the grantee (such as Clive of India ) to sit in the House of Commons in London. As a consequence, many late-made Irish peers had little or no connection to Ireland, and indeed
770-541: The Peerage Act 1963 , all Scottish peers procured the right to sit in the House of Lords, and the system of electing representative peers was abolished. Scottish as well as British and English hereditary peers lost their automatic right to sit in the Upper House with the passage of the House of Lords Act 1999 . During the debate on the House of Lords Bill, a question arose as to whether the proposal would violate
825-555: The Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 . The process of being recognised by the Westminster Committee of Privileges as an elector was more cumbersome and expensive than being recognised as a (British or Irish) peer, until the orders drawn up in 1800 were amended in 1857. Successive governments tried to prevent the election of absentee landlords . An exception was Lord Curzon , who won election as
880-706: The Treaty of Union . In suggesting that the Bill did indeed violate the Articles of Union, it was submitted that, prior to Union, the Estates of Parliament , Scotland's old, pre-Union parliament, was entitled to impose conditions, and that one fundamental condition was a guarantee of representation of Scotland in both Houses of Parliament at Westminster . It was implied, furthermore, that the Peerage Act 1963 did not violate
935-416: The 1880 title " Baron Mount Temple , of Mount Temple in the County of Sligo", was recreated in 1932 as "Baron Mount Temple, of Lee in the County of Southampton". In the following table of the Peerage of Ireland as it currently stands, each peer's highest titles in each of the other peerages (if any) are also listed. Irish peers possessed of titles in any of the other peerages (except Scotland, which only got
990-461: The Act permitted until at least 1856. But the pace then slowed, with only four more being created in the rest of the 19th century, and none in the 20th and 21st centuries. The last two grants of Irish peerages were the promotion of the Marquess of Abercorn (a peerage of Great Britain) to be Duke of Abercorn in the Irish Peerage when he became Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland in 1868 and the granting of
1045-601: The Articles of Union would not be breached by the House of Lords Bill if it were enacted. The bill did receive Royal Assent , and from 1999, hereditary peers have not had the automatic right to sit in Parliament. Irish representation in the Westminster parliament was outlined by articles IV and VIII of the agreement embodied in the Acts of Union 1800 , which also required the Irish Parliament to pass an act before
1100-445: The Bill was conceived as a first stage of Lords reform. The "Weatherill" amendment—so called since it was proposed by former House of Commons Speaker Bernard Weatherill —provided for a number of hereditary peers to remain as members of the House of Lords, during the first stage of Lords reform. It could then be reviewed during the next stage of the reform, when the system of appointed life peerages came under examination. In exchange for
1155-443: The County of Kerry. In 1731, he was created Earl Tylney , of Castlemaine in the County of Kerry, also in the Peerage of Ireland. In 1733, Lord Tylney assumed by Act of Parliament for himself and his heirs in the peerage the surname of Tylney in lieu of Child. His eldest son Richard Tylney, therefore known as Richard Child until 1733, styled Viscount Castlemaine from 1731 until his death in 1734 predeceased his father without issue, and
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#17327979117881210-524: The Earl was thus succeeded by his second son, John, 2nd Earl Tylney. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society . Lord Tylney died unmarried and therefore without legal issue in 1784, upon which all the titles became extinct. Lady Emma, daughter of the first Earl, married Sir Robert Long, 6th Baronet . Their son James succeeded to the estates of his uncle the second Earl on his death, upon which he assumed
1265-589: The Government pointed out that, even if the election of Scottish peers were entrenched, Parliament could amend the provision under the doctrine of Parliamentary sovereignty . Though the position of the Church of Scotland was "unalterably" secured, the Universities (Scotland) Act 1853 repealed the requirement that professors declare their faith before assuming a position. In Ireland , the Church of Ireland
1320-503: The House not delaying the passage of the Bill into law, the Government agreed to this amendment, and it then became part of the House of Lords Act 1999 , and 92 hereditary peers were allowed to remain. The ninety-two peers are made up of three separate groups. Fifteen 'office-holders' comprise deputy speakers and deputy chairmen, and are elected by the house, while seventy-five party and Crossbench members are elected by their own party or group. In addition, there are two royal appointments:
1375-455: The House of Commons on his return. The Peerage Act 1963 allowed all Scottish peers to sit in the House of Lords; it also permitted all Irish peers to sit in the House of Commons for any constituency in the United Kingdom, as well as to vote in parliamentary elections, without being deprived of the remaining privileges of peerage. During the passage of the House of Lords Bill in 1999, controversy surrounding House of Lords reform remained, and
1430-422: The House of Lords Bill did not seek to do. Counsel for the Government held a different view. It was noted that the Peerage Act 1963 explicitly repealed the portions of the Articles of Union relating to elections of representative peers, and that no parliamentary commentators had raised doubts as to the validity of those repeals. As Article XXII had been, at least purportedly, repealed, there was nothing specific in
1485-451: The House of Lords remained unclear during most of the eighteenth century. In 1711, The 4th Duke of Hamilton , a peer of Scotland, was made Duke of Brandon in the Peerage of Great Britain . When he sought to sit in the House of Lords, he was denied admittance, the Lords ruling that a peer of Scotland could not sit in the House of Lords unless he was a representative peer, even if he also held
1540-752: The Treaty that the bill transgressed. It was further asserted by the Government that Article XXII could be repealed because it had not been entrenched . Examples of entrenched provisions are numerous: England and Scotland were united "forever", the Court of Session was to remain "in all time coming within Scotland as it is now constituted", and the establishment of the Church of Scotland was "effectually and unalterably secured". Article XXII, however, did not include any words of entrenchment that would have made it "fundamental or unalterable in all time coming". Further,
1595-458: The United Kingdom . The creation of such titles came to an end in the 19th century. The ranks of the Irish peerage are duke , marquess , earl , viscount and baron . As of 2016, there were 135 titles in the Peerage of Ireland extant: two dukedoms, ten marquessates, 43 earldoms, 28 viscountcies, and 52 baronies. However, these titles have no official recognition in Ireland , with Article 40.2 of
1650-517: The additional surname of Tylney. For more information on this title, see Tylney-Long baronets . Peerage of Ireland The Peerage of Ireland consists of those titles of nobility created by the English monarchs in their capacity as Lord or King of Ireland , or later by monarchs of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . It is one of the five divisions of Peerages in
1705-648: The archbishoprics of Tuam and Cashel to bishoprics. No Irish bishops sat in Westminster as Lords Spiritual after the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland in 1871, brought about by the Irish Church Act 1869 , although Robin Eames was made a life peer in 1995 while Archbishop of Armagh . Following the establishment of the Irish Free State in December 1922, Irish peers ceased to elect representatives, although those already elected continued to have
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1760-573: The death of Francis Needham, 4th Earl of Kilmorey in 1961, none remains. The right of the Irish Peerage to elect representatives was abolished by the Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1971 . Titles in the Peerage of the United Kingdom have also referred to places in Ireland, for example Baron Arklow (created 1801 and 1881) or Baron Killarney (created 1892 and 1920). Since partition, only places in Northern Ireland have been used, although
1815-516: The island had been divided into the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland , there was no such political entity called "Ireland" which the representative peers could be said to represent. Lord Reid wrote, "A statutory provision is impliedly repealed if a later enactment brings to an end a state of things the continuance of which is essential for its operation." In contrast, Lord Wilberforce , another Lord of Appeal in Ordinary, disagreed that
1870-699: The names of some Irish peerages refer to places in Great Britain (for example, the Earldom of Mexborough refers to a place in England and the Earldom of Ranfurly refers to a village in Scotland). Irish peerages continued to be created for almost a century after the union, although the treaty of union placed restrictions on their numbers: three needed to become extinct before a new peerage could be granted, until there were only one hundred Irish peers (exclusive of those who held any peerage of Great Britain subsisting at
1925-478: The next year, when the Peerage Act 1963 (which, among other things, gave all peers in the Peerage of Scotland the right to sit in the House of Lords) was being considered, an amendment similarly to allow Irish peers all to be summoned was defeated, by ninety votes to eight. Instead, the new Act confirmed the right of all Irish peers to stand for election to the House of Commons and to vote at parliamentary elections, which were rights they had always had. In 1965,
1980-478: The noble title of baron. Two Irish earldoms have become extinct since the passage of the House of Lords Act 1999 , both in 2011: Irish representative peers In the United Kingdom , representative peers were those peers elected by the members of the Peerage of Scotland and the Peerage of Ireland to sit in the British House of Lords . Until 1999, all members of the Peerage of England held
2035-571: The office of Lord Chancellor of Ireland , whose involvement was required in the election process. The Irish Free State abolished the office of Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper in 1926, the last holder becoming Master of the High Court . After 1922 various Irish peers petitioned the House of Lords for a restoration of their right to elect representatives. In 1962, the Joint Committee on House of Lords Reform again rejected such requests. In
2090-588: The other peerages are listed in italics . A modest number of titles in the peerage of Ireland date from the Middle Ages . Before 1801, Irish peers had the right to sit in the Irish House of Lords , on the abolition of which by the Union effective in 1801 by an Act of 1800 they elected a small proportion – twenty-eight Irish representative peers – of their number (and elected replacements as they died) to
2145-620: The removal of the electoral mechanism for the election could be rebutted, as the Lord Chancellor of Ireland and the Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper did have successors in Northern Ireland. The reason for excluding the arguments relating to Northern Ireland from the petition "was that leading counsel for the petitioning Irish peers was convinced that the members of the Committee for Privileges were with him on what he considered
2200-538: The requirement of Scottish representation, set out in the Article XXII of the Treaty of Union, by allowing all Scottish peers to sit in the House of Lords: as long as a minimum of sixteen seats were reserved for Scotland, the principles of the Article would be upheld. It was further argued that the only way to rescind the requirement of Article XXII would be to dissolve the Union between England and Scotland, which
2255-471: The right to an automatic seat in 1963, with the Peerage Act 1963 ) had automatic seats in the House of Lords until 1999. The Earl of Darnley inherited the Baron Clifton in the Peerage of England in 1722–1900 and 1937–1999 as the barony is in writ . In Ireland, barony may also refer to a semi-obsolete political subdivision of a county . There is no connection between such a barony and
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2310-569: The right to serve for life; the last of the temporal peers, Francis Needham, 4th Earl of Kilmorey , by chance a peer from an Ulster family, died in 1961. Disputes had arisen long before as to whether Irish representative peers could still be elected. The main Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922 was silent on the matter, to some seeming to mean that the right had not been abolished, but the ancillary Irish Free State (Consequential Provisions) Act 1922 had abolished
2365-506: The right to sit in the House of Lords. Under the House of Lords Act 1999 , a new form of representative peer was introduced to allow some hereditary peers to stay in the House of Lords. Under articles XXII and XXIII of the Act of Union 1707 , Scottish peers were entitled to elect sixteen representative peers to the House of Lords. Each served for one Parliament or a maximum of seven years, but could be re-elected during future Parliaments. Upon
2420-472: The right to sit in the House of Lords; they did not elect a limited group of representatives. All peers who were created after 1707 as Peers of Great Britain and after 1801 as Peers of the United Kingdom held the same right to sit in the House of Lords. Representative peers were introduced in 1707, when the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland were united into the Kingdom of Great Britain . At
2475-417: The successful candidates before the vote. The Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper in Ireland was responsible for electoral arrangements; each peer voted by an open and public ballot. After the Union, new elections were held by postal vote within 52 days of a vacancy. Vacancies arose through death or, in the case of Baron Ashtown in 1915, bankruptcy . No vacancy was created where a representative peer acquired
2530-643: The summons of a new Parliament, the Sovereign would issue a proclamation summoning Scottish peers to the Palace of Holyroodhouse . The elections were held in the Great Gallery, a large room decorated by eighty-nine of Jacob de Wet 's portraits of Scottish monarchs, from Fergus Mór to Charles II . The Lord Clerk Register would read out the Peerage Roll as indicates his presence when called. The Roll
2585-401: The third marriage, having predeceased his father in 1698. In 1703, the future third Baronet, had married Dorothy, daughter of John Glynne, younger son of Sir John Glynne , Lord Chief Justice , by Dorothy, daughter of Francis Tylney, of Tylney Hall, Hampshire . On 24 April 1718, he was raised to the Peerage of Ireland as Baron Newtown , in the County of Donegal, and Viscount Castlemaine , in
2640-439: The time of the union, or of the United Kingdom created since the union). There was a spate of creations of Irish peerages from 1797 onward, mostly peerages of higher ranks for existing Irish peers, as part of the negotiation of the Act of Union; this ended in the first week of January 1801, but the restrictions of the Act were not applied to the last few peers. In the following decades, Irish peerages were created at least as often as
2695-611: The time there were 168 English and 154 Scottish peers. The English peers feared that the House of Lords would be swamped by the Scottish element, and consequently the election of a small number of representative peers to represent Scotland was negotiated. A similar arrangement was adopted when the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland merged into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in January 1801. Scotland
2750-468: The union providing details for implementation. Irish peers were allowed to elect twenty-eight representative peers as Lords Temporal , each of whom could serve for life. The Chamber of the Irish House of Lords , located in Parliament House on College Green in central Dublin , housed the first election, attended by the peers or their proxies. The government mistakenly circulated a list of
2805-550: Was allowed to elect sixteen representative peers, while Ireland could elect twenty-eight. Those chosen by Scotland sat for the life of one Parliament, and following each dissolution new Scottish peers were elected. In contrast, Irish representative peers sat for life. Elections for Irish peers ceased when the Irish Free State came into existence as a dominion in December 1922. However, already-elected Irish peers continued to be entitled to sit until their death. Elections for Scottish peers ended in 1963, when all Scottish peers obtained
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#17327979117882860-505: Was entirely disestablished in 1869, though the Articles of Union with Ireland had clearly entrenched the establishment of that body. In December 1922, the Union with most of Ireland was dissolved upon the creation of the Irish Free State , though Great Britain and all of Ireland were supposedly united "forever." It was therefore suggested that Parliament could, if it pleased, repeal an Article of Union as well amend as any underlying principle. The Privileges Committee unanimously found that
2915-488: Was his best argument and did not want to alienate them by introducing another point." To prevent further appeals on the matter, Parliament repealed, as a part of the Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1971 , the sections of the Acts of Union relating to the election of Irish representative peers. After the Union of England and Scotland in 1707, Scottish peers, including those who did not sit as representative peers, were excluded from
2970-410: Was succeeded by his son from his second marriage, Sir Josiah Child, 2nd Baronet. The second baronet died young and childless, though engaged to be married, in 1704, having briefly represented Wareham in the House of Commons from 1702, and was succeeded by his half-brother, Sir Richard Child, 3rd Baronet, the second son from the third marriage of the first Baronet, his elder brother Bernard, also from
3025-473: Was then re–read, with each peer responding by publicly announcing his votes and the return being sent to the clerk of the crown at London. The same procedure was used whenever a vacancy arose. The block voting system was used, with each peer casting as many votes as there were seats to be filled. The system permitted the party with the greatest number of peers, normally the Conservatives , to procure
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