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50-736: The East African Railways and Harbours Corporation ( EAR&H ) is a defunct company that operated railways and harbours in East Africa from 1948 to 1977. It was formed in 1948 for the new East African High Commission by merging the Kenya and Uganda Railways and Harbours with the Tanganyika Railway of the Tanganyika Territory . As well as running railways and harbours in the three territories it ran inland shipping services on Lake Victoria , Lake Kyoga , Lake Albert ,

100-473: A lush vegetation of which the characteristic feature is tenfoot-tall Elephant grass . Ganda villages, sometimes as large as forty to fifty homes, were generally located on hillsides, leaving hilltops and swampy lowlands uninhabited, to be used for crops or pastures. Early Ganda villages surrounded the home of a chief or headman, which provided a common meeting ground for members of the village. The chief collected tribute from his subjects, provided tribute to

150-603: A month’s supply of food, though it generally lived off the countryside. Kabaka Kamanya’s reign in the early nineteenth century was known as one of “restless warfare”. His successor Suna, carried on sixteen major military expeditions in a twenty-six- year reign. Under the Reign of Kabaka Suna II, Buganda's borders were strengthened through the perfection of an army organization which was able to field 50,000 warriors. The Katikiro (prime minister) Apollo Kaggwa speaks of wars being waged regularly every six months. The reign of Mutesa I

200-525: A republic. Following years of disturbance caused by Obote and dictator Field Marshall Idi Amin Dada , as well as several years of internal divisions among Uganda's ruling National Resistance Movement under Yoweri Kaguta Museveni Tibuhaburwa , the President of Uganda since 1986, the kingdom was officially restored in 1993. Buganda is now a traditional kingdom and so occupies a largely ceremonial role. Since

250-410: Is a patriotic fiction, one which, however, has proved extremely popular with historians. More systematic studies of oral traditions in other parts of the interlacustrine region are likely to reveal that, with the exception of Kooki and Toro, countries such as Kiziba have never been Babito subdynasties, although they were subject to sporadic raids Before the arrival of Europeans in the region, Buganda

300-589: Is indeed very likely that the Buganda state is much more ancient than has previously been thought. Buganda began as a small kingdom in the north of Lake Victoria in what is now Busiro County. A political structure of some sort, small in scale and mainly ritual in function, may be taken to have existed in northern Busiro, where the ancient shrines are clustered, at a time far beyond the reach of historical tradition...the rituals of Ganda kingship are both too elaborate and too archaic in character to have been evolved within

350-488: Is made up of 18 political divisions called amasaza in Luganda. These are: The explorer and journalist Henry Morton Stanley visited Buganda in 1875. At Buganda's capital, Lubaga , Stanley found a well-ordered town surrounding the king's palace, which was situated atop a commanding hill. A tall cane fence surrounded the palace compound, which was filled with grass-roofed houses, meeting halls, and storage buildings. Thronging

400-427: Is never oppressively hot. And if climate has been kind, geology has been even kinder. Buganda is a land of small green hills, each rising some 200-400 feet above the valley floor. Many are flat-topped; for the land was once a plateau that has mostly crumbled away. As a result, the long slopes are covered with soils that are young and well supplied with plant nutrients. Deep, well structured, not easily eroded, they support

450-469: Is supposed to have ruled in the region from about 400 AD until about 1300 AD. These seven clans are referred to as the Nansangwa, or the indigenous: The Abalasangeye dynasty came to power through the conquests of Kabaka of Buganda ssekabaka Kintu, which are estimated to have occurred sometime between 1200 and 1400 AD. Thirteen clans that are believed to have come with Kintu: The descendants of

500-485: The 59 class Garratt locomotives . These were the mainstay of the section's heaviest traffic between Mombasa and Nairobi until they started to be withdrawn from service between 1973 and 1980. The EAR&H extended the Uganda Railway from Kampala to the copper mines at Kasese in 1956. In 1962, it completed the northern Uganda railway from Soroti to Pakwach and from there to Arua in 1964, thus superseding

550-619: The Basimba people (also known as Bashimba) which is a Bisa and Ambo nickname of the Clan of the leopards, the bena Ngo in Zambia, who settled at Mpogo, Sironko District , are among the Ngo Clan group that come along with Kabaka Kato Kintu in his immigration. Around 1370 AD another wave of immigration began, assisted by Kabaka Kimera , who was the son of Omulangira Kalemeera. Kabaka Kimera

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600-482: The Buvuma Islands . Buganda had a projected population of about 11,952,600 people in 2021. As of 2009, there were at least 52 recognized clans within the kingdom, with at least another four making a claim to clan status. Within this group of clans, there are four distinct sub-groups, which reflect historical waves of immigration to Buganda. The oldest clans trace their lineage to Bakiranze Kivebulaya, who

650-457: The Kabaka , who was the ruler of the kingdom, distributed resources among his subjects, maintained order, and reinforced social solidarity through his decision-making skills. During the late 19th century, Ganda villages became more dispersed as the role of the chiefs diminished in response to political turmoil, population migration, and occasional popular revolts. Buganda's boundaries are marked by

700-583: The Tanzanian border in Lake Victoria (Lake Nnalubaale) to the south, the River Nile (River Kiira) to the east, Lake Kyoga to the north, Ankole to the west and River Kafu to the northwest. Buganda currently is divided into 26 districts as of 2021. These are: Ganda oral history reveals that Buganda was distinct and of at least equal antiquity to that of its historical rival, Kitara . It

750-648: The Victoria Nile and the Albert Nile . The Malayan Railway sold the EAR&;H eight metre gauge USATC S118 Class steam locomotives in 1948, and another eight in 1949. The EAR&H converted them to oil burners and numbered them 2701–2716, making them the 27 class and allocating them to its Tabora Depot on its Tanganyika section. They entered service in 1949 and 1950, working the lines to Mwanza , Kigoma and Mpanda where their light axle loading

800-452: The Victoria Nile steamer service. Proposed ferries from East Africa Harbour (E.A.H): In 1961, the EAR&H introduced the new Lake Victoria ferry RMS Victoria . This faster vessel doubled the speed of the circular service around the lake, allowing EAR&H to increase sailings from once to twice a week. Elizabeth II designated her a Royal Mail Ship , making it the only EAR&H ship to receive this distinction. In 1965 and 1966,

850-525: The 1949 riots, during which 1,724 Bugandans were arrested. The High Commission comprised the Governors of the three territories and met two or three times a year under the chairmanship of the Governor of Kenya. It administered, among other things, the postal network, telecommunications, railways and ports, and oversaw the collection of certain taxes. Decisions were taken by unanimity. The secretariat

900-618: The Assembly applied directly across the three territories. Buganda Buganda is a Bantu kingdom within Uganda . The kingdom of the Baganda people , Buganda is the largest of the traditional kingdoms in present-day East Africa, consisting of Uganda's Central Region , including the Ugandan capital Kampala . The 14 million Baganda (singular Muganda ; often referred to simply by

950-658: The EAR&H introduced a train ferry service across Lake Victoria with the MV ; Umoja and MV  Uhuru . In 1967, the EAR&H made harbour improvements at Kisumu on the Kenyan shore of Lake Victoria by scuttling the disused ferry SS  Winifred to form a breakwater . In 1977, the High Commission's successor, the East African Community , was dissolved and EAR&H's rail network

1000-570: The Kabaka, there were three types of chief: bakungu (administrative) chiefs, who were appointed directly by the Kabaka; traditional bataka chieftains; and batongole chiefs, who served as representatives of the Kabaka, charged with "maintaining internal security, supervising royal estates and military duties". The 1900 agreement, however, greatly enhanced the power of the Lukiiko (which had previously been simply an advisory council) at

1050-541: The Ugandan government in 1966. In September 2009, some members of the minority Banyala ethnic group, led by the recently retired UPDF Captain Isabanyala Baker Kimeze , announced that Bugerere had seceded from the Kingdom of Buganda. The Banyala make up 0.09% of the population of Uganda and 13% of the population of the district, Kayunga, which they claimed to be leading into secession. Because of

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1100-420: The capital to all corners of the kingdom. The importance of these rapid means of communication in what the anthropologist Audrey Richards has called a "pedestrian state", especially one whose terrain is covered with dense vegetation and contains innumerable papyrus swamps and streams, is evident. They enabled the king and his officials at the capital to maintain close political contact even with outlying parts of

1150-549: The center of the Uganda Protectorate in 1884; the name Uganda, the Swahili term for Buganda, was adopted by British officials. Under British rule, many Baganda acquired status as colonial administrators, and Buganda became a major producer of cotton and coffee . Following Uganda's independence in 1962, the kingdom was abolished by Uganda's first Prime Minister Dr Apollo Milton Obote in 1966, declaring Uganda

1200-665: The constitutional status of Uganda, Kenya and Tanganyika. It would be supported by an accompanying legislature (the Central Legislative Assembly ). The 1947 proposals were received badly in Uganda, particularly in Buganda , where the Bataka Party drew successfully on fears that the High Commission would be a supergovernment controlled by Europeans. The creation of the High Commission thereby contributed to

1250-465: The crew of 50 to 100). These vessels were organized into a squadron under a leader. When engaged in battle, the paddlers squatted on the sides of the canoes while the warriors stood upright holding spears and shields. In 1878, Mutesa sent a fleet to Ukerewe Island , where it helped the local ruler, Lukonge put down a rebellion. The next year, the Baganda mounted successful slave raids against Busoga and

1300-414: The expense of the Kabaka. While Buganda retained self-government, as one part of the larger Uganda Protectorate, it would henceforth be subject to formal British overrule. The Buganda Agreement of 1955 continued the transition from absolute to constitutional monarchy. During Uganda independence, the constitutional position of Buganda (and the degree to which it would be able to exercise self-government)

1350-524: The first of the three East African territories to become independent. The East Africa (High Commission) Order in Council 1947 also created an East Africa Central Legislative Assembly. The Assembly comprised the principal executive officers of the High Commission, together with a number of nominated and unofficial members representing the legislatures of the Kenya, Uganda and Tanganyika. Legislation passed by

1400-551: The gods', it enjoys a very reliable supply of rain. There are two official seasons of precipitation, the long rains from March through June and the shorter but fiercer rains, often accompanied by thunderstorms of extraordinary violence, in October-November; but few months are wholly rainless and prolonged drought is unknown. Being on the Equator it is warm all the year round, but as it is around 4,000 feet above sea-level it

1450-486: The grounds were foreign ambassadors seeking audiences, chiefs going to the royal advisory council, messengers running errands, and a corps of young pages. He estimated the population of the kingdom at 2,000,000 Population estimates for Kampala, the capital of Buganda, at the time of Kabaka Mutesa, in 1862, run as high as 77,000. Wrigley thinks that Kampala was probably the largest agglomeration of population in interior Africa, and that it had certain urban characteristics by

1500-569: The headwaters of the Nile in 1862. They found a highly organized political system. Buganda was colonized by the British and made a protectorate of the United Kingdom in 1884. The move towards independence reached a climax when the Lukiiko, the parliament of Buganda, declared independence on 8 October 1960 and requested that the British protectorate be terminated. While in exile, Mwanga II

1550-449: The kingdom, all of which could easily be reached by a runner within a day or two. Buganda's excellent means of communication enabled the Kabaka "to maintain active control over a territory one quarter the size of England without written communication and with no means of travel on land beyond the human foot" When John Hanning Speke visited Buganda in 1862, he described the kingdom's roads as being "as long as our coach-roads, cut through

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1600-615: The kingdom. Buganda is a constitutional monarchy . The current Head of State is the Kabaka , Muwenda Mutebi II who has reigned since the restoration of the kingdom in 1993. The Head of Government is the Katikkiro (Prime Minister) Charles Mayiga , who was appointed by the Kabaka in 2013. The Parliament of Buganda is the Lukiiko . Prior to the Buganda Agreement of 1900 , Buganda was an almost absolute monarchy . Under

1650-564: The lake, and outlying areas of the Kingdom along the lake shore, as well as the islands. The island chiefs had to maintain a great fleet of canoes ready for state service. The Mamba clan specialized in water transport and provided the kingdom’s overall “chief of canoes.” messages were sent by "runners of athletic renown". These messengers were called bakayungirizi and were trained from an early age in prolonged, rapid marches, moving night and day with only short breaks; king Mutesa had many in his service. The use of talking drums to spread messages

1700-406: The long grasses, straight over the hills and down through the woods in the dells—a strange contrast to the wretched tracks in all the adjacent countries." water transport was very important for Buganda and greatly helped in the kingdom's expansion via its fleet of war canoes. Water transport also provided a means of political communication between the capital, which was usually sited fairly close to

1750-625: The past few centuries. Ganda oral history has no mention of the Chwezi and According to the historian Christopher Wrigley, "It is unlikely that Buganda was fully integrated into the system that was probably not called Kitara . Its language is distinct from ' Rutara ', and the directors of the Ntusi and Biggo systems would not have had much interest in a land that was not really suited to cattle-rearing". Some traditions from Buganda's historical enemy Bunyoro claim (likely propaganda in order to increase

1800-639: The prestige of their own state) that their "first Bito first king allotted Buganda to his son" or supposed twin brother. The kings of Buganda do not claim to be Bito and the Ganda do not use the Luo Empaako names. The Baganda regarded the Banyoro as "inferior Foreigners". studies of the oral traditions of, for instance, Buganda strongly suggest that the Kinyoro claim that Buganda was once a Babito subdynasty

1850-615: The process of decolonisation, representatives of Uganda, Kenya and Tanganyika met in London. They agreed to the creation of the East African Common Services Organization (EACSO), which could provide a similar function to the High Commission following decolonisation. The High Commission was formally replaced by EACSO (which was also headquartered in Nairobi) on 9 December 1961 when Tanganyika became

1900-598: The restoration of the kingdom in 1993, the King of Buganda, known as the Kabaka , has been Muwenda Mutebi II . He is recognized as the 36th Kabaka of Buganda. The current queen, known as the Nnabagereka or Kaddulubale is Queen Sylvia Nagginda . It was a rich country, the most favoured part of the Lakeland, which is the most favoured part of Africa. Thanks to the great inland sea that the Ganda call Nalubaale, 'Mother of

1950-407: The resulting tensions, the government of Uganda prevented the Kabaka of Buganda from traveling to Bugerere, leading to riots in the capital Kampala and its neighboring districts. Thirty were killed in what came to be known as the Buganda riots. On July 31, 2023, Buganda unveiled portraits of its former Kings (bassekabaka) based on oral narrations and written histories dating back to the founding of

2000-647: The root word and adjective, Ganda) make up the largest Ugandan region, representing approximately 16% of Uganda's population . Buganda's history includes unification during the 13th century by the first king Kato Kintu , the founder of Buganda's Kintu Dynasty, Buganda grew to become one of the largest and most powerful states in East Africa during the 18th and 19th centuries. During the Scramble for Africa , and following unsuccessful attempts to retain its independence against British imperialism , Buganda became

2050-410: The time Mutesa had ascended the throne Kampala, the capital, was the heart of the Ganda state and the center of the redistributive network that encompassed it. As a rule, Ganda roads were remarkably straight, cutting over the crests of hills and through valleys, forests, swamps and rivers. Early visitors to Buganda describe the well-planned and carefully maintained system of roads, which radiated from

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2100-546: The war effort. Immediately after the end of the war, the British Government published "proposals for the future management of the inter-territorial services in East Africa", with revised proposals following in 1947. These resulted in the East Africa (High Commission) Order in Council 1947, which came into effect on 1 January 1948. The purpose of the High Commission was to create a single executive authority with competence in certain areas, without otherwise affecting

2150-561: Was a major issue. Discussions as part of the Uganda Relationships Commission resulted in the Buganda Agreement of 1961 and the first Constitution of Uganda (1962), as part of which Buganda would be able to exercise a high degree of autonomy. This position was reversed during 1966–67, however, before the Kabakaship and Lukiiko were disestablished altogether in 1967 before being restored in 1993. Buganda

2200-493: Was an advantage and their high firebox enabled them to run through seasonal flooding on the Kigoma and Mpanda branches. EAR&H built further S118 from spare parts in 1953 and numbered it 2717. The EAR&H withdrew them from service in about 1965, and they were moved to Dar es Salaam for scrapping in 1966. In 1955 and 1956, the EAR&H introduced new and much more powerful steam locomotives for its Kenya and Uganda network:

2250-482: Was an expanding, "embryonic empire". It built fleets of war canoes from the 1840s to take control of Lake Victoria and the surrounding regions and subjugated several weaker peoples. These subject peoples were then exploited for cheap labor. The first Europeans to enter the Kingdom of Buganda were British explorers John Hanning Speke and Captain Sir Richard Francis Burton while searching for

2300-609: Was based in Nairobi and composed almost entirely of British civil servants. The High Commission was responsible for a number of subordinate bodies (including the East African Railways and Harbours Corporation and the East African Posts and Telecommunications Administration ), indirectly employing 21,000 people. In 1960 the expenditures of these bodies totalled 125 million dollars. In June 1961, during

2350-598: Was broken up into three national railways: Kenya Railways Corporation , Tanzania Railways Corporation and Uganda Railways Corporation . Kenyan-born singer Roger Whittaker wrote and recorded the song The Good Old EAR&H in about 1982, after a return visit to Kenya. East African High Commission During the Second World War, the British Governors of Uganda , Kenya and Tanganyika established several regional boards to help coordinate

2400-476: Was received into the Anglican Church and was baptized with the name of Danieri (Daniel). He spent the rest of his life in exile. He died in 1903, at 35 years of age. In 2010 his remains were repatriated and buried at Kasubi. On 24 July 1993, the monarchy of Buganda was restored when Ronald Muwenda Mutebi II was crowned king. Ronald Muwenda Mutebi II was the son of King 'Freddy', who had been deposed by

2450-476: Was the zenith of Ganda military power. Under Mutesa, there were sixty-six wars in twenty-eight years. In the 1890s, raiding parties of up to 20,000 Baganda were mobilized to plunder the rival kingdom of Bunyoro. The explorer and journalist Henry Morton Stanley visited Buganda in 1875 and provided an estimate of Buganda troop strength. Stanley counted 125,000 troops and a fleet of war canoes. Baganda war canoes could carry 60 to 100 warriors (not including

2500-428: Was widespread in Buganda. Buganda was described as a "warefare state", with warefare being "the main activity which dominated the lives of most male Ganda". The Baganda army consisted of district levies and each was headed by a royal-appointed chief or governor and remained the basic unit of military organization. All districts were expected to provide soldiers when called by the king. An army usually carried at least

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