93-595: East Sheen , also known as Sheen , is a suburb in south-west London in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames . Its long high street has shops, offices, restaurants, cafés, pubs and suburban supermarkets and is also the economic hub for Mortlake of which East Sheen was once a manor . This commercial thoroughfare, well served by public transport, is the Upper Richmond Road West which connects Richmond to Putney . Central to this street
186-456: A general practitioner serving the town's wealthier patients, was arrested for the murder of an elderly widow . Rumours had been circulating since 1935 regarding the frequency of his being named in patients' wills (132 times between 1946 and 1956 ) and the gifts he was given (including two Rolls-Royces ). Figures of up to 400 murders were reported in British and foreign newspapers, but, after
279-607: A major mortgage lender found that, on the quantitative statistical indices used, the borough had the best quality of life in London and was in the top quarter of local authorities nationwide. A neighbouring authority in Surrey achieved the best quality of life in that report. Richmond is one of London's wealthiest boroughs on many measures. It has the lowest rates of poverty, child poverty, low pay, child obesity and adults without level 3 qualifications of any London borough, according to
372-522: A pier , theatre , contemporary art gallery and a Napoleonic era fort and military museum . Although Eastbourne is a relatively new town, there is evidence of human occupation in the area from the Stone Age . The town grew as a fashionable tourist resort largely thanks to prominent landowner William Cavendish , later to become the Duke of Devonshire . Cavendish appointed architect Henry Currey to design
465-430: A 2017 research project by Trust for London . Demography is a diverse picture as in all of London: each district should be looked at separately and even those do not reflect all neighbourhoods. Whatever generalisations are used, "the fine-grained texture of London poverty" by its minutely localised geography must always be taken into account according to an influential poverty report of 2010. Richmond upon Thames has
558-610: A controversial trial at the Old Bailey , which gripped the nation for 17 days in March 1957, Adams was found not guilty . He was struck off for four years but resumed his practice in Eastbourne in 1961. According to Scotland Yard 's archives, he is thought to have killed up to 163 patients in the Eastbourne area. After the war, development continued, including the growth of Old Town up the hillside (Green Street Farm Estate) and
651-517: A dissertation by Richard Russell extolled the medicinal benefits of the seaside. His views were of considerable benefit to the south coast and, in due course, Eastbourne became known as "the Empress of Watering Places". Eastbourne's earliest claim as a seaside resort came about following a summer holiday visit by four of King George III 's children in 1780 (Princes Edward and Octavius and Princesses Elizabeth and Sophia ). In 1793, following
744-509: A field near the town. It is believed that the minting of these coins may have led to Æthelberht's beheading by Offa of Mercia , as it had been struck as a sign of independence. Describing the coin, expert Christopher Webb, said, "This new discovery is an important and unexpected addition to the numismatic history of eighth century England." Following the Norman conquest , the Hundred of what
837-476: A fire broke out in the basement of the Claremont Hotel . The nearby Pier Hotel was also evacuated. Eastbourne Local History Society was founded in 1970. It is a charitable, not-for-profit organisation in whose objective is the pursuit and encouragement of an active interest in the study of the history of Eastbourne and its immediate environs and the dissemination of the outcome of such studies. As
930-813: A large amount of equestrian activity; this includes the Horse Rangers Association and Ham Polo Club . Richmond's swimming pools, Pools on the Park , are located in Old Deer Park close to the town centre. The outdoor pool is open in the summer months only. There is also a heated outdoor pool in Hampton. The Twickenham Museum is a volunteer-run museum opposite St Mary's parish church . The Museum of Richmond , in Richmond's Old Town Hall , close to Richmond Bridge, has displays relating to
1023-499: A playground, playing fields, tennis courts and a pitch and putt course; and East Sheen Common which is owned by the National Trust and leads into Bog Gate, another gate of Richmond Park. The earliest recorded use of the name is c. 950 as Sceon and means shed or shelters . The area was designated separately from Sheen (an earlier name for Richmond) from the 13th century, as the southern manor of Mortlake. East Sheen
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#17327871173451116-556: A population of less than 4,000 in 1851 to nearly 35,000 by 1891. In 1883, it was incorporated as a municipal borough ; a purpose-built town hall was opened in 1886. This period of growth and elegant development continued for several decades. During the First World War , Summerdown Camp, a convalescent facility, opened in 1915 near the South Downs to treat soldiers who were injured during trench warfare or seriously ill. It
1209-596: A regular venue for live music on Sunday nights, organised by TwickFolk . In 2015, Barnes, London became home to London's largest dedicated children's book event, the Barnes Children's Literature Festival, which is now the second largest in Europe. Richmond upon Thames is twinned with: 51°25′N 0°20′W / 51.417°N 0.333°W / 51.417; -0.333 Eastbourne Eastbourne ( / ˈ iː s t b ɔːr n / )
1302-442: A rising ground considerably above the level of the river. It contains about ninety houses. Here are several handsome villas; the vicinity to Richmond-park, and the beauty of the surrounding country, making it a desirable situation. Earliest references specifically to the present area of land, rather than references to parts of Mortlake, emerge in the 13th century, generally under its early name of Westhall. Originally one carucate , it
1395-491: A secular vestry to help administer poor relief, maintain roads, ditches and other affairs. From 1892 to 1894 Mortlake (including East Sheen) formed part of the expanded Municipal Borough of Richmond . In 1894, nearby North Sheen was created as a civil parish, being split off from Mortlake and remaining in the Municipal Borough of Richmond. The remainder of Mortlake (including East Sheen) was instead transferred to
1488-513: A state primary school on West Temple; and Thomson House School, located on Vernon Road. The area is served by Mortlake railway station , which is 300m north of The Triangle and can be accessed from Sheen Lane. Transport for London bus routes are 33, 337 and 493 which serve Upper Richmond Road West. The Triangle in East Sheen is the subject of a painting, The Triangle, Sheen Lane, East Sheen, Surrey by James Isaiah Lewis (1861–1934), which
1581-535: A storm of protest led by the newly formed Eastbourne and District Preservation Committee, which later became Eastbourne Civic Society, and was renamed the Eastbourne Society in 1999. Local conservationists also failed to prevent the construction of the glass-plated TGWU conference and holiday centre (the building now operating as The View Hotel), but were successful in purchasing Polegate Windmill , thus saving it from demolition and redevelopment. Most of
1674-534: A street plan for the town, but not before sending him to Europe to draw inspiration. The resulting mix of architecture is typically Victorian and remains a key feature of Eastbourne. As a seaside resort, Eastbourne derives a large and increasing income from tourism, with revenue from traditional seaside attractions augmented by conferences, public events and cultural sightseeing. The other main industries in Eastbourne include trade and retail, healthcare, education, construction, manufacturing, professional scientific and
1767-524: A survey of coastal defences in the southeast, approval was given for the positioning of infantry and artillery to defend the bay between Beachy Head and Hastings from attack by the French. Fourteen Martello Towers were constructed along the western shore of Pevensey Bay , continuing as far as Tower 73, the Wish Tower at Eastbourne. Several of these towers survive: the Wish Tower is an important feature of
1860-478: A survivor of the Black Hole of Calcutta atrocity which led to the British conquest of Bengal . Richard Trevithick , the inventor of the steam locomotive, is reported to have spent some time here. Eastbourne remained an area of small rural settlements until the 19th century. Four villages or hamlets occupied the site of the modern town: Bourne (or, to distinguish it from others of the same name, East Bourne)
1953-476: A town named Burlington, was abandoned, but on 14 May 1849 the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway arrived to scenes of great jubilation. With the arrival of the railway, the town's growth accelerated. Cavendish, now the 7th Duke of Devonshire , recruited Henry Currey in 1859 to lay out a plan for what was essentially an entire new town – a resort built "for gentlemen by gentlemen". The town grew rapidly from
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#17327871173452046-580: A weekly schedule of plays and musicals, usually given by professional touring companies, and pre- West End shows can sometimes be seen. There is a Christmas and New Year pantomime tradition and many of Britain's greatest music hall and pantomime performers have appeared here. Close to Richmond railway station is the Orange Tree Theatre which was founded in 1971 in a room above the Orange Tree pub . As audience numbers increased there
2139-523: A wide variety of ages, using the converted stables and coach house as educational spaces. Garrick's Temple to Shakespeare in Hampton hosts a free Sunday afternoon Shakespeare exhibition from April to October and a series of summer drama, music and exhibitions. Richmond has two theatres. The Richmond Theatre at the side of Little Green is a Victorian structure designed by Frank Matcham and restored and extended by Carl Toms in 1990. The theatre has
2232-596: Is Seaford to Beachy Head . This site, of biological and geological interest, covers the coastline between Eastbourne and Seaford, plus the Seven Sisters country park and the Cuckmere valley. Several nature trails lead across the Downs to areas such as the nearby villages of East Dean and Birling Gap , and landmarks like the Seven Sisters, Belle Tout Lighthouse and Beachy Head. Eastbourne's greater area comprises
2325-522: Is The Triangle , a traffic island with a war memorial and an old milestone dating from 1751, marking the 10 miles (16 km) distance to Cornhill in the City of London . The main railway station serving the area, Mortlake , is centred 300 metres (980 ft) north of this. Sheen has a mixture of low-rise and mid-rise buildings and it has parks and open spaces including its share of Richmond Park , accessed via Sheen Gate; Palewell Common, which has
2418-487: Is a Grade II-listed air raid shelter , dating from before the Second World War , at St Leonard's Court , a block of flats on St Leonard's Road, near Mortlake railway station. Schools in the area include: Richmond Park Academy ; Tower House Boys' Preparatory School , a small independent prep-school for boys aged 4–13; East Sheen Primary School, a state school on Upper Richmond Road West; Sheen Mount School,
2511-490: Is a large youth rugby organisation whilst the Richmond Heavies organise games for more veteran players. Cricket is played in many locations around the borough including Ham Common , Richmond Green and Kew Green. The River Thames flows through the borough and a number of sailing and rowing clubs are located along it. Richmond Canoe Club is situation a short distance up river from Richmond Bridge The borough has
2604-549: Is a town and seaside resort in East Sussex , on the south coast of England, 19 miles (31 km) east of Brighton and 54 miles (87 km) south of London. It is also a local government district with borough status . Eastbourne is immediately east of Beachy Head , the highest chalk sea cliff in Great Britain and part of the larger Eastbourne Downland Estate . The seafront consists largely of Victorian hotels,
2697-598: Is also a Roman villa near the entrance to the Pier and the present Queens Hotel. In 1953, skeletal remains of a woman who lived around 245 AD were discovered in the vicinity of Beachy Head on the Eastbourne Downland Estate . The remains were found in 2014 to be of a 30-year-old woman who grew up in East Sussex , but had genetic heritage from sub-Saharan Africa, giving her black skin and an African skeletal structure. Her ancestors came from below
2790-444: Is also no direct alignment between these areas and postcode districts, which tend to cover much broader areas, crossing the borough boundaries. There are four post towns based in the borough: Hampton , Richmond , Teddington and Twickenham . Parts of the borough come under the London post town , including Barnes and Mortlake , and there are several other peripheral parts of post towns based in neighbouring boroughs which straddle
2883-411: Is also the economic hub for Mortlake of which East Sheen was once a manor . This wide-footpath street is the Upper Richmond Road West which connects Richmond to Putney . Central to this street is The Triangle , a tree-lined traffic island with a war memorial and an old milestone at the intersection of Upper Richmond Road West with Sheen Lane. The main railway station serving the area, Mortlake ,
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2976-539: Is centred 300m north of this. East Sheen lies in the ecclesiastical parish of Mortlake with East Sheen. In addition to the Parish Church of St Mary the Virgin the district has two daughter churches: Christ Church , and All Saints . Christ Church, situated near the crossroads of Christchurch Road and West Temple Sheen, was built by Arthur Blomfield on land formerly part of a farm at the entrance to Sheen Common in
3069-456: Is commemorated by a plaque on chalet number 2 at Holywell. The Second World War saw a change in fortunes. Initially, children were evacuated to Eastbourne on the assumption that they would be safe from German bombs, but soon they had to be evacuated again because after the fall of France in June 1940 it was anticipated that the town would lie in an invasion zone. Part of Operation Sea Lion ,
3162-736: Is connected to central London and Reading by the National Rail services of the South Western Railway . Richmond upon Thames is not very well served by the London Underground compared with other boroughs in West London. Two stations, served by the District line , are located towards the borough's northeastern end: Richmond and Kew Gardens station . Both are also served by London Overground trains on
3255-514: Is currently owned by the Duke of Devonshire and was extensively remodelled in the early Georgian era when it was renamed Compton Place . It is one of the two Grade I listed buildings in the town. Eastbourne has Cornish connections , most notably visible in the Cornish high cross in the churchyard of St Mary's Church which was brought from an unspecified location in Cornwall. In 1752,
3348-605: Is home to the National Physical Laboratory and the attractions of Hampton Court Palace , Twickenham Stadium and the WWT London Wetlands Centre that draw domestic and international tourism. The River Thames becomes narrower than at any part of Inner London towards its flow into the borough and becomes non-tidal at Teddington Lock in the borough; its main axis runs south to north, rather than west to east through more than half of
3441-567: Is in the Richmond Park constituency. The Member of Parliament is Sarah Olney of the Liberal Democrats . Every four years, residents elect three councillors to Richmond upon Thames Council . East Sheen was traditionally a safe Conservative ward , but in the 2022 elections three Liberal Democrats were elected. East Sheen was a hamlet in the parish of Mortlake : East-Sheen is a pleasant hamlet in this parish, situated on
3534-554: Is in the Richmond upon Thames Borough Art Collection and is held at Orleans House Gallery in Twickenham . London Borough of Richmond upon Thames The London Borough of Richmond upon Thames ( pronunciation ) in southwest London , England, forms part of Outer London and is the only London borough on both sides of the River Thames . It was created in 1965 when three smaller council areas amalgamated under
3627-481: Is now Eastbourne, was held by Robert, Count of Mortain , William the Conqueror's half brother. The Domesday Book lists 28 ploughlands, a church, a watermill, fisheries and salt pans. The Book referred to the area as 'Borne'. 'East' was added to 'Borne' in the 13th century, renaming the town. A charter for a weekly market was granted to Bartholomew de Badlesmere in 1315–16; this increased his status as Lord of
3720-430: Is now Holywell Road via the lane between the present Helen Gardens and Bede's School , which leads to the chalk pinnacle formerly known locally as 'Gibraltar' or the 'Sugar Loaf'. The ground around the pinnacle was the site of lime kilns also worked by the fishermen. The fishing hamlet at Holywell was taken over by the local water board in 1896 to exploit the springs in the cliffs. The water board's successors still own
3813-509: Is now known as Old Town, and this surrounded the bourne (stream) which rises in the present Motcombe Park; Meads, where the Downs meet the coast; South Bourne (near the town hall); and the fishing settlement known simply as Sea Houses, which was situated to the east of the present pier. By the mid-19th century most of the area had fallen into the hands of two landowners: John Davies Gilbert (the Davies-Gilbert family still own much of
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3906-423: Is split between three constituencies . The entire portion of the borough south of the River Thames is included in the Richmond Park constituency , which also contains some of the northern wards of the borough of Kingston . Most of the portion of the borough north of the river forms the constituency of Twickenham , which does not contain wards from any other borough. However, since the 2024 general election ,
3999-463: Is the local education authority for the borough. Richmond upon Thames College opened in 1977 and was the first tertiary college in Greater London. The borough adopted a tertiary post-16 provision with virtually all 16-19 studies taking place at this college. This system lasted until 2012 when the council approved the creation of sixth forms in schools. Additionally the council approved
4092-694: The Barnes Urban District , which became the Municipal Borough of Barnes in 1932. In 1965 North Sheen was incorporated into Kew which, with the rest of the Municipal Borough of Richmond, joined the Municipal Borough of Twickenham and the Municipal Borough of Barnes to form the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames . East Sheen concentrates its commercial area to the main through street : its long high street has transport/furniture/hardware shops, convenience services, offices, restaurants, cafés, pubs and suburban supermarkets and
4185-468: The London Borough of Wandsworth and the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames . The borough is approximately half parkland, with notable parks including Richmond Park , Bushy Park , Kew Gardens , Old Deer Park and Hampton Court Park . There are over 100 parks and open spaces in the borough and 21 miles (34 km) of river frontage. 140 hectares within the borough are designated as part of
4278-551: The London Government Act 1963 . It is governed by Richmond upon Thames London Borough Council . The population is 198,019 and the major communities are Barnes , East Sheen , Mortlake , Kew , Richmond , Twickenham , Teddington and Hampton . The borough is home to Richmond Park , the largest park in London, along with the National Physical Laboratory and The National Archives . The attractions of Kew Gardens , Hampton Court Palace , Twickenham Stadium and
4371-606: The Metropolitan Green Belt . The predominant other land use is residential. Most businesses within the borough consist of retail, property improvement/development and professional services. Parts of the borough, including Barnes , Richmond , St Margarets , Cambridge Park and Marble Hill , some areas of Twickenham and much of East Sheen rival Stanmore Hill and Kenley as the highest house-price districts and neighbourhoods in Outer London . The borough
4464-567: The North London line , which connects Richmond with inner North London before terminating in Stratford. The southwestern end of the district, encompassing areas such as Twickenham are served instead by suburban railway services. The other stations are: Barnes ; Barnes Bridge ; Fulwell ; Hampton ; Hampton Wick ; Mortlake ; North Sheen ; St Margarets ; Strawberry Hill ; Teddington ; Twickenham and Whitton . Richmond upon Thames
4557-466: The WWT London Wetlands Centre are within its boundaries and draw domestic and international tourism . In 2023, the borough was ranked first in Rightmove 's Happy at Home index, making it the "happiest place to live in Great Britain"; the first time a London borough has taken the top spot. There had been a borough called Richmond since 1890 when the Municipal Borough of Richmond was created. It
4650-463: The 1860s. It was originally planned to be opened in April 1863; however, the tower collapsed shortly before completion and had to be rebuilt. The church was finally completed and consecrated nine months later, on 13 January 1864. All Saints was built on land bequeathed under the will of Major Shepherd-Cross , MP for Bolton who lived at nearby Palewell Lodge from 1896 until his death in 1913. The church
4743-598: The Burne, or Bourne, is the small pond in Motcombe Gardens. The bubbling source is guarded by a statue of Neptune . Motcombe Gardens are overlooked by St. Mary's Church, a Norman church which allegedly lies on the site of a Saxon 'moot', or meeting place. This gives Motcombe its name. In 2014, local metal-detectorist Darrin Simpson found a coin minted during the reign of Æthelberht II of East Anglia (died 794), in
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#17327871173454836-533: The European Alps, during the middle Tertiary period. The chalk can be clearly seen along the eroded coastline to the west of the town, in the area known as Beachy Head and the Seven Sisters , where continuous erosion keeps the cliff edge vertical and white. The chalk contains many fossils such as ammonites and nautilus . The town area is built on geologically recent alluvial drift, the result of
4929-550: The German invasion plan, envisaged landings at Eastbourne. Many people sought safety away from the coast and shut up their houses. Restrictions on visitors forced the closure of most hotels, and private boarding schools moved away. Many of these empty buildings were later taken over by the services. The Royal Navy set up an underwater weapons school, and the Royal Air Force operated radar stations at Beachy Head and on
5022-586: The London Borough of Richmond upon Thames' art collection. This includes a portrait of James Johnston by Thomas Gibson , paintings of Orleans House by Arthur Vickers and several other artists, and the Burton Collection, which includes artwork, personal effects and photographs of the explorer Richard Francis Burton . The gallery is also the site of the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames' arts service and provides educational workshops for
5115-580: The Manor and benefited local industry. During the Middle Ages the town was visited by King Henry I and in 1324 by Edward II . Evidence of Eastbourne's medieval past can be seen in the 12th-century Church of St Mary, and the manor house called Bourne Place. In the mid-16th century Bourne Place was home to the Burton family, who acquired much of the land on which the present town stands. This manor house
5208-711: The River Thames, which flows through the borough. The oars are from the Oxford University Boat Club and the Cambridge University Boat Club , reflecting the fact that the Boat Race between the two universities ends at Mortlake in the borough. London Heathrow Airport is located a short distance west, in the London Borough of Hillingdon . The borough is served by many Transport for London bus routes. The borough
5301-529: The Saharan region, at a time when the Roman Empire extended only as far as North Africa. These remains have now been DNA tested and found to originate from Cyprus , not sub-Saharan Africa. An Anglo-Saxon charter, around 963 AD, describes a landing stage and stream at Burne. The original name came from the 'Burne' or stream which ran through today's Old Town area of Eastbourne. All that can be seen of
5394-560: The UK record for the highest recorded amount of sunshine in a month, 383.9 hours in July 1911. Temperature extremes recorded at Eastbourne since 1960 range from 31.6 °C (88.9 °F) during July 1976, down to −9.7 °C (14.5 °F) In January 1987. Eastbourne's coastal location also means it tends to be milder than most areas, particularly during night. A whole six months of the year have never fallen below 0 °C (32 °F), and in July
5487-674: The administrative boundary. Although most addresses in the borough have TW postcodes , some have SW and KT postcodes. The council meets at York House in Twickenham and has its main offices at the adjoining Civic Centre at 44 York Street. Since 2000, for elections to the London Assembly , the borough forms part of the South West constituency, currently represented by the AM Gareth Roberts . The borough
5580-474: The area known as the Crumbles, a shingle bank on the coast to the east of the town centre. This area, now known as Sovereign Harbour , containing a marina, shops and several thousand houses, along with luxury flats, was formerly home to many rare plants. There has been continued growth in other parts of the town, and the central marshland has become farmland and nature reserves. In 2009, the new Towner Gallery
5673-424: The blade of the dexter dark blue and that of the sinister light blue. The portcullis was taken from the arms of the Municipal Borough of Richmond ; the swan crest, from the arms of the Municipal Borough of Twickenham ; and the griffin supporters and shield from the arms of the Municipal Borough of Barnes . Red, gold and ermine are the royal livery colours, reflecting Richmond's royal history. The swan represents
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#17327871173455766-462: The borough's northernmost ward on this side of the Thames, Whitton , has instead been included in the constituency of Brentford and Isleworth , the remainder of which consists of wards from the London Borough of Hounslow . Prior to the 2024 election, the entirety of the borough north of the Thames had formed the entirety of the Twickenham constituency since 1997 . In 2006, research commissioned by
5859-421: The borough, which is an unparished area . Eastbourne was an ancient parish . It was governed by its vestry , in the same way as most rural areas, until 1859 when the parish was made a local government district , governed by a local board. Eastbourne become a municipal borough in 1883, governed by a body formally called the "mayor, aldermen and burgesses of the borough of Eastbourne", but informally known as
5952-498: The borough. London's German business and expatriate community is centred on this borough, which houses the German School London (DSL) and most of the capital's German expatriates. The local authority divides the borough into fourteen loosely bounded neighbourhoods, or "villages". Some of the neighbourhoods have the same name as their associated political ward, but the boundaries are not officially aligned. There
6045-445: The corporation or town council. One of the new council's first projects was to build Eastbourne Town Hall , which was designed by W. Tadman Foulkes, and built between 1884 and 1886 under supervision of Henry Currey , the Duke of Devonshire's architect. In 1911 Eastbourne was elevated to be a county borough , making it independent from East Sussex County Council . Eastbourne became a non-metropolitan district on 1 April 1974 under
6138-432: The creation of a Catholic secondary school for the first time in the borough. The borough has a non-League football club, Hampton & Richmond Borough F.C. , who play at Beveree Stadium in Hampton. Twickenham Stadium hosts rugby internationals and the Twickenham Stoop is home to the Harlequins Rugby Team . Richmond Rugby Club are also active and share their grounds with London Scottish F.C. The Richmond Minis
6231-435: The end of the conflict it was designated by the Home Office to have been 'the most raided town in the South East region'. The situation was especially bad between May 1942 and June 1943 with hit–and–run raids from fighter–bombers based in northern France. Ultimately, 187 civilian people died in the borough through enemy action. In the summer of 1956, the town came to national and worldwide attention when John Bodkin Adams ,
6324-418: The expansion took place on the northern and eastern margins of the town, gradually swallowing surrounding villages. However, the richer western part was constrained by the Downs and has remained largely unchanged. In 1981, a large section of the town centre was replaced by the indoor shops of the Arndale Centre . In the 1990s, both growth and controversy accelerated rapidly as a new plan was launched to develop
6417-497: The history of Richmond, Ham, Petersham and Kew. Its rotating exhibitions , education activities and a programme of events cover the whole of the modern borough. The museum's highlights include 16th-century glass from Richmond Palace and a painting, The Terrace and View from Richmond Hill, Surrey by Dutch draughtsman and painter Leonard Knyff (1650–1722), which is part of the Richmond upon Thames Borough Art Collection. Orleans House Gallery in Twickenham displays material from
6510-407: The housing estates of Hampden Park , Willingdon Trees and Langney . During the latter half of the 20th century, there were controversies over the demolition of Pococks, a 15th-century manor house on what is now the Rodmill Housing Estate, and the granting of planning permission for a 19-storey block at the western end of the seafront. The latter project (South Cliff Tower) was realised in 1965 despite
6603-438: The land in Eastbourne and East Dean ) and William Cavendish , Earl of Burlington. The Gilbert family's holdings date to the late 17th and early 18th centuries when barrister Nicholas Gilbert married an Eversfield and Gildredge heiress. (The Gildredges owned much of Eastbourne by 1554. The Gilberts eventually made the Gildredge Manor House their own. Today the Gildredge name lives on in the eponymous park.) An early plan, for
6696-405: The lowest child poverty rates in London at 20% and contains at least one ward with an above-average level (for London) of working-age adults receiving out-of-work benefits but even this borough – reflecting the best result – has two standard poverty indices of sixteen in which it is placed in the worst quarter of boroughs. The borough's history is reflected in the coat of arms , which
6789-546: The major landowner, the Cavendish family has had strong connections with Eastbourne since the 18th century. The current president of the society is William Cavendish, Earl of Burlington . Containing over 1,500 articles about the history of Eastbourne, the Society's indexed journal, The Eastbourne Local Historian , is the major historical resource for the town and has been published quarterly since its inception in 1970. Over
6882-514: The marshes near Pevensey . Thousands of Canadian soldiers were billeted in and around Eastbourne from July 1941 to the run-up to D-Day . Units of the very secretive and highly effective No. 3 (Jewish) Troop of the No. 10 Commando , composed of native German speaking Austrian and German Jewish refugees, trained in Eastbourne. The town suffered badly during the war, with many Victorian and Edwardian buildings damaged or destroyed by air raids. Indeed, by
6975-538: The reforms, whilst Twickenham had been in Middlesex . The area was transferred to Greater London to become one of the 32 London boroughs. The new borough was named 'Richmond upon Thames' rather than just Richmond as the old borough had been called; it is the only London borough to straddle the River Thames . Minor boundary changes have occurred since its creation. The most significant amendments were made in 1994 and 1995, when areas of Richmond Park were transferred from
7068-466: The silting up of a bay. This changes to Weald clay around the Langney estate. A part of the South Downs, Willingdon Down is a designated Site of Special Scientific Interest . This is of archaeological interest due to a Neolithic camp and burial grounds. The area is also a nationally uncommon tract of chalk grassland rich in species. Another SSSI which partially falls within the Eastbourne district
7161-492: The site, and there is a pumping station but little evidence of the hamlet itself, as by now even most of the foundations of the cottages have gone over the cliff. As with the rest of the British Isles and South Coast, Eastbourne experiences a maritime climate with warm summers and mild winters. The local climate is notable for its high sunshine levels, at least relative to much of the rest of England – Eastbourne holds
7254-660: The surrounding countryside of the Eastbourne Downs . A Bronze Age site of national importance was discovered in Hydneye lake at Shinewater in 1995. Celtic people are believed to have settled on the Eastbourne Downland in 500 BC. There are Roman remains buried beneath the town, such as a Roman bath and section of pavement between Eastbourne Pier and the Redoubt Fortress. There
7347-404: The technical sector. Eastbourne's population is growing; between 2001 and 2011, it increased from 89,800 to 99,412. The 2011 census shows that the average age of residents has decreased as the town has attracted students, families and those commuting to London and Brighton. In the 2021 census, the population of Eastbourne was 101,689. Flint mines and Stone Age artefacts have been found in
7440-604: The temperature has never fallen below 8.3 °C (46.9 °F). All temperature figures relate to the period 1960 onwards. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is " Cfb " (Marine West Coast Climate/ Oceanic climate ). There are two tiers of local government covering Eastbourne, at district and county level: Eastbourne Borough Council , based at the Town Hall on Grove Road, and East Sussex County Council , based in Lewes . There are no civil parishes in
7533-472: The town of Polegate , and the civil parishes and villages of Willingdon and Jevington , Stone Cross , Pevensey , Westham and Pevensey Bay village. All are part of the Wealden District. Within Eastbourne's limits are: There was a community known as Norway, Eastbourne in the triangle now bounded by Wartling Road, Seaside and Lottbridge Drove. The name being a corruption of North Way, as this
7626-478: The town's seafront and was the subject of a painting by James Sant RA, and part of Tower 68 forms the basement of a house on St. Antony's Hill. Between 1805 and 1807, a fortress known as the Eastbourne Redoubt was built as a barracks and storage depot, and armed with 10 cannons. A connection with India comes in the shape of the 18th-century Lushington monument, also at St Mary's, which commemorates
7719-476: The years, the Society has published various books and booklets about the history of Eastbourne, twelve of which are currently in print. The South Downs dominate Eastbourne and the Eastbourne Downland Estate can be seen from most of the town. These were originally chalk deposits laid down under the sea during the Late Cretaceous , and were later lifted by the same tectonic plate movements that formed
7812-678: Was bought by Sir Thomas Bernard, who rebuilt the Jacobean style front of the house shown in a drawing hung in the house of 1611. Sir Thomas sold it about 1811 to Rev. William Pearson who founded the Temple Grove Preparatory School for boys. The school moved in 1907 to Eastbourne and the estate was given over to house and apartment builders. East Sheen was included in the Metropolitan Police District in 1840. Before 1900, Mortlake developed
7905-505: Was consecrated on All Saints' Day 1929, a year and two days after the foundation stone was laid by Elizabeth, Duchess of York (later Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother ). East Sheen has two other churches: East Sheen Baptist Church and Parkside Christian Centre . East Sheen has no separate Roman Catholic church; the church of St Mary Magdalen Mortlake and Our Lady Queen of Peace Church, Richmond also serve East Sheen. There
7998-581: Was created a baronet in 1661. He died in 1668, and his first son Sir John in 1677. His second son Sir Rushout Cullen seems to have sold the estate shortly afterwards to Sir John Temple , attorney-general of Ireland, brother to Sir William Temple, diplomat and author, who was earlier of adjoining West Sheen, giving the home his name. It belonged to the Temples until Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston , who later would serve as Foreign Secretary and Prime Minister , sold it soon after coming of age in 1805. It
8091-429: Was enlarged in 1892 to include Kew , Petersham and North Sheen , and again in 1933 to include Ham . The larger London Borough of Richmond upon Thames was created in 1965 under the London Government Act 1963 , covering the combined area of the former borough of Richmond plus the neighbouring Municipal Borough of Barnes and the Municipal Borough of Twickenham . Barnes and Richmond had both been in Surrey prior to
8184-423: Was officially granted on 7 May 1966. It is: Ermine a portcullis or within a bordure gules charged with eight fleurs-de-lis or . The crest is: On a wreath argent and gules out of a mural crown gules a swan rousant argent in beak a branch of climbing red roses leaved and entwined about the neck proper. The supporters are: On either side a griffin gules, armed and beaked azure, each supporting an oar proper,
8277-402: Was opened, abutting the listed Congress Theatre built in 1963. In 2016–19 extensive remodelling work was undertaken to the prominent Arndale Centre, which takes up most of the town centre, and was originally built by Legal & General Assurance in the 1980s. This was then renamed The Beacon. The remodelling including the addition of a brand new cinema run by Cineworld. On 22 November 2019,
8370-554: Was pressure to find a more accommodating space and, in 1991, the company moved to current premises within a converted primary school. The 172-seat theatre was built specifically as a theatre in the round . It has acquired a national reputation for the quality of its work for staging new plays, and for discovering undeservedly forgotten old plays and neglected classics. Performance group Richmond Opera rehearse regularly at The Vineyard Centre . The Cabbage Patch pub on London Road near Twickenham railway station has, since 1983, been
8463-522: Was sold in 1473 by Michael Gaynsford and Margaret his wife in the right of Margaret to William Welbeck, citizen and haberdasher , of London. The Welbecks held it until selling in 1587. Later owners of what remained, the Whitfields, Juxons and Taylors were equally not titled, as with Mortlake's manorial owners, nor had an above average size or lavish manor house . The southern estate of Temple Grove, East Sheen, first belonged to Sir Abraham Cullen , who
8556-479: Was the largest of this type in the UK during this war, treating 150,000; 80% were able to return to fight. The facility was dismantled in 1920. An exhibition about the history of the camp was held in Eastbourne for several months in 2015. In 1926, the Eastbourne Corporation Act enabled the creation of the Eastbourne Downland Estate . A royal visit by George V and Queen Mary in March 1935
8649-482: Was the route to the north. The area is now a housing estate and the only evidence there was a Norway are a Norway Road and the local church whose sign reads "St Andrew's Church, Norway". The former fishing hamlet of Holywell (local pronunciation 'holly well') was situated by the cliff on a ledge some 400 yards to the southwest of the public garden known as the Holywell Retreat. It was approached from what
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