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92-692: The Eastern Arab Corps was an armed unit that formed the nucleas of the modern day Sudanese Armed Forces . Founded by Beni Amer tribesmen in Eastern Sudan during the late 19th century, the Eastern Arab Corps emerged as a formidable armed unit with bases in Kassala and Gedaref respectively. The Eastern Arab Corps represents a key institution in the formation and development of the Sudanese Armed Forces . Originating in

184-600: A 25-year defense agreement signed in 1976. The accord provided for shared planning and staffing; the Egyptians also supplied Sudan with ammunition and various types of weaponry, such as antitank missiles and armored personnel carriers. Al-Bashir reaffirmed the pact after his 1989 coup, but the Egyptians declined to supply additional military aid after Sudan refused to condemn the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990. U.S. military aid to Sudan initially consisted primarily of training

276-508: A Special Forces battalion with five companies; an airborne division and a border guard brigade. Support elements include an engineer division.' Jane's reported the army's strength as 100,000 plus militias. Jane's Sentinel reports that there are two engineer brigades supporting the 9th Airborne Division. Jane's Amphibious and Special Forces, 2010, listed the 9th Airborne Division headquartered in Khartoum which includes two airborne brigades and

368-666: A brigade with infantry and supporting elements to the Sinai peninsula as a reinforcement to the Egyptian forces during the 1973 Yom Kippur War . It arrived too late, on 28 October 1973 and saw no fighting. Diplomatic and military relations with Britain and other Western nations were broken after the June 1967 Arab–Israeli War, and the breach was filled by close military cooperation with the Soviet Union. Soviet assistance coincided with

460-484: A dramatic expansion in Sudan Armed Forces personnel from 18,000 in 1966 to nearly 50,000 by 1972. The bulk of the equipment used by the ground and air forces throughout the 1970s until the early 1980s was of Soviet manufacture, including tanks, artillery, and MiG combat aircraft. The Second Sudanese Civil War broke out again in 1983 and continued until 2005. The Armed Forces operated under the authority of

552-818: A large number of various anti-aircraft guns. T-72 main battle tanks, FB-6A mobile air defense systems, 9K33 Osa mobile air defence systems, and WS1 and WS2 MRLS have also been spotted with the Sudanese armed forces. Armored vehicles are produced, maintained, and repaired at the Elshaheed Ibrahim Shams el Deen Complex in Khartoum. The Sudanese Air Force operates Mil Mi-24 attack helicopters, Karakuram K-8 training aircraft, MiG-29 fighters, and Su-25 , Su-24 , F-5 , and Nanchang Q-5 'Fantan' fighter-attack aircraft. Soon after agreeing in November 1976 to provide Sudan with selected arms,

644-467: A limited arms industry until the late 1990s, except for a production line for small-caliber ammunition. Consequently, foreign sources for weapons, equipment, ammunition, and technical training have been indispensable. The standard issue battle rifle is now an H&K G3 variant that is domestically manufactured by Military Industry Corporation and referred to as the Dinar. The IISS reported in 2007 that

736-531: A mix of all. Popular artists sing Afro-beat , R&B , and zouk . Dynamiq is popular for his reggae . In the 19th century, Egypt controlled Sudan and established the Equatoria province to further control its interests over the Nile . The Egyptian authorities selected British explorer Sir Samuel Baker to establish Equatoria for them, which he did in 1870. Baker was instructed to establish trading posts along

828-429: A number of infantry divisions, divided among [the six] regional commands. The commander of each military region traditionally commanded the divisional and brigade commanders within his territory. It is understood that there are six infantry divisions and seven independent infantry brigades; a mechanised division and an independent mechanised infantry brigade; and an armoured division. Other elements are understood to include

920-473: A power-sharing arrangement in the new national government, with "People’s Constitutional Conventions" held in Equatoria, Upper Nile and Bahr al Ghazal. In September 2020, Sudans Post published a message from Dr. Hakim Dario, the leader of NADAFA, expressing concern that the new nation had been named "South Sudan" and proposed that the nation should be called "Equatoria Federal Republic". On February 9, 2022,

1012-733: A provision of the United States Foreign Assistance Act that prohibits assistance to countries in arrears on interest payments on previous loans. In March 1990, the United States invoked a provision of the act barring aid to regimes that overthrow a democratic government. The United States terminated arms sales to Sudan in late 1992, while the European Union instituted an arms embargo against Sudan in 1994. These actions, however, had no impact on Sudan's ability to replenish its arsenals. According to

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1104-524: A range of military challenges. The Eastern Arab Corps operated with two distinct sub-units, the Idara and Hagana. These units undertook missions ranging from maintaining internal order in the country, patrolling the borders with neighbouring nations and actively participating in international warfare such as the East African campaign . During World War II , the Eastern Arab Corps was involved in warfare on

1196-467: A small number of Sudanese officers. Between fiscal year (FY) 1979 and FY 1982, military sales credits rose from US$ 5 million to US$ 100 million. Apart from aircraft, the United States provided Sudan with artillery, armored personnel carriers, Commando armored cars, and M–60 tanks. U.S. grant aid reached a peak of US$ 101 million in FY 1982. Sudan granted the United States naval facilities at Port Sudan and gave

1288-627: A take-over.. by the army, was a hand-over to the army. It was a coup by courtesy.. in response to the demand for emergency measures.." by the head of the government, Abdallah Khalil . The First Sudanese Civil War broke out in a series of actions in the south in late 1963 and early 1964. Attacks on police posts and convoys began in September 1963, and the higher-profile early attack on the Armed Forces came in January 1964, when rebels attacked

1380-635: A weapons production company called the Military Industry Corporation . Significant data has been made available by the UN Experts' Groups on the Sudan on arms supplies to Sudanese forces. The proliferation of small arms in Sudan originated during the occupation of the country by Ottoman and Egyptian forces and by the colonial powers, especially Britain and France, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Sudan had only

1472-718: A year before independence, when it became clear the Arabs were going to take over the national government in Khartoum. Equatoria gave its name to the southernmost unit of the British Sudan Defence Force , formed during the Anglo-Egyptian administration . This was the Equatoria or Southern Corps. On August 18, 1955, No. 2 Company of the Equatoria Corps mutinied at Torit , Eastern Equatoria. No. 2 Company had been ordered to make ready to move to

1564-433: Is highly upheld and a great focus is given to knowing one's origin and dialect . Although the common languages spoken in Equatoria are Juba Arabic /Arabi Juba and English , Lingala and Kiswahili are being introduced to the population to improve the country's relations with its East African neighbors. Many musicians from Equatoria use English, Lingala, Kiswahili, Arabi Juba (Arabic Creole), their language or dialect or

1656-614: Is significant for the Sudanese, for it was the first time it had an independent army that was not governed by Britain or Egypt. In July 1951, Maj Gen Lashmer Whistler , Commandant of the Sudan Defence Force, wrote in British Army Review, (Issue 6, July 1951) that at that point the SDF comprised four infantry/camel units, a signals regiment, an AA artillery regiment and other units. In March 1954, British troops in

1748-495: Is the head of state, the symbol of its sovereignty and unity, and the Supreme Commander of the armed forces, Rapid Support Forces , and other uniformed forces." Article 34.(a) states that the "armed forces and Rapid Support Forces are a national military institution that protect the unity and sovereignty of the nation" and Article 34.(b) states that the relationship between the military institution and executive authority

1840-703: Is to be organised by the "Armed Forces Law and the Rapid Support Forces Law". On 28 October 2019, the chair of the Sovereignty Council, Abdel Fattah al-Burhan , issued a decree appointing a new military top-level command, called the General Staff , including Lt. Gen. Mohamed Osmana al-Hassan as Chief of General Staff; Lt. Gen. Abdallah al-Matari Hamid, Inspector General of the Armed Forces; several Deputy Chiefs of Staff; Lt. Gen. Essam Mohamed-Hassan Karar as commander-in-chief of

1932-803: The Congo River and then through the Ituri Forest , one of the most difficult forest routes in Africa, resulting in the loss of two-thirds of the expedition's personnel. While the Advance succeeded in reaching Emin Pasha by February of the following year, the Mahdists had already overrun the bulk of the province, and Emin had already been deposed as governor by his officers in August 1887. The Advance reached

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2024-585: The Libyan Desert . "In 1947, the Sudanese military schools were closed, and the number of Sudanese troops was reduced to 7,570." In 1948, the first Arab-Israeli War broke out. Sudanese Colonel Harold Saleh Al-Malik selected 250 combat-seasoned soldiers who had seen action in World War II. They arrived in Cairo to participate in a parade and were then dispatched to various units of the Egyptian army. This

2116-532: The Mahdi ("expected one") and began a holy war to unify the tribes of Western and Central Sudan, including Equatoria. By 1883 the Mahdists had cut off outside communications. However, Emin Pasha managed to request assistance from Britain via Buganda . The British sent the explorer Henry Morton Stanley and who led a relief expedition , called the "Advance," in February 1887 to rescue Emin. The Advance navigated up

2208-633: The President of Yugoslavia , to Sudan in 1959 helped build the impetus to create the Sudanese Navy. Yugoslavia was instrumental in the founding, training, and supply of vessels for the Sudanese Navy. Yugoslavia initially provided four coastal patrol boats. It was eventually established in 1962 to operate on the Red Sea coast and the River Nile . In 1971, British Defence Intelligence said

2300-607: The Sirdar , also served as Governor General of the Sudan . In 1922, after nationalist riots stimulated by Egyptian leader Saad Zaghloul , Egypt was granted independence by the United Kingdom. The Egyptians wanted more oversight in the Sudan and created specialized units of Sudanese auxiliaries within the Egyptian Army called Al-Awtirah. This became the nucleus of the modern Sudanese Army. The British Army formed

2392-1064: The South Sudan Defence Forces . This largely symbolic coalition of seven groups was formed with the signing of the Khartoum Peace Agreement with the NIF in 1997. The SSDF was led by former Garang lieutenant Riek Machar . In 2004, the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress estimated that the Popular Defence Forces, the military wing of the National Islamic Front , consisted of 10,000 active members, with 85,000 reserves. The Popular Defence Forces were deployed alongside regular army units against various rebel groups. In 2005, in accordance with

2484-823: The Sudan Defence Force (SDF) as local auxiliaries in 1925. The SDF consisted of a number of separate regiments. Most were made up of Muslim soldiers and stationed in the north, but the Equatoria Corps in the south was composed of Christians. During the Second World War, the SDF augmented allied forces engaging Italians in Ethiopia. They also served during the Western Desert Campaign , supporting Free French and Long Range Desert Group operations at Kufra and Jalo oases in

2576-801: The Sudanese Civil War , the Darfur Conflict , the Sudan–SPLM-N conflict and the 2012 South Sudan-Sudan border conflict . As part of the Yemeni Civil War , dozens of Sudanese soldiers were reported killed in an ambush by Houthis in Hajjah Governorate in April 2018. The 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement which ended the second civil war, stated that "...   there shall be formed Joint/Integrated Units during

2668-724: The United States Central Command some airport-prepositioning rights for military equipment for contingent use. In 1981 and 1983, Sudanese and U.S. forces participated in the multi-national Exercise Bright Star maneuvers. The United States reduced military grants and credits when the Southern Sudanese civil war resumed in 1983. After FY 1987, no assistance was extended with the exception of less than US$ 1 million annually for advanced training for SAF officers and maintenance for previously supplied equipment. Washington suspended military aid in 1989 under

2760-729: The White Nile and Gondokoro ( Gondu kuru , means "difficult to dig", in Bari ), a trading center located on the east bank of the White Nile in Southern Sudan. Gondokoro was an important center since it was located within a few kilometres from the cutoff point of navigability of the Nile from Khartoum . It is presently located near the city of Juba in Equatoria. Baker's attempt to create additional trading posts and control Equatoria

2852-678: The Yemeni Civil War (of which 10,000 returned to Sudan by October 2019). As of 2024, the SAF and RSF are fighting each other in the ongoing war in Sudan . The origins of the Sudanese army can be traced to six battalions of black soldiers from southern Sudan, recruited by the British during the reconquest of Sudan in 1898 . Sudan officially became the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan in 1899. The highest-ranking British officer in Egypt, known as

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2944-479: The military forces of the Republic of the Sudan . In 2011, IISS estimated the forces' numbers at 109,300 personnel. The CIA estimates that, before the current war in Sudan broke out in 2023, the SAF may have had up to 200,000 personnel. In 2024, Al Jazeera reported that the SAF has around 300,000 personnel. In 2016–2017, the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF) had 40,000 members participating in

3036-506: The 144th Special Forces Battalion, an anti-terrorist unit. It also mentioned the two engineer brigades for special forces support. The 9th Airborne Division carried out projects north of the capital in 2022; in January 2022 it confronted demonstrators in Omdurman . In 2010 it was reported that a Republican Guard existed as a presidential security unit, led by Major General Khalid Hamad. The SAF and government-aligned militias have fought in

3128-486: The 1890s as a founding unit of the Sudan Defence Force , the Eastern Arab Corps was spearheaded by Beni Amer tribesmen of the Eastern Sudan . The insignia of the Eastern Arab Corps was the Shotal, a famous curved dagger used in Eastern Sudan . With bases strategically located in Kassala and Gedaref , the Eastern Arab Corps was composed of infantry, mounted (horseback and camel company), and machine gun units to address

3220-691: The 1989 coup, armed forces under the government of Sudan included the Land Forces, the Sudanese Navy, the Sudanese Air Force , and the Popular Defence Forces , which were formed in 1989. The Land Forces were "basically a light infantry force in 1991, supported by specialized elements.   ... [C]ontrol extended from the headquarters of the general staff in Khartoum to the six regional commands (central, eastern, western, northern, southern, and Khartoum). Each regional command

3312-673: The 21-year civil war. In January 2020, the National Alliance for Democracy and Freedom Action (NADAFA) sought to join talks in Rome seeking to resolve political rifts within South Sudan. The group is a coalition of holdout political groups including the People’s Democratic Movement (PDM), which was not signatory to the peace agreement signed by President Salva Kiir’s South Sudanese government in 2018. NADAFA sought

3404-444: The Anya Nya would be incorporated into the Sudanese army and have equal status with the northern forces. The agreement declared Arabic as Sudan's official language and English as the south's principal language for administration and schooling. Despite opposition from SSLM leaders on the terms of the Agreement, Joseph Lagu approved the agreement and both sides agreed to a cease-fire. The Addis Ababa Accords were signed on March 27, 1972 and

3496-419: The Army and Air Force, and British equipment predominated in the ground forces. There were 50 Alvis Saladins , 60 Ferret armoured cars , and 45 Commando armoured cars, about 50 25-pounders, 40 105-mm howitzers, 20 120-mm mortars, and 80 Bofors 40-mm guns. On 25 May 1969, several young officers, led by Colonel Jaafar Nimeiry , seized power in a military coup , thus bringing the army into political control for

3588-414: The Army had 20 pieces of self-propelled artillery, including 10 Soviet 2S1 Gvozdika and 10 French ( AMX ) Mk F3. Multiple rocket launchers in service include the Soviet 122mm BM-21 Grad and the Chinese PHL-81 . Also reported in 2013 were Soviet M43 mortars (120mm). Anti-tank and anti-aircraft weapons reported included a number of British-made Swingfire , 54 Soviet 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail), and

3680-482: The Azande community in Yambio held a coronation ceremony for King Atoroba Peni Rikito Gbudue. The traditional royal title was last held by King Rikito's great-grandfather King Gbudue, who died in 1905. Some neighboring cultural groups such as the Maridi and Balanda people wrote letters to the new king, warning him that they would not be subjects to the restored kingdom, with the Maridi letter specifically rejecting any ethnic political divisions, saying "We stand to promote

3772-437: The Azande, Bari , Lokoya , Otuho , and Pari . At the end of Baker's service as governor, British general Charles George Gordon was appointed governor of Sudan. Gordon took over in 1874 and administered the region until 1876. He was more successful in creating additional trading posts in the area. In 1876, Gordon's views clashed with those of the Egyptian governor of Khartoum forcing him to go back to London. In 1878 Gordon

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3864-423: The British prior to World War I . Equatoria was closed to outside influences and developed along indigenous lines. As a result, the region remained isolated and underdeveloped. Limited social services to the region were provided by Christian missionaries who opened schools and medical clinics. The education provided by the missionaries was mainly limited to learning English language and arithmetic. In February 1953,

3956-413: The Catholic "Voice of Hope" radio station in Wau, the Salam Forces military of Major-General Eltom Elnur Daldoum , who has a Misseriya background and operated in the Deim Zubeir area, joined the Sudan Armed Forces and became part of the Joint Integrated Units in Wau during the interim period. The number of his fighters was estimated at 400. After its formation, the Joint Defence Board (JDB) met for

4048-451: The Congo , the Central African Republic , Sudan , the United States , Canada , the United Kingdom , Australia and Europe , where they interacted with the nationals and learnt their languages and culture. For most of those who remained in the country, or went North to Sudan and Egypt , they greatly assimilated Arabic culture. Most Equatorians kept the core of their culture even while in exile and diaspora . Traditionally, culture

4140-920: The Equatoria Corps was later called Anya Nya and the leaders were separatists, who demanded the creation of a separate South Sudanese nation, free from Arab domination. The Equatorian leaders of the Anya Nya and founders of the struggle were Rev. Fr Saturnino Ohure who was of Lotuho origin and was said to have been the first man to have fired a bullet, and launched the start of the first civil war, in Torit; Fr. Saturnino Lohure from Otuho; Aggrey Jaden from Pojulu Joseph Ohide, from Otuho Marko Rume, from Kuku Ezboni Mondiri , from Moru Albino Tombe, from Lokoya Tafeng Lodongi, from Otuho Lazaru Mutek, from Otuho Benjamin Loki , from Pojulu Elia Lupe, from Kakwa Elia Kuzee, from ZandeTimon Boro, from Moru Dominic Dabi Manango, from Zande Alison Monani Magaya, from Zande Isaiah Paul, from Zande Dominic Kassiano Dombo, from Zande and many others. The Khartoum government sent its forces to arrest

4232-505: The International Institute for Strategic Studies, had 1,800 personnel, and a base at Marsa Gwayawi on the Red Sea. By 2017 IISS estimates for navy personnel had fallen to 1,300. Relations with the Soviets cooled in the late 1970s, and Sudan turned to China and Britain for training and equipment. In addition, Sudan received financing from Arab states, particularly Saudi Arabia, for the purchase of Western equipment. Until 1985, however, Sudan's closest military ties were with Egypt, defined by

4324-480: The JDB struggling to providing oversight and management of the JIUs. With the dissolution of the JIUs following the Southern Sudanese independence referendum, 2011 , the SPLA components were either integrated back into the SPLA or demobilised. The SPLA components however were seen as less of a concern than the SAF components. Many of the SAF JIU personnel were former militia ('Other Armed Groups' or OAGs) who were 'aligned' rather than being formally 'incorporated' within

4416-443: The Khartoum government reneged on its promises. Southerners were denied participation in free elections and marginalized from political power. The government actions created resentment in the south that led to a mutiny by a group of Equatorians sparking the 21 year civil war (1955–1972 and 1983–2004). Equatorians played an instrumental role in the struggle for autonomy in South Sudan. The origins of Sudan's civil war dates back to 1955,

4508-429: The Middle East, Western Europe, and North America. By the late 1960s, the war had resulted in the deaths of half a million people and several hundred thousand southerners escaped to hide in the forests or to refugee camps in neighboring countries. Anya Nya controlled the southern countryside while the government forces controlled the major towns in the region. The Anya Nya rebels were small in number and scattered all over

4600-523: The Navy comprised six patrol craft, two landing craft, and three auxiliary vessels with its base at Port Sudan . In 1999, estimated naval strength was 1,300 officers and men. Reported bases were at Port Sudan and Flamingo Bay on the Red Sea and at Khartoum. The navy had two 70-ton, 75-foot, Kadir -class coastal patrol craft ( Kadir [129] and Karari [130]), both transferred from Iran to Sudan in 1975, as well as sixteen inshore patrol craft and two supply ships: The navy, according to 2004 estimates from

4692-542: The People's Armed Forces Act 1986. By the time of the coup in 1989 , over fifty percent of most Army units were staffed by soldiers and NCOs from the South. Most had little commitment or dedication to the government – they joined for the sugar and other rations given to soldiers, as well as the salary. Although they often acquitted themselves well in battle, generally surrendering only when their food and ammunition were depleted, they had little stomach for offensive operations. Under President Omar al-Bashir who seized power in

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4784-473: The Pre-Interim and Interim Period from the SAF and the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA).   ... These shall form the nucleus of the future Sudanese National Armed Forces, should the result of the referendum   ... confirm unity of the country, [otherwise] the JIUs shall dissolve with each component reverting to its mother Armed Forces." The JIUs were to consist of: (Chapter VI, Security Arrangements, Paragraphs 20.13.2.1 and 20.13.2.2) According to

4876-399: The SAF had 200 T-54/55 main battle tanks and 70 Type 62 light tanks. By 2011 the total that the IISS listed was 360: 20 M-60, 60 Type 59, 270 T-54/55, and 10 'Al Bashier' (Type-85-IIM). The 'Al-Bashier' is a licensed version of the Type 85M-II tank. In addition, the 'Digna'a modernisation programme for the T-55 has been reported. Chinese Type 96 tanks have also been known to serve in

4968-415: The SAF on the Khartoum front lines. The Military Academy at Wadi Seidna , near Omdurman, had been Sudan's primary source of officer training since it opened in 1948. A two-year program, emphasizing study in political and military science and physical training, led to a commission as a second lieutenant in the SAF. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, an average of 120 to 150 officers were graduated from

5060-434: The South. In 1985 Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab led a coup and overthrew the regime. In 1986, Sadiq al-Mahdi was elected president of Sudan. The new regime began negotiations led by Colonel John Garang de Mabior , the leader of the Sala, but failed to reach an agreement to end the southern insurgency. Civil war has continued since then, but international pressure led SPLA and the Khartoum government to reach an agreement to end

5152-413: The Sudan consisted of one battalion stationed in Khartoum, reporting ultimately to the Governor-General. The Governor-General's military commander was the Major-General Commanding British Troops in the Sudan, who was also Commandant of the Sudan Defence Force. In this post from 1950 onward was Major General Reginald 'Cully' Scoons. The last British troops, 1st Battalion Royal Leicestershire Regiment , left

5244-403: The Sudanese Army. 'Aside from regular SAF units in locations such as Malakal and Bor , many of the SAF elements of the JIUs hail from the areas where they are serving and have strong family ties in these locations. As with the SPLA components, integration into the SPLA or increased incentives to demobilize are the only options the SAF components are likely to consider—movement north being out of

5336-640: The Sudanese Army. These are by far and away Sudan's most modern and powerful tanks. The IISS reported 218 armoured cars (6 French Panhard AML -90, 60 BRDM-2 , 80 British Ferret , and 30 British Alvis Saladin ) in 2007, alongside 15 Soviet BMP-2 . Also reported were 42 US M-113 , 19 US LAV-150 / V-100 Commando , Soviet BTR-152 / BTR-50 , 20 Czech or Polish OT-62 / OT-64 . 104 Egyptian Walid were ordered in 1981–1986. The IISS estimated in 2011 that Sudan had 778+ artillery pieces, including 20 US M-101 , 16 D-30 , Soviet D-74 , Soviet M-30 , and 75 Soviet 130mm M-46 /Type-59-I. The IISS estimated in 2011 that

5428-468: The Sudanese celebrated that day as National Unity Day. This agreement resulted in a hiatus in the Sudanese civil war from 1972 to 1983. In 1983, President Gaafar Nimeiry abolished the parliament and embarked on a campaign to Islamize all of Sudan. He outlawed political parties and enacted Sharia law in the penal code. Non-Muslim southerners were now forced to obey Islamic laws and traditions. The policies revived southern opposition and military insurgency in

5520-492: The U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency , Sudan obtained about US$ 350 million in military arms and equipment between 1983 and 1988. The United States was the largest supplier, accounting for US$ 120 million. China and France each provided US$ 30 million and Britain, US$ 10 million. About US$ 160 million came from unidentified sources, probably largely from Egypt and Libya, and as purchases from other Western suppliers financed by Arab countries. Equatoria Corps Equatoria

5612-401: The United Kingdom and Egypt reached an agreement providing for Sudanese self-government and self-determination . On January 1, 1956 Sudan gained independence from the British and Egyptian governments. The new state was under the control of the Arab led Khartoum government. The Arab Khartoum government had promised Southerners full participation in the political system, however, after independence

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5704-454: The United States sold Sudan transport aircraft, a purchase financed by Saudi Arabia, followed several years later by F–5 combat aircraft. A long-established training centre and airbase is at Wadi Sayyidna , where No. 2 Fighter-Attack Squadron SuAF operated J-7s for a period. The Armed Forces have suffered significant numbers of senior personnel killed in several aircraft crashes, in 2001, and in August 2012 . A visit by Josip Broz Tito ,

5796-557: The academy each year. In the late 1950s, roughly 60 graduated each year, peaking to more than 500 in early 1972 as a result of mobilisation brought on by the first southern rebellion. Students from other Arab and African countries were also trained at the Military College, and in 1982 sixty Ugandans were graduated as part of a Sudanese contribution to rebuilding the Ugandan army after Amin's removal from power. The Sudanese Armed Forces today are equipped mainly with Soviet, Russian, Chinese, Ukrainian, and Sudanese manufactured weaponry. They have

5888-422: The barracks at Wau, Sudan . President Abboud was forced to step down following demonstrations which began in mid-1964 . During 1969, the Sudanese Army consisted of about 26,500 men, four infantry brigades of four battalions each, three independent infantry battalions, one armoured regiment, a parachute regiment, an armoured regiment and three artillery regiments. After independence, British advisers helped train

5980-401: The coast, with Emin, by the end of the year, by which point the Mahdists were firmly in control of Equatoria. In 1898, the Mahdist State was overthrown by the Anglo-Egyptian force led by British Field Marshal Lord Kitchener . Sudan was proclaimed a condominium under British-Egyptian administration with Equatoria being administered by the British. Equatoria received little attention from

6072-442: The colours, and additional recruitment took place." On independence in 1956, the army was "regarded as a highly trained, competent   ... force, but its character changed in succeeding years." Army officers, however, had begun considering involvement in politics by the eve of independence. Numbers began expanding before independence, reaching 12,000 personnel by 1959, and leveled off at nearly 50,000 in 1972. After independence,

6164-404: The country on 16 August 1955. All of the British troops were gone by the end of August 1955. The Equatoria Corps mutinied at Torit on 18 August 1955, just before independence, prompting the formation of the Anyanya guerilla movement and the First Sudanese Civil War . No. 2 Company of the Equatoria Corps had been ordered to make ready to move to the north for ceremonies marking the exit of

6256-405: The divisions were understrength. The Sixth Division in Darfur was a reorganised brigade with only 2,500 personnel. Unit strengths varied widely. Most brigades were composed of 1,000 to 1,500 troops." Keegan, writing in 1983, indicated that the northern command was located at Shendi . To reduce the pressure on the regular armed forces, the Sudanese government made extensive use of militias, such as

6348-439: The eight original provinces of Sudan. The region of Bahr el Ghazal was split from Equatoria in 1948. In 1976, Equatoria was further split into the provinces of East and West Equatoria . The region has been troubled with violence during both the First and Second Sudanese Civil Wars , as well as the anti-Ugandan insurgencies based in Sudan such as the Lord's Resistance Army and West Nile Bank Front . Equatoria consists of

6440-446: The first time in January 2006. The Board was jointly chaired by SAF and SPLA lieutenant generals. The National Assembly passed the Joint Integrated Units Act on 17 January 2006. The JIUs were commanded by SPLA Major General Thomas Cirillo Swaka . But in the face of high hopes, the three most serious breaches of the CPA's permanent ceasefire resulted directly from the actions of JIU battalions and brigades. North/South distrust resulted in

6532-465: The following states : Between October 2015 and February 2020, Equatoria consisted of the following states: The people of Equatoria are traditionally peasants or nomads belonging to numerous ethnic groups. They live in the counties of Budi , Ezo, Juba , Kajo-keji, Kapoeta , Magwi , Maridi , Lainya , Mundri, Terekeka , Tombura, Torit , Yambio , and Yei . Equatoria is inhabited by the ethnolinguistic groups listed below. The following tribes occupy

6624-717: The global stage, as it actively took part in the East African campaign against the Italians. The opening days of the conflict belongs to the Eastern Arab Corps as it was staged in their country, and the opening blows were rightly theirs to strike. Sudanese Armed Forces [REDACTED]   Iran [REDACTED]   North Korea [REDACTED]   Poland [REDACTED]   Russia [REDACTED]   Turkey The Sudanese Armed Forces ( SAF ; Arabic : القوات المسلحة السودانية , romanized :  Al-Quwwat al-Musallaha as-Sudaniyah ) are

6716-613: The land forces; Rear Admiral Mahjoub Bushra Ahmed Rahma as commander of the naval forces; Lt. Gen. Essam al-Din Said Koko as commander-in-chief of the Air Force; and Major General Abdel Khair Abdallah Nasser Darjam as Commander of the Air Defence Forces. Sudan Tribune interpreted the changes in military leadership as a strategy by al-Burhan to "tighten his grip on the army after the removal of Islamist generals." Since

6808-543: The last British troops, but instead of obeying, the troops mutinied, along with other Southern soldiers across the South in Juba , Yei , Yombo , and Maridi . Thousands of Northern troops were flown in to suppress the mutiny, and by the month's end, the Equatoria Corps had been "eliminated." "In the aftermath of the 1954 Torit mutiny, Northern servicemen who had left the forces after the Second World War were allowed to return to

6900-401: The military -particularly the educated officer corps- became more and more politically involved; soldiers associated themselves with parties and movements across the political spectrum." On November 17, 1958, the army's two senior generals, Major General Ibrahim Abboud , the armed forces commander, and Ahmad Abd al Wahab, seized power in a military coup . "The coup in the Sudan, far from being

6992-417: The north, but instead of obeying, the troops mutinied, along with other Southern soldiers across the south in Juba , Yei , Yambio, and Maridi . The Khartoum government sent other Sudan Defence Force units to quell the rebellion and many mutineers of the Equatoria Corps went into hiding rather than surrender. This marked the beginning of the first civil war in southern Sudan. The rebellion that emerged from

7084-498: The outbreak of the Sudanese Civil War , the armed forces have garnered increasing popular support against the Rapid Support Forces from the Sudanese population, even from the staunchest critics of the military. The conflict has also deepened the SAF's reliance on Islamist networks, which have mobilized civilians through popular resistance brigades . The Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion in particular has been supporting

7176-670: The provisions of the Naivasha Comprehensive Peace Accord , Joint Integrated Units were formed together with the rebels of the Sudan People's Liberation Army . In this regard, Afdevinfo did report that the 1st Division at Juba had been disbanded. In 2007 the IISS estimated that the SAF had 104,800 personnel supported by 17,500 paramilitary personnel. Jane's Information Group said in May 2009 that 'There are

7268-675: The question.' On 11 April 2019, the Sudanese Armed Forces launched a coup against Omar al-Bashir after months of protests against his rule. On 3 June 2019, the Sudanese Armed Forces, led by the Rapid Support Forces carried out the Khartoum massacre , leaving over 128 people dead. Article 10.(a) of the August 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration states that the mixed civilian–military " Sovereignty Council

7360-754: The rebels and capture anyone who supported their cause. By the early 1960s civilians believed to be Anya Nya sympathizers were arrested and shipped to Kodok concentration camp where they were tortured and killed. Some of the first detainees and survivors of the horrific torture at Kodok include Emmanuel Lukudu and Philip Lomodong Lako. By 1969 the Equatorian rebels found support among foreign governments and were able to obtained weapons and supplies. Anya Nya recruits were trained in Israel where they also got some of their weapons. The Anya Nya rebels received financial assistance from Southern Sudanese and Southern exiles from

7452-615: The region making their operations ineffective. It is estimated that there were between 5,000 and 10,000 Anya Nya rebels. On May 25, 1969, Colonel Gaafar Muhammed Nimeiri led a military coup and overthrew General Ibrahim Abboud's regime. In 1971 Joseph Lagu , from the Madi ethnic group, became the leader of the southern forces opposed to Khartoum government and founded the South Sudan Liberation Movement (SSLM). Anya Nya leaders united and rallied behind Lagu. Lagu

7544-484: The same applies to Keliko, Moru and Madi. Other than Arabic or (Arabi Juba) and English, the following languages are spoken in Equatoria according to Ethnologue . Due to the many years of the civil war , the Equatorian culture is heavily influenced by the countries neighboring Equatoria and hosting Equatorians. Many Equatorians fled to Ethiopia , Kenya , Uganda , the Democratic Republic of

7636-529: The second time. From 1969 until 1971, a military government – the National Revolutionary Command Council , composed of nine young officers and one civilian – exercised authority over a largely civilian cabinet. The council represented only a faction within the military establishment. From 1971 Nimeiri led a more civilian-based government. The first civil war ended in a negotiated settlement in 1973 by General Ismail. Sudan sent

7728-465: The three states of Greater Equatoria: Acholi , Avukaya , Baka , Balanda , Bari , Didinga , Kakwa , Keliko , Kuku , Lango , Lokoya , Narim, Lopit , Lugbwara , Lulubo, Madi , Makaraka or Adio, Moru , Mundari , Mundu , Nyangwara , Otuho , Pari , Pojulu , Tenet , Toposa and Azande . Some of these tribes like Bari, Pojulu, Kuku, Kakwa, Mundari and Nyangwara share a common language, but their accents, and some adjectives and nouns do vary;

7820-567: The two sides reach an agreement. The result was the Addis Ababa Agreement . The agreement granted autonomy for the South with three provinces: Equatoria, Bar al Ghazal and Upper Nile. The south would have a regional president appointed by the national president to oversee all aspects of government in the region. The national government would maintain authority over defense, foreign affairs, currency, and finance, and economic and social planning, and interregional concerns. The members of

7912-453: Was a grave mistake, for the Sudanese had fought together in World War II and this broke unit cohesion. The decision was indicative of Egyptian military planners of the period. Forty-three Sudanese were killed in action in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. In 1953, the British and the new Egyptian government reached an agreement that Sudan was to be put on the path of independence. General Ahmed Mohammed became Sudan's first army chief in August 1954. This

8004-508: Was also supported by exiled southern politicians. With Lagu's leadership the SSLM created a governing infrastructure throughout many areas in southern Sudan. In 1972 Nimeri held negotiations with the Anya Nya at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. At the talks the Anya Nya demanded a separate southern government and an army to defend the south. Ethiopia's Emperor Haile Selassie moderated the talks and helped

8096-401: Was based at Khartoum International Airport . The Third Division was located in the north, although no major troop units were assigned to it. Each division had a liaison officer attached to general headquarters in Khartoum to facilitate the division's communication with various command elements. This organisational structure did not provide an accurate picture of actual troop deployments. All of

8188-625: Was established by Samuel Baker in 1870. Charles George Gordon took over as governor in 1874, followed by Emin Pasha in 1878. The Mahdist Revolt put an end to Equatoria as an Egyptian outpost in 1889. Later British Governors included Martin Willoughby Parr . Important towns in Equatoria included Lado , Gondokoro , Dufile and Wadelai . The last two former areas of Equatoria, Lake Albert and West Nile are now situated in Uganda. Under Anglo-Egyptian rule , most of Equatoria became one of

8280-881: Was organized along divisional lines. Thus, the Fifth Division was at Al-Ubayyid in Kurdufan (Central Command), the Second Division was at Khashm El Girba (Eastern Command), the Sixth Division was assigned to Al-Fashir in Darfur (Western Command), the First Division was at Juba (Southern Command), and the Seventh Armoured Division was at As Shajarah just south of Khartoum (Khartoum Command). The Airborne Division

8372-538: Was succeeded by the Chief Medical Officer of the Equatoria province, Mehemet Emin , popularly known as Emin Pasha. Emin made his headquarters at Lado (now in South Sudan). Emin Pasha had little influence over the area because the Khartoum governor was uninterested in his development proposals for the Equatoria region. In 1881, Muhammad Ahmad Abdullah, a Muslim religious leader, proclaimed himself

8464-537: Was unsuccessful because villages surrounding Gondokoro were frequently bypassed by Arab invaders who wanted to impose their culture and way of life on the people. King Gbudwe who ruled the western part of Equatoria at the time as The King of Azande Kingdom despised the Arab culture and way of life and encouraged the tribes to resist the invaders and protect their African culture and their way of life. The invaders were met with stiff resistance from Equatorian tribes such as

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