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63-490: Eastern Pennsylvania Mennonite Church and Related Areas was formed in 1968 when a group of bishops, ministers, and deacons were granted a release from the Lancaster Mennonite Conference. The separation was by mutual agreement and by official sanction of the conference. The group peacefully requested to withdraw from the Lancaster Mennonite Conference in 1968, requesting to keep the 1954 discipline that

126-560: A bishop presiding over one congregation (Amish) or over a district (group of congregations) (Old Order Mennonites). Mennonites mostly meet in church buildings, but most Amish meet in members' homes. Services among Amish and Plain Mennonites are mostly held in Pennsylvania German , a language closely related to Palatinate German , with extra vocabulary. Bishops are commonly chosen by lot as a reflection of God's will. While

189-509: A "peculiar people" behind the "hedge" of Quaker plainness while the Orthodox Friends were eager to integrate with modern urban society. Both groups were active in traditional Friends social justice movements, such as the abolition of slavery and right ordered care for the mentally ill. Orthodox Friends ministers, Joseph Hoag and Stephen Grellet, spoke widely about statements made by Hicks in ministry which suggested that portions of

252-536: A Christian witness by living a careful lifestyle that is reflective of nonconformity to the world ; The Book of Discipline of Ohio Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends has a section on Temperance, for example. It states: In view of the evils arising from the use of tobacco and intoxicating drinks, we urge all to abstain from using them, from offering them to others, and from having any part in their production, manufacture, or sale. Do not let

315-872: A Wilbur-influenced body was formed in Indiana. The major event in the divisions, however, was the division in Ohio Yearly Meeting (Orthodox) in 1854. This event led to divisions in Baltimore and Iowa later in 1854. Philadelphia Yearly Meeting (Orthodox) initially recognized the Wilburite New England Yearly Meeting but later ended all official relations with other yearly meetings (including New England) in order to prevent its small Gurneyite minority from leaving. However, Philadelphia's Haverford College continued to educate Conservative Friends as other Quaker colleges (except for

378-418: A belt, and muted colors in the fabrics: blacks, whites, greys, browns", sometimes with "broad-fall trouser cuts". Quaker men traditionally are clean-shaven . Conservative Friends women have traditionally practiced headcovering as taught in 1 Corinthians 11:2–10 by wearing a "scarf, bonnet, or cap" and "wear long-sleeved, long dresses". Conservative Friends also maintain the type of business meeting which

441-412: A broad-brimmed hat one day of his life. He was a powerful minister and a prolific writer. Travelling among Orthodox Friends at a time when ministers were considered to be examples for the youth, he provided an example which was troubling to those Friends who were dedicated to the "primitive" movement. During Gurney's visit to North America in 1837–1838, there was opposition to his ministry throughout

504-707: A lack of discipline within the Mennonite movement by those trying to avoid persecution. Ammann argued that Romans 12:2 prohibited conformation with the world . William Penn , having experienced religious persecution as a Quaker , offered asylum to others who were suffering religious persecution, an offer that many followers of Ammann accepted, starting with the Detweiler and Sieber families, who settled in Berks County, Pennsylvania , in 1736. Many of them settled near Lancaster, Pennsylvania , which offered some of

567-414: A new covenant with God written on their hearts, rather than in outward forms". Additionally, Early Quakers felt they were in the vanguard of this Second Coming which would come to all and bring about global transformation. Again, building on Jeremiah, but also Revelation in particular, these early Friends claimed that this Second Coming was an inward experience. This new reality available to all meant that

630-467: A part of their testimony of simplicity . The Shakers , a small religious community, dress plainly. Many Apostolic Lutherans also wear plain dress. Historically, members of the Moravian Church wore plain dress. Early Methodists wore plain dress, with clergy condemning "high headdresses, ruffles, laces, gold, and 'costly apparel' in general". In his sermon On Dress , John Wesley ,

693-477: A rule, do not enter the professions. They wear plain clothing , and their life is built around the church, schools, and religious activities. They do not engage in worldly amusements, nor do they follow organized sports. The use of radio and television is not allowed. Their life-style reflects the old Mennonite traditions. Regular worship services include Sunday school and preaching every Sunday morning, Sunday evening services, and midweek prayer meetings. The singing

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756-552: A rural traveling minister from Long Island , New York, whose ministry emphasized direct experience of God over reliance on scripture. Hicks himself was concerned that urban, successful and wealthy Friends particularly in Philadelphia but also in the United Kingdom, had strayed from the testimonies and early practices of Friends. Of particular concern to Hicksite Friends were the notions of the authority of scripture over

819-404: A variety of different ethnic backgrounds. The Mennonite movement was a reform movement of Anabaptist origins begun by Swiss Brethren and soon thereafter finding greater cohesion based on the teachings of Menno Simons , and the 1632 Dordrecht Confession of Faith . The Amish movement was a reform movement within the Mennonite movement, based on the teachings of Jacob Ammann , who perceived

882-409: Is His redemptive love which strives to show us our darkness, and lead us to true repentance, and to His marvelous light. "Behold, I stand at the door and knock: if any man hear my voice and open the door, I will come in to him, and will sup with him, and he with me" (Rev. 3:20). —The Book of Discipline of Ohio Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends, 2022 Conservative Friends seek to maintain

945-524: Is directed by the deacons of the congregations. Children of members do not attend public schools. Private schools are provided by the group so that all the member families have access to them. Teachers are not college-trained. Most of the students continue in school through 10th grade. Curriculum used in their schools is written, approved and published by the Mennonite Church members. The church's monthly periodical, Eastern Mennonite Testimony ,

1008-658: Is held every two years. The Central Yearly Meeting of Friends is theologically conservative and plain dress-wearing, but since they are part of the Gurneyite branch of Quakers, they are not classed under the designation of Conservative Friends. The Conservative Ohio Yearly Meeting should not be confused with the Gurneyite Ohio Yearly Meeting associated with the Evangelical Friends Church International which

1071-454: Is in four-part harmony without accompaniment, with some emphasis on singing instruction and special song services. No special group singing is allowed in worship services. Ministers are unsalaried and chosen from the congregation by nomination and the use of the lot. Life insurance is not permitted and generally members do not use auto, health, fire, or other insurances, but rather employ a unique method of brotherhood assistance (mutual aid) that

1134-428: Is not mandated), they are most associated today with that traditional Quaker folkway. Historically "ruffles and lace and other forms of ornamentation, as well as unnecessary cuffs and collars and lapels and buttons, were forbidden." George Fox implored fellow Quakers to wear plain dress: Friends, keep out of the vain fashions of the world; let not your eyes, minds, and spirits run after every fashion (in attire) of

1197-479: Is now known as the Evangelical Friends Church – Eastern Region . The origin of Conservative Friends is found in early 19th-century schisms , first with liberal, " Hicksite " Friends and then with evangelical-oriented " Gurneyite " Friends. The Conservative Friends is derived from the Orthodox Friends in the former schism, and in the latter schism, what are now called Conservative Friends were

1260-1289: Is provided. Service opportunities are provided in relief work, literature evangelism, child care, and in elderly care. Additional opportunities are provided in connection with missions in Central and South America, Mexico, The Bahamas, Ghana and Togo. In 1969, the Eastern Pennsylvania Mennonite Church and Related Areas had 27 congregations with 1,181 church members; in 1995 it had 59 churches with 3,434 members. In 2001 there were 4,206 members. In 2010, it had 77 congregations with 5,333 members. In 2020 it had 95 congregations, 6,656 members, 27 Bishops, 179 Ministers and 113 Deacons. In 2019,the Church also had 84 schools, 300 teachers and 2,679 pupils. Many congregations are located in eastern Pennsylvania. Congregations are also located in New Jersey, New York, Maryland, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Missouri, Vermont, Texas, Ohio, Maine, Wisconsin, Indiana, Washington, Virginia, Michigan, Massachusetts, Manitoba, Alberta, and British Columbia. The Mennonite Messianic Mission, Inc., directs

1323-596: Is published by the Publication Board. The group sponsors 3-week winter Bible schools at Numidia, Pennsylvania , and Ashland, Pennsylvania . The schools are provided for young people in their late teens and early 20s, and offers a wide variety of Bible and practical studies. Each summer the Ashland school offers a two-week training course for school teachers, and in December a ministers' fellowship and seminar

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1386-403: Is reviewed every three or four years and then ratified again by the congregations. The purpose for seeking release from the Lancaster Mennonite Conference was to develop a church program that would help preserve biblical practice and the historic Mennonite values. The Eastern Pennsylvania Mennonite Church does not accept divorce and remarriage. Women wear headcoverings and have uncut hair. Men, as

1449-597: The Advices and Queries . The Queries are read on the local monthly meeting level, with the next higher levels (Quarterly and Yearly Meetings) summarizing the answers from the subordinate meetings. An example of one of the Queries is as follows: Do we cherish a forgiving spirit and strive to "walk in love, as Christ also hath loved us"? Is each one of us careful for the reputation of others? Are we ever mindful to love our neighbor as ourselves? If differences threaten to disrupt

1512-651: The Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection and Evangelical Wesleyan Church , continue to dress plainly, sometimes including abstention of wearing of jewelry, such as wedding rings. The Fellowship of Independent Methodist Churches , which continues to observe the ordinance of women's headcovering, stipulates "renouncing all vain pomp and glory" and "adorning oneself with modest attire." Traditional Adventists and Mormon fundamentalists also wear plain dress. Customs of plain people include: Anabaptist plain groups typically have

1575-519: The Bible were not accurate, particularly Hicks's view that the virgin birth was historically suspect and not necessary to salvation. Hicks always maintained that he spoke the words given him by God in what Friends called immediate revelation, but this proved unacceptable to Orthodox Quakers. Hicksite Quakers left PYM (1827–28) to form a new Yearly Meeting, with other yearly meetings soon to follow in division. The majority of Quakers distanced themselves from

1638-652: The Pennsylvania Dutch —which includes Amish, Old Order Mennonite, and Conservative Mennonites—are expected by some to become a smaller percentage of the population as the sects respond to high prices of farmland by spreading out all over the United States and internationally, and the "English" (the Amish exonym for non-Amish persons regardless of ancestry) population spreads out from Philadelphia into suburban and rural areas. Many Amish and plain Mennonites of

1701-566: The Southwestern United States , where horses may not be able to work hard in the field throughout the day, some provision has been made for mechanical plowing and harvesting. The Old Order Amish are among the fastest-growing populations in the world. They have low infant mortality rates. The average Amish woman can expect to have at least seven live births. Other plain sects with the same or similar doctrines can be expected to have similarly explosive growth. Despite this,

1764-517: The " Wilburite " branch of Orthodox Friends. Through the schisms, they sought continuity of traditional practices and theological emphases, over new ideas based on outside influences. The early Quakers, following Fox, taught that as a result of the New Birth through the power of the Holy Spirit , man could be free from actual sinning if he continued to rely on the inward light and "focus on

1827-469: The "primitive" Friends testimony became increasingly uneasy with the growing Evangelically-oriented ministry. The first official action in the movement took place when Elisha Bates, a former Clerk of Ohio Yearly Meeting, travelled to England without the official credentials (an endorsed travelling minute). On this trip, Bates participated in a baptism ceremony (Quakers had avoided external rites like baptism and eucharist/communion). When he returned to Ohio, he

1890-455: The Amish. Because of their historic tendency to relocate less in their lifetime, a high birthrate, a high number of double cousins as compared with the general public, and a lower number of possible marriage partners, this has historically resulted in marriages of 3rd, 4th, 5th, and other cousins who share ancestors. Similar to European royalty, this close degree of consanguinity has led to certain genetic problems occurring more frequently among

1953-521: The Amish. Dr. D. Holmes Morton has established the Clinic for Special Children to study and treat families with these problems. Many of the plain churches prohibit insurance, and instead they follow a system of mutual aid to assist each other charitably in case of sickness, accident, death, or property damage. Internal Revenue Service Form 4029 allows one to claim exemption from Social Security taxes under certain restrictive conditions, and members of

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2016-605: The Christian harmony between the members, is prompt action taken? —The Book of Discipline of Ohio Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends, 2022 An example one of the Advices is as follows: Use vigilant care, dear Friends, not to overlook those promptings of love and truth which you may feel in your hearts; for these are the tender leadings of the Spirit of God. Nor should any of us resist God's workings within us, for it

2079-571: The Hicksite Swarthmore ) were under the care of Gurneyite yearly meetings. By 1905, there were seven Conservative Friends Yearly Meetings left in America and Canada as well as an unaffiliated but Conservative-leaning Orthodox meeting in Philadelphia. Of these, two have been laid down (Kansas Yearly Meeting, and Western Yearly Meeting) and two reunited with Gurneyite yearly meetings and Hicksite yearly meetings (Canada and New England);

2142-622: The Hicksites, and those in Britain refused to correspond with the Hicksites. Many scholars have written about various aspects of these controversies. A good short summary is Larry Kuenning's "Quaker Theologies in the 19th Century Separations", but for more depth, see H. Larry Ingle, Quakers in Conflict: The Hicksite Reformation (Philadelphia: Pendle Hill, 1998). Within a decade, a rift was beginning to divide

2205-722: The Light of the Inward Christ, endorsement of justification and entire sanctification over the sense of gradual convincement, and the use of Trinitarian language. Also of concern for both sides was the relative authority of the Yearly Meeting (favored by the Orthodox) and the Monthly Meetings (favored by Hicksite Friends). Hicks, who like his followers was from rural farming stock, was adamant that Friends stay

2268-765: The North Carolina Yearly Meeting (Conservative), and the Iowa Yearly Meeting (Conservative). Of these, the Ohio Yearly Meeting is the most traditional. English Friends affiliated with the Conservative branch of Quakerism are organized as the Friends in Christ and tend to use the terms Primitive or Plain. There is no single unifying association of Conservative Friends, though a Wider Fellowship of Conservative Friends general gathering

2331-618: The Orthodox coalition. Most ministers and elders were placing additional emphasis upon the writings of the earliest Friends (called at the time the "primitive" Friends), while other Friends were becoming influenced by the growing Evangelical movement, in particular a group of British Friends ministers associated to varying degrees with Isaac Crewdson and the Beacon movement which began in 1830 in England. The ministers and elders who emphasized

2394-593: The Orthodox yearly meetings. A minister-schoolteacher in Rhode Island , John Wilbur , objected to Gurney's use of the early Wesleyan understanding of entire sanctification. Wilbur wrote an anonymous article that argued for the "primitive" Quaker understanding of continual, daily interaction with the Holy Spirit. Thomas B. Gould, another Friend from Newport , RI, also spoke with Gurney during his visit and outlined where he thought his views departed from those of

2457-701: The Quaker message: 1) an in-breaking of God's power; 2) a realization of how sinful the believer's life had been, how far it had fallen short; 3) the chance to repent and accept the new life; 4) the experience of regeneration ; 5) an impulse to gather with others who had had this experience; 6) mission to those who had not yet had this experience. Additionally, Fox taught the doctrine of perfection —"spiritual intimacy with God and Christ, entailing an ability to resist sin and temptation". Friends have traditionally not observed sacraments, historically citing Jeremiah 31:31–34 and embracing "this experience of

2520-590: The United Kingdom, in addition to some other countries." Ripley Quaker Meeting is a small group of Conservative Friends also located in the UK, who follow Ohio Yearly Meeting's Book of Discipline. In the USA, three Conservative Friends Yearly Meetings remain as distinct Conservative Friends bodies in Ohio, North Carolina and Iowa; with Ohio Yearly Meeting (Conservative) being the most traditional Christian in belief and practice, of

2583-404: The bishop tends to be influential, he tends to rule by building consensus rather than by issuing edicts. Most Anabaptist plain groups have an ordnung that among other things regulates clothing. The ordnung is a largely unwritten code of behavior, covering such items as clothing, vehicles, and the use of technology. The ordnung varies slightly from congregation to congregation though is in essence

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2646-486: The claims of "good fellowship" or the fear of seeming peculiar prevent you from standing by principles which you have conscientiously adopted. The same text emphasizes the importance of daily family worship in Quaker families: Be diligent in the reading of the Bible and other spiritually helpful writings. Gather daily in your families for worship. Such times have a special value in bringing little children, especially into

2709-506: The cross of Christ as the center of faith". Theologically, Conservative Friends continue to teach the historical Quaker doctrines on salvation and perfection . The Conservative Friends have tended to follow the overt customs of plain speech and dress (in keeping with the Quaker doctrine of Testimony of Simplicity ) more than other branches of the Society of Friends. While a minority of Conservative Friends wear traditional plain dress (it

2772-486: The early Friends. Other opposition to Gurney was based in the two Orthodox yearly meetings already known for their stand on the importance of an inward transformation (Ohio and Philadelphia). The first division between the so-called Wilburite and Gurneyite Friends took place in Rhode Island in 1842. When the pro-Gurney majority of the Orthodox yearly meeting objected to Wilbur's writings about Gurney, they re-organized

2835-440: The experience of united worship, and so preparing them for the larger meeting for worship, as they learn in silence to bow to the power of God. George Fox , the father of Quakerism, taught that apart from Christ himself, there was "none upon the earth" that could cure unbelief and sinfulness. The inward experience of Christ, confirmed by the Bible, was the foundation of the Religious Society of Friends. The following characterized

2898-488: The founder of the Methodist movement, expressed his desire for Methodists to wear plain clothing in the manner practiced by Quakers: "Let me see, before I die, a Methodist congregation, full as plain dressed as a Quaker congregation." Peter Cartwright , a Methodist revivalist , noted the gradual decline of wearing plain dress among Methodists; today, members of denominations in the conservative holiness movement , such as

2961-748: The group's missions in Mexico, Guatemala, Argentina/Bolivia, the Bahamas, Paraguay, Ghana, and Togo. Plain people Plain people are Christian groups in the United States, characterized by separation from the world and by simple living , including plain dressing in modest clothing (including head covering for women ). Many plain people have an Anabaptist background. These denominations are largely of German, Swiss German and Dutch ancestry, though people of diverse backgrounds have been incorporated into them. Conservative Friends are traditional Quakers who are also considered plain people; they come from

3024-494: The last 30 years have moved into non-farm work, such as construction, woodworking, harness making, shopkeeping, auctioneer services and other crafts. Donald Kraybill believes there are plain church communities in 47 states. Among people at least five years old living in Lancaster County in 2000, Most but not all Anabaptist plain churches do not admit children to their church membership, requiring baptism first during

3087-1083: The most productive non-irrigated farmland in the world. By 1770, the Amish migration had largely ceased. Notable plain groups in the Anabaptist tradition are the Amish ( Old Order Amish , New Order Amish , Kauffman Amish Mennonites and Beachy Amish Mennonites ), Para-Amish ( Believers in Christ , Vernon Community and Caneyville Christian Community ), many Mennonites ( Old Order Mennonites , Conservative Mennonites , Reformed Mennonites , Orthodox Mennonites , Old Colony Mennonites and Holdeman Mennonites ), Hutterites , Bruderhof , certain Schwarzenau Brethren ( Old German Baptist Brethren , Old Brethren , and Dunkard Brethren ), certain River Brethren ( Old Order River Brethren and Calvary Holiness Church ) and Charity Christians . A small number of Quakers (chiefly Conservative Friends and Holiness Friends ) still practice plain dress as

3150-516: The nations; for that will lead you from the solid life into unity with that spirit that leads to follow the fashions of the nations, after every fashion of apparel that gets up: but mind that which is sober and modest, and keep to your plain fashions, that you may judge the world's vanity and spirit, in its vain fashions, and show a constant spirit in the truth and plainness. For Conservative Friends, plain dress for men usually includes "a broad-brimmed felt or straw hat, trousers with suspenders instead of

3213-601: The passage in 1 Corinthians 11:26 that instructs the believers to break the bread until the Lord comes. The Lord had come again. There was a new supper to celebrate, the marriage supper of the Lamb. ... Quakers thus presented themselves as the end of waiting, both for full reformation, but also, in the much bigger picture, for the unfolding Second Coming. ‘Christ is come and is Coming’ they claimed. Christ had come to those who had experienced ‘convincement’ and would come to all. Quakers were

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3276-540: The plain groups who do not pay these taxes also do not receive death, disability, or retirement benefits from Social Security. Conservative Friends North Carolina Yearly Meeting Conservative Friends are members of the Wilburite branch of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers). In the United States, Conservative Friends belong to three Yearly Meetings: the Ohio Yearly Meeting (Conservative),

3339-454: The position of the scriptures had been lowered too much among Friends; although he did not totally discount the influence or necessity of the Holy Spirit, Gurney placed the two as separate influences. He encouraged Friends to participate in government, including voting in elections (at the time, most Friends did not participate in politics). Gurney had decided as a young man not to wear the traditional Quaker clothing, stating once that he only wore

3402-448: The same. Violations are not considered sins, although pride, selfishness and wilfulness are considered to be serious violations of the faith. The congregation can change the ordnung if there is a majority who desire to do so. Exemptions to the ordnung can be provided. In one instance, one farmer was granted permission to buy a modern tractor since he had arthritis and no children to help him harness horses. In other very hot, dry areas such as

3465-432: The structure of Friends meetings in western Rhode Island and stripped Wilbur of his membership. When Wilbur appealed his disownment, his quarterly meeting divided. New England Yearly Meeting (Orthodox) was unable to decide which quarterly meeting to recognize, which precipitated a division throughout all of New England. The Wilbur-Gurney divisions continued for 15 years. New York Yearly Meeting (Orthodox) divided in 1847, and

3528-479: The teen years, and so they impose no sanctions on those who do not join but shun those who fall away from the church once becoming a member. Among some groups of Old Order Amish, teenagers who are not yet baptized are not bound by the rules and go through a period of rumspringa , often with a certain amount of misbehavior that would not otherwise be tolerated. The Amish generally do not proselytize and discourage intermarriage with outsiders unless they have joined

3591-691: The three Conservative Friends Yearly Meetings; A small Conservative Friends remnant continues in some of the united yearly meetings (Canada and New England). In Europe, there are Conservative Quaker groups in the United Kingdom, while individual members reside in other countries too. As of 2019 , the Ohio Yearly Meeting includes affiliated local meetings in Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, and Athens, Greece. The Iowa Yearly Meeting includes affiliated local meetings in Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. According to

3654-411: The true Church, God's elect and God's vanguard, but all could be part of the elect and attain salvation; all were spiritually equal. Friends in the United States became divided during the early years of the nineteenth century. In the mid-1820s, wealthy Friends in leadership positions in Quaker organizations in Philadelphia began to "express disunity" (openly disagree) with the ministry of Elias Hicks ,

3717-519: The undivided Philadelphia Yearly Meeting reunited with its Hicksite counterpart. In addition, most Primitive Friends communities at the beginning of the twentieth century in New York, New England, and Pennsylvania, had merged into other Quaker bodies by 1955. According to a website representing "Friends in Christ... a small group of Primitive Friends (Plain Quakers)" "plain" Quakers can today be found in

3780-488: The way Christianity had been operating was now redundant and anachronistic, belonging only to an age now past. Thus, as well as not needing priests...this interpretation of the direct encounter between humanity and God, and the continual nature of the transformation it brought, also meant that churches and outward sacraments could be dispensed with. Revelation 3:20 talks about Christ supping inwardly with those who respond to his knocking, and Friends thought this communion replaced

3843-541: Was being revised. The group adheres to the Mennonite Confession of Faith (Christian Fundamentals, 1921, Garden City, Missouri) and to many of the practices which had been upheld by the Lancaster Mennonite Conference, including the conference-type of church organization and government (polity). The Eastern Pennsylvania Mennonite Church has a written statement of standards known as the Rules and Discipline, which

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3906-442: Was in use among all branches of Friends until the middle of the twentieth century. Each Yearly Meeting publishes a small book called The Discipline which includes the polity and beliefs of the body; this book is called Faith and Practice by certain yearly meetings of other Quaker associations. The Discipline includes provisions for business organization; the naming of ministers, elders, and overseers; marriage procedures; and

3969-411: Was not only "read out of meeting" (stripped of his membership ), he was disowned by the Friends (a public declaration of removal from membership). One of the evangelical English ministers, Joseph John Gurney , travelled to America to support Bates and to meet with Hicksite Friends. Instead of healing the wounds, Gurney's visit exacerbated the growing rift among the Orthodox Friends. Gurney believed that

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