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69-710: Administratively the range belongs to the Italian region of Trentino-Alto Adige and the Austrian state of Tyrol . According to SOIUSA ( International Standardized Mountain Subdivision of the Alps ) the mountain range is an Alpine section, classified in the following way: The range is subdivided into three subsections: Some notable summits of the Eastern Rhaetian Alps are: Some notable passes of

138-455: A citizen's employment, nor the exercise of political rights. Particular mention is given to the democratic spirit of the Republic as the basis for the regulation of the armed forces. The Constitution establishes a progressive form of taxation , which requires every citizen to contribute to public expenditure in accordance with their capability. Also, Article 54 states that every citizen has

207-643: A final settlement of the status of the territories (in fact in 1947 most of these territories were then annexed by Yugoslavia after the Paris peace treaties of 1947 , such as most of the Julian March and the Dalmatian city of Zara ). Piero Calamandrei , a professor of law, an authority on civil procedure, spoke in 1955 about World War II and the formation of the Italian constitution: If you want to go on

276-523: A legal settlement, entail change of borders, spending or new legislation. Budget and financial statements introduced by the Government must be passed by the Parliament every year, while provisional implementation of the budget may not be allowed except by law and for no longer than four months. The budget must balance revenue and expenditure , taking account of the adverse and favourable phases of

345-479: A pilgrimage to the place where our constitution was created, go to the mountains where partisans fell, to the prisons where they were incarcerated and to the fields where they were hanged. Wherever an Italian died to redeem freedom and dignity, go there, young people, and ponder: because that was where our constitution was born. The groups that composed the Constituent Assembly covered a wide range of

414-515: A reasoned opinion. If such law is passed again, the veto is overruled and the President must sign it. The Constitution recognises general referendums for repealing a law or part of it, when they are requested by five hundred thousand voters or five Regional Councils ; while referendums on a law regulating taxes , the budget , amnesty or pardon , or a law ratifying an international treaty are not recognised. Any citizen entitled to vote for

483-559: A small number of senators for life , such as former Presidents , by right unless they resign , and citizens appointed by the President of the Republic , in number up to five, for having brought honour to the nation with their achievements in the social , scientific , artistic and literary fields. All voters over the age of forty are eligible to be senators. Disqualifications for the office of deputy or senator are determined by law and verified for members by each House even after

552-427: A unified representation that is proportional to their membership, enter into collective labour agreements that have a mandatory effect on all persons belonging to the categories referred to in the agreement. The right to strike is recognised within the limits of the law. The Constitution recognises free enterprise , on condition it does not damage the common good , safety , liberty , human dignity , health , or

621-403: Is prohibited for political offences . Public officials and public agencies are directly responsible under criminal , civil , and administrative law for acts committed in violation of rights. Civil liabilities are also extended to the Government and to the public agencies involved. The Constitution recognises the family as a natural society founded on marriage , while marriage

690-615: Is composed of 139 articles (five of which were later abrogated) and arranged into three main parts: Principi Fondamentali , the Fundamental Principles (articles 1–12); Part I concerning the Diritti e Doveri dei Cittadini , or Rights and Duties of Citizens (articles 13–54); and Part II the Ordinamento della Repubblica , or Organisation of the Republic (articles 55–139); followed by 18 Disposizioni transitorie e finali ,

759-475: Is directly elected by the citizens of each region, with the exceptions of Aosta Valley and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol regions where the president is chosen by the regional council. Under the 1995 electoral law, the winning coalition receives an absolute majority of seats on the council. The president chairs the giunta , and nominates or dismisses its members, called assessori . If the directly elected president resigns, new elections are called immediately. In

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828-467: Is recognised in Article 32 both as a fundamental right of the individual and as a collective interest, and free medical care is guaranteed to the indigent , and paid for by the taxpayers . Nobody can be forced to undergo any health treatment, except under the provisions of the law ; the law is aimed at the respect of the human dignity . Freedom of education is guaranteed, mentioning in particular

897-403: Is simply regarded as a condition of moral and legal equality between the spouses. The law is supposed to guarantee the unity of the family, through economic measures and other benefits, and the parents have the right and duty to raise and educate their children, even if born out of wedlock . The fulfilment of such duties is provided by the law in the case of incapacity of the parents. Health

966-403: Is still elected on a regional basis, but the number of senators was reduced from 315 to 200, who are now elected by all citizens aged 18 or older, just like deputies (themselves being reduced from 630 to 400). Italians residing abroad now elect 4 senators (and 8 deputies). The remaining 196 senators are assigned to each region proportionally according to their population. The amended Article 57 of

1035-579: Is still not complete. The preamble to the Constitution consists of the enacting formula : The provisional Head of State, by virtue of the deliberations of the Constituent Assembly, which in the session of 22 December 1947 approved the Constitution of the Italian Republic; by virtue of Final Provision XVIII of the Constitution; promulgates the Constitution of the Italian Republic in the following text: The Fundamental Principles declare

1104-516: The Aosta Valley , Friuli-Venezia Giulia , Sardinia , Sicily , and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol , allowing them some legislative, administrative and financial power to a varying extent, depending on their specific statute. These regions became autonomous in order to take into account cultural differences and protect linguistic minorities. Moreover, the government wanted to prevent them from potentially seceding or being taken away from Italy after

1173-632: The Chamber of the Deputies , which was elected on a national basis and by all Italian citizens aged 18 or older). No region could have less than 7 senators, except for the two smallest regions: Aosta Valley (1 senator) and Molise (2 senators). From 2006 to 2020, 6 out of 315 senators (and 12 out of 630 deputies) were elected by Italians residing abroad . After two constitutional amendments were passed respectively in 2020 (by constitutional referendum ) and 2021, however, there have been changes. The Senate

1242-581: The Constitution of Italy ( Article 123 ). Although all the regions except Tuscany define themselves in various ways as an "autonomous Region" in the first article of their Statutes, fifteen regions have ordinary statutes and five have special statutes, granting them extended autonomy. These regions, whose statutes are approved by their regional councils, were created in 1970, even though the Italian Constitution dates back to 1948. Since

1311-610: The Judiciary stating a reason , and outside the limits imposed by the law. Every citizen is free to travel , both outside and inside the territory of the Republic , with restrictions granted by law only for possible health and security reasons. Citizens have the right to freely assemble , both in private and public places, peacefully and unarmed . Notifications to the authorities is required only for large meetings on public lands, which might be prohibited only for proven reason of security or public safety. The Constitution recognises

1380-532: The Parliament as a bicameral entity , consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate of the Republic , which are elected every five years with no extension, except by law and only in the case of war, and which meet in joint session only in cases established by the Constitution. The Chamber of deputies is elected by direct and universal suffrage . There are 400 deputies, eight of which are elected in

1449-401: The economic cycle , which can be the only justification for borrowing . New or increased expenditure must be introduced by laws providing for the resources to cover it. Both Houses can conduct enquiries on matters of public interest, through a Committee of its Members representing the proportionality of existing parties . A Committee of Enquiry may conduct investigations and examination with

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1518-431: The environment . The Republic is supposed to establish appropriate regulations on both public and private-sector economic activities , in order to orient them toward social and environmental purposes. Public and private properties are recognised, guaranteed and regulated by the law, with particular mention of the regulation of inheritance and the possibility of expropriation with obligation of compensation in

1587-423: The freedom of association , within the limits of criminal law . Secret associations and organisations having military character are forbidden. Freedom of expression , press and religion are guaranteed in public places, except for those acts which are considered offensive by public morality . For example, hate speech , calumny and obscenity in the public sphere are considered criminal offences by

1656-519: The international law and the rights of the foreigner, in particular the right of asylum for people who are denied in their home country the freedoms guaranteed by the Italian Constitution, or who are accused of political offences . They also repudiate war of aggression and promote and encourage international organisations aimed to achieve peace and justice among nations, even agreeing to limit sovereignty , on condition of equality with other countries, if necessary to achieve these goals. The last of

1725-421: The legislative power to both Houses, and bills can be introduced by the Government , by a member of Parliament and by other entities as established by the Constitution. The citizens can also propose bills drawn up in articles and signed by at least fifty-thousand voters. Each House shall establish rules for reviewing a bill, starting with the scrutiny by a Committee and then the consideration section by section by

1794-423: The overseas constituencies , while the number of seats among the other electoral districts is obtained by dividing the number of citizens residing in the territory of the Republic by 392 and by distributing the seats proportionally to the population in every electoral district, on the basis of whole shares and highest remainders. All voters over the age of twenty-five are eligible to be deputies. The Senate of

1863-504: The political spectrum , with the prevalence of three major groups, namely Christian democratics , liberals and leftists . All these groups were deeply anti-fascist , so there was general agreement against an authoritarian constitution, putting more emphasis on the legislative power and making the executive power dependent on it . All the different political and social views of the Assembly contributed in shaping and influencing

1932-502: The public interest . Also, to ensure the rational use of land and equitable social relationships, there could be constraints on the private ownership and size of land. The Republic protects, promotes and regulates small and medium-sized businesses , cooperatives and handicrafts and recognises the right of workers to collaborate in the management of enterprises , within the limits of the law. Private savings and credit operations are encouraged, protected and overseen. Article 48 of

2001-633: The right to work is also recognized, with labour considered the foundation of the Republic and a mean to achieve individual and social development: every citizen has a duty to contribute to the development of the society, as much as they can, and the Government must ensure the freedom and equality of every citizen. While the Principles recognise the territorial integrity of the Republic, they also recognise and promote local autonomies and safeguard linguistic minorities . They also promote scientific, technical, and cultural development , and safeguard

2070-494: The territory of the Republic . Every elected official is entitled to the time needed to perform that function and to retain a previously held job. Article 52 states that the defence of the homeland is mandatory and the "sacred duty for every citizen". It also stipulates that national service is performed within the limits and in the manner set by law. Since 2003, Italy has no more conscription , even though it can be reinstated if required. The fulfilment of which cannot prejudice

2139-488: The Chamber of Deputies has the right to vote in a referendum, and if the majority of those eligible has voted and a majority of valid votes has been achieved, the referendum is considered carried. The Government cannot have legislative functions, except for a limited times and for specific purposes established in cases of necessity and urgency, and cannot issue a decree having the force of a law without an enabling act from

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2208-639: The Constituent Assembly, of which 21 were women, with 9 from the Christian Democratic group, 9 from the Communist group, 2 from the Socialist group, and 1 from the Common Man's group. These members came from all walks of life, including politicians, philosophers and partisans ; and many of them went on to become important figures in the Italian political history . The Constitution

2277-549: The Constitution provides that no region can have fewer than 3 senators representing it, barring Aosta Valley and Molise, which retained 1 and 2 senators respectively. Constitution of Italy#Art. 117 The Constitution of the Italian Republic ( Italian : Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana ) was ratified on 22 December 1947 by the Constituent Assembly , with 453 votes in favour and 62 against, before coming into force on 1 January 1948, one century after

2346-528: The Constitution recognises the right to vote of every citizen, male or female, at home or abroad , who has attained majority , that is eighteen years of age. Voting is also considered a civic duty and the law must guarantee that every citizen is able to fulfill this right, establishing among other things, in 2000, overseas constituencies represented in the Parliament . The right to vote cannot be restricted except for civil incapacity, irrevocable penal sentences or in cases of moral unworthiness as laid down by

2415-422: The Constitution, the Republic protects labour in all its forms and practices, providing for training and professional advancement of workers, promoting and encouraging international agreements and organisations that protect labour rights . It also gives the freedom to emigrate and protects Italian workers abroad . Unfree labour is outlawed, with workers having the right to a salary commensurate with

2484-496: The Eastern Rhaetian Alps are: Regions of Italy The regions of Italy ( Italian : regioni d'Italia ) are the first-level administrative divisions of the Italian Republic , constituting its second NUTS administrative level. There are twenty regions, five of which are autonomous regions with special status . Under the Constitution of Italy , each region is an autonomous entity with defined powers. With

2553-470: The Houses may be convened by its President , the President of the Republic or a third of its members; and in such cases the other House is convened as a matter of course. The President and Bureau of each House is elected among its member and during joint sessions the President and Bureau are those of the Chamber of Deputies. Each House adopts its rules by an absolute majority and, unless otherwise decided,

2622-559: The Italian Criminal Code . Every citizen is protected from political persecution and cannot be subjected to personal or financial burden outside of the law . The right to a fair trial is guaranteed, with everyone having the right to protect their rights regardless of their economic status. Conditions and forms of reparation in case of judicial errors are defined by the law, and retroactive laws are not recognized, therefore nobody can be convicted for an action which

2691-400: The Parliament. Temporary measures shall lose effect from the beginning if not transposed into law by the Parliament within sixty days of their publication. Parliament may regulate the legal relations arisen from the rejected measures. The Constitution gives to the Parliament the authority to declare a state of war and to vest the necessary powers into the Government . The Parliament has also

2760-418: The Principles establishes the Italian tricolour as the flag of Italy : green, white and red, in three vertical bands of equal dimensions. Articles 13–28 are the Italian equivalent of a bill of rights in common law jurisdictions. The Constitution recognises habeas corpus and the presumption of innocence ; violations of personal liberties , properties and privacy are forbidden without an order of

2829-432: The Republic is elected by direct and universal suffrage . There are 200 senators, four of whom are elected in the overseas constituencies , while the others are elected on a regional basis in proportion to the population of each Region similarly to the method used for the Chamber of deputies , with no Region having fewer than three senators, except for Molise having two, and Valle d'Aosta having one. There are also

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2898-507: The Transitory and Final Provisions. It is important to note that the Constitution primarily contains general principles; it is not possible to apply them directly. As with many written constitutions, only few articles are considered to be self-executing. The majority require enabling legislation, referred to as accomplishment of constitution . This process has taken decades and some contend that, due to various political considerations, it

2967-490: The Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol region, the regional council is made up of the joint session of the two provincial councils of Trentino and of South Tyrol. The regional president is one of the two provincial commissioners. Article 57 of the Constitution of Italy originally established that the Senate of the Republic was to be elected on a regional basis by Italian citizens aged 25 or older (unlike

3036-412: The approval by the Parliament , laws are promulgated by the President of the Republic within one month or a deadline established by an absolute majority of the Parliament for laws declared urgent. A law is published immediately after promulgation and comes into force on the fifteenth day after publication, unless otherwise established. The President can veto a bill and send it back to Parliament stating

3105-426: The authority to grant amnesties and pardons through a law having a two-thirds majority in both Houses, on each section and on the final vote, and having a deadline for implementation. Such amnesties and pardons cannot be granted for crimes committed after the introduction of such bill. Parliament can authorise by law the ratification of such international treaties as have a political nature, require arbitration or

3174-513: The constitutional reform of 2001 they have had residual legislative powers: the regions have exclusive legislative power with respect to any matters not expressly reserved to state law ( Article 117 ). Yet their financial autonomy is quite modest: they keep just 20% of all levied taxes, mostly used to finance the region-based healthcare system . Article 116 of the Italian Constitution grants home rule to five regions, namely

3243-519: The defeat in World War II . Each region has an elected parliament, called Consiglio Regionale (regional council), or Assemblea Regionale (regional assembly) in Sicily, and a government called Giunta Regionale (regional committee), headed by a governor called Presidente della Giunta Regionale (president of the regional committee) or Presidente della Regione (regional president). The latter

3312-454: The duty to be loyal to the Republic and to uphold its Constitution and laws. Elected officials have the duty to fulfil their functions with discipline and honour , taking an oath to that effect in those cases established by law. Power is divided among the executive, the legislative and judicial branches; the Constitution establishes the balancing and interaction of these branches, rather than their rigid separation. Article 55 establishes

3381-466: The election; and nobody can be a member of both Houses at the same time. New elections must take place within seventy days from the end of the term of the old Parliament. The first meeting is convened no later than twenty days after the elections, and until such time the powers of the previous Houses are extended . In default of any other provisions, Parliament has to be convened on the first working day of February and October. Special sessions for one of

3450-531: The environmental, historical, and artistic heritage of the nation , with a particular mention of the protection of the environment , the biodiversity , and the ecosystems in the interest of future generations . The State and the Catholic Church are recognised as independent and sovereign , each within its own sphere. Freedom of religion is also recognised, with all religions having the right of self-organisation, as long as they do not conflict with

3519-513: The exception of the Aosta Valley (since 1945) and Friuli-Venezia Giulia (2018–2020), each region is divided into a number of provinces . During the Kingdom of Italy , regions were mere statistical districts of the central state. Under the Republic, they were granted a measure of political autonomy by the 1948 Italian Constitution . The original draft list comprised the Salento region (which

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3588-491: The final text of the Constitution. For example, constitutional protections concerning marriage and the family reflect natural law themes as viewed by Roman Catholics , while those concerning workers' rights reflect socialist and communist views. This has been repeatedly described as the constitutional compromise, and all the parties that shaped the Constitution were referred to as the arco costituzionale (literally, " Constitutional Arch "). There were 556 members of

3657-502: The foundations on which the Republic is established, starting with its democratic nature , in which the sovereignty belongs to the people and is exercised by the people in the forms and within the limits of the Constitution. The Principles recognise the dignity of the person, both as an individual and in social groups, expressing the notions of solidarity and equality without distinction of sex, race, language, religion, political opinion, personal and social conditions. For this purpose,

3726-500: The free teaching of the arts and sciences . General rules of education are established by law, which also establishes public schools of all branches and grades. The Constitution prescribes examinations for admission to and graduation from the various branches and grades and for qualification to exercise a profession. Private schools are required to meet the same standards of education and qualifications, while universities and academies can establish their own regulations within

3795-528: The law, and the possibility to establish a relation with the State through agreements. In particular, Article 7 recognises the Lateran Treaty of 1929, which gave a special status to the Catholic Church , and allows modification to such treaty without the need of constitutional amendments . In fact, the treaty was later modified by a new agreement between church and state in 1984. The Principles mention

3864-467: The law. Political parties may be freely established and petitions to Parliament by private citizens are recognised in order to promote the democratic process and express the needs of the people. Any citizen, male or female, at home or abroad , is eligible for public office on the conditions established by law. To this end, the Republic adopts specific measures to promote equal opportunities between men and women, and for Italians not resident in

3933-409: The limits of the law. Education is also a right , with a compulsory and free primary education , given for at least eight years. The highest levels of education are a right also for capable and deserving pupils, regardless of their financial status. To this end scholarships , allowances to families and other benefits can be assigned by the Republic through competitive examinations. According to

4002-417: The opinions expressed or votes cast while performing their functions, and cannot be submitted to personal or home search, arrested, detained or otherwise deprived of personal freedoms without the authorisation of their House, except when a final court sentence is enforced, or when the member is apprehended in flagrante delicto . The salary of the members of Parliament is established by law. Article 70 gives

4071-484: The opposition Italian Communist Party to gain power in the regions where it was historically rooted (the red belt of Emilia-Romagna , Tuscany , Umbria and the Marches ). Regions acquired a significant level of autonomy following a constitutional reform in 2001 (brought about by a centre-left government and confirmed by popular referendum), which granted them residual policy competence. A further federalist reform

4140-454: The previous Constitution of the Kingdom of Italy had been enacted. The text, which has since been amended sixteen times , was promulgated in an extraordinary edition of Gazzetta Ufficiale on 27 December 1947. The Constituent Assembly was elected by universal suffrage on 2 June 1946, on the same day as the referendum on the abolition of the monarchy was held, and it was formed by

4209-686: The protection of mother and child. A minimum age for paid labour is established by law, with special provisions protecting the work of minors . Welfare support is available to every citizen unable to work , disabled or lacking the necessary means of subsistence. Workers are entitled to adequate help in the case of accident , sickness , disability , old age and involuntary unemployment . Private-sector assistance may be freely provided. Trade unions may be freely established without obligations, except for registration at local or central offices and requirements such as internal democratic structures. Registered trade unions have legal personality and may, through

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4278-425: The quantity and quality of their work and a minimum wage guaranteed in order to ensure them and their families a free and dignified existence . The law establishes maximum daily working hours and the right to a weekly rest day and paid annual holidays cannot be waived. Equal rights and equal pay for women are recognised; working conditions must allow women to fulfil their role in the family and must ensure

4347-589: The regions, ranging from 55.3% in favour in Veneto to 82% against in Calabria . Number of regions governed by each coalition since 1995: Macroregions are the first-level NUTS of the European Union . Every region has a statute that serves as a regional constitution, determining the form of government and the fundamental principles of the organization and the functioning of the region, as prescribed by

4416-473: The representatives of all the anti-fascist forces that contributed to the defeat of Nazi and Fascist forces during the liberation of Italy . The election was held in all Italian provinces, except the provinces of Bolzano , Gorizia , Trieste , Pola , Fiume and Zara , located in territories not administered by the Italian government but by the Allied authorities, which were still under occupation pending

4485-486: The sittings are public. Members of the Government have the right and, if demanded, the obligation to attend, and shall be heard when they so request. The quorum for decisions in each House and in a joint session is a majority of the members, and the Constitution prescribes the majority required of those present for passing a decision. Members of Parliament do not have a binding mandate, cannot be held accountable for

4554-419: The whole House, which will then put it to a final vote. The ordinary procedure for consideration and direct approval by each House must be followed for bills regarding constitutional and electoral matters, delegating legislation, ratification of international treaties and the approval of budgets and accounts. The rules shall also establish the ways in which the proceedings of Committees are made public. After

4623-522: Was eventually included in Apulia ); Friuli and Venezia Giulia were separate regions, and Basilicata was named Lucania . Abruzzo and Molise were identified as separate regions in the first draft, but were later merged into Abruzzi e Molise in the final constitution of 1948, before being separated in 1963. Implementation of regional autonomy was postponed until the first Regional elections of 1970. The ruling Christian Democracy party did not want

4692-467: Was not illegal at the time in which it took place. Criminal responsibility is considered personal, therefore collective punishments are not recognized. A defendant is considered innocent until proven guilty , and punishments are aimed at the rehabilitation of the convicted. The death penalty and cruel and unusual punishments are prohibited. Extradition of citizens is not permitted outside of those cases provided by international conventions , and

4761-463: Was proposed by the regionalist party Lega Nord and in 2005, the centre-right government led by Silvio Berlusconi proposed a new reform that would have greatly increased the power of regions. The proposals, which had been particularly associated with Lega Nord , and seen by some as leading the way to a federal state, were rejected in the 2006 Italian constitutional referendum by 61.7% "no" to 38.3% "yes". The results varied considerably among

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