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43-585: International Territorial Level ( ITL ) is a geocode standard for referencing the subdivisions of the United Kingdom for statistical purposes, used by the Office for National Statistics (ONS). From 2003 and until 2020 it functioned as part of the European Union and European Statistical System 's geocode standard Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics or NUTS. Following Brexit ,

86-568: A country , is also a valid postal code. Not all postal codes are geographic, and for some postal code systems, there are codes that are not geocodes (e.g. in UK system ). Samples, not a complete list: Geocodes in use for telephony or radio broadcasting scope: Geocodes in use and with specific scope: Other geocodes: Some standards and name servers include: ISO 3166, FIPS, INSEE, Geonames, IATA and ICAO . A number of commercial solutions have also been proposed: Labelling Labelling or using

129-454: A hierarchical geocode system with same prefix represents different parts of the same location. For instance DE.NW.CE and DE.NW.BN represents geographically interior parts of DE.NW , the common prefix. Changing the subdivision criteria we can obtain other hierarchical systems. For example, for hydrological criteria there is a geocode system, the US's hydrologic unit code (HUC), that

172-425: A label is describing someone or something in a word or short phrase. For example, the label "criminal" may be used to describe someone who has broken a law. Labelling theory is a theory in sociology which ascribes labelling of people to control and identification of deviant behaviour. It has been argued that labelling is necessary for communication. However, the use of the term is often intended to highlight

215-458: A mosaic of subdivisions. Each subdivision can be partitioned again, recursively , resulting in an hierarchical mosaic. When subdivisions's names are expressed as codes, and code syntax can be decomposed into a parent-child relations, through a well-defined syntactic scheme, the geocode set configures a hierarchical system. A geocode fragment (associated to a subdivision name) can be an abbreviation, numeric or alphanumeric code. A popular example

258-511: A common identity is seen as essential in identity politics . Labelling is often equivalent to pigeonholing or the use of stereotypes and can suffer from the same problems as these activities. The labelling of people can be related to a reference group . For example, the labels black and white are related to black people and white people ; the labels young and old are related to young people and old people . The labelling of works of art can be related to genre . For example,

301-467: A fine-grained schema, by longer path of keys. For example, the Geohash 6vd2 , which is a base32 code, can be expanded to base4 0312312002 , which is also a schema with per-digit keys. Geometrically, each Geohash cell is a rectangle that subdivides space recurrently into 32 new rectangles, so, base4 subdividing into 4, is the encoding-expansion limit. The uniformity of shape and area of cells in

344-475: A given location has not been assigned an address by authorities. They can also be used as an "alternative address" if it can be converted to a Geo URI . Even if the geocode is not the official designation for a location, it can be used as a "local standard" to allow homes to receive deliveries, access emergency services, register to vote, etc. Geocodes in use, as postal codes . A geocode recognized by Universal Postal Union and adopted as "official postal code" by

387-567: A grid can be important for other uses, like spatial statistics . There are standard ways to build a grid covering the entire globe with cells of equal area, regular shape and other properties: Discrete Global Grid System (DGGS) is a series of discrete global grids satisfying all standardized requirements defined in 2017 by the OGC . When human-readable codes obtained from cell identifiers of a DGGS are also standardized, it can be classified as DGGS based geocode system . There are also mixed systems, using

430-504: A location . For example, for ISO, the country name “People's Republic of China” is a label. Geocodes are mainly used (in general as an atomic data type ) for labelling , data integrity , geotagging and spatial indexing . In theoretical computer science a geocode system is a locality-preserving hashing function . There are some common aspects of many geocodes (or geocode systems ) that can be used as classification criteria: The set of all geocodes used as unique identifiers of

473-409: A mixed reference convention, the system must be reversible. Pure name-and-grid systems, like Mapcode , with no way to transform it into a global code, is not a mixed reference, because there is no algorithm to transform the mixed geocode into a grid-based geocode. Geocodes in use and with general scope: Geocodes can be used in place of official street names and/or house numbers , particularly when

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516-426: A new local grid, in a recurring process . In the illustrated example, the cell TQ 2980 is a sub-cell of TQ 29 , that is a sub-cell of TQ . A system of geographic regular grid references is the base of a hierarchical geocode system . Two geocodes of a hierarchical geocode grid system can use the prefix rule: geocodes with same prefix represents different parts of the same broader location . Using again

559-404: A piece of music may be described as progressive rock or indie or ragga jungle drum and bass. However, there are other labels that can be applied to a work, such as derivative , low or high . The use of the word labelling is less common in the context of works of art than people. However, it also often represents the rejection of a label. For example, an artist may feel that the labeller

602-640: A single or a group of two or three boroughs. Following Brexit, the classification used by the ONS was replaced with ITLs. Between 2021 and the next review scheduled for 2024, the ITLs are a mirror of the NUTS classification adopted in 2018. All NUTS codes containing "UK" were changed to use "TL" for Territorial Level . Below the ITL levels, the two LAU (Local Administrative Units) levels are: The two LAU levels are maintained by

645-419: A suitable sufficiently close locality. When the mixed reference is also short (9 characters in the second example) and there are a syntax convention to express it (suppose  CP‑PR~bgxed ), this convention is generating a new name-and-grid geocode system . This is not the case of the first example because, strictly speaking, "Cape Verde, Praia" is not a code. To be both, a name-and-grid system and also

688-433: A syntactical partition, where for example the first part (code prefix) is a name-code and the other part (code suffix) is a grid-code. Example: For mnemonic coherent semantics, in fine-grained geocode applications, the mixed solutions are most suitable. Any geocode system based on regular grid , in general is also a shorter way to express a latitudinal/longitudinal coordinate. But a geocode with more than 6 characters

731-409: A table of official names, and the corresponding official codes and geometries (typically polygon of administrative areas). "Official" in the context of control and consensus, typically a table controlled by a standards organization or governmental authority. So, the most general case is a table of standard names and the corresponding standard codes (and its official geometries). Strictly speaking,

774-476: Is a numeric representation of basin names in a hierarchical syntax schema (first level illustred). For example, the HUC 17 is the identifier of " Pacific Northwest Columbia basin "; HUC 1706 of " Lower Snake basin ", a spatial subset of HUC 17 and a superset of 17060102 ("Imnaha River"). Inspired in the classic alphanumeric grids , a discrete global grid ( DGG ) is a regular mosaic which covers

817-416: Is also a geocoder . Sometimes names are translated into numeric codes, to be compact or machine-readable. Since numbers, in this case, are name identifiers, we can consider "numeric names" — so this set of codes will be a kind of "system of standard names". In the geocode context, space partitioning is the process of dividing a geographical space into two or more disjoint subsets , resulting in

860-407: Is attempting to restrict the scope of the artist's work to that which is covered by the label. Labelling on the web represents the chunks of information in information environments, where labelling is perhaps the most obvious way to show a site's organization schemes across multiple systems and contexts. Labelling systems are one of the major components in information architecture , and one of

903-498: Is constrained. In context of argumentation and debate, labelling a debater or position is often (whether consciously or unconsciously) used as a " red herring " to divert or dismiss the argument, instead of valid argumentation . Often in the form of ad hominem association fallacy aiming at accrediting or discrediting the argument or the debater by associating them with an emotionally charged label. Typically negatively; labelling it as ridiculous or despicable , though it can also go

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946-500: Is dated 21 November 2016 and was effective from 1 January 2018, listed 12 regions at NUTS 1, 40 regions at NUTS 2, and 174 regions at NUTS 3 level. The 12 ITL regions of the United Kingdom are listed below. Population numbers are for mid-2019 (as NUTS 1), and areas are in square kilometres. Data is from the Office for National Statistics . In the first version in 2003, North Eastern Scotland (which then included part of Moray)

989-414: Is difficult for remember. On the other hand, a geocode based on standard name (or abbreviation or the complete name) is easier to remember. This suggests that a "mixed code" can solve the problem, reducing the number of characters when a name can be used as the "context" for the grid-based geocode. For example, in a book where the author says "all geocodes here are contextualized by the chapter's city". In

1032-444: Is no standard, but common categories might be: Index terms are often referred to as keywords, tags, descriptive metadata, taxonomies, controlled vocabularies, and thesauri. Such labelling systems can describe any type of content such as sites, subsites, pages, or content chunks. Icons can serve as a substitute for text to represent information. Iconic labels are used as navigation systems, especially in mobile apps, where screen space

1075-612: Is the ISO 3166-2 geocode system, representing country names and the names of respective administrative subdivisions separated by hyphen. For example DE is Germany , a simple geocode, and its subdivisions (illustrated) are DE-BW for Baden-Württemberg , DE-BY for Bayern , ..., DE-NW for Nordrhein-Westfalen , etc. The scope is only the first level of the hierarchy. For more levels there are other conventions, like HASC code. The HASC codes are alphabetic and its fragments have constant length (2 letters). Examples: Two geocodes of

1118-441: The "name" related to a geocode is a toponym , and the table (e.g. toponym to standard code) is the resource for toponym resolution : is the relationship process , usually effectuated by a software agent, between a toponym and "an unambiguous spatial footprint of the same place". Any standardized system of toponym resolution, having codes or encoded abbreviations, can be used as geocode system . The "resolver" agent in this context

1161-557: The Greater London NUTS 1 area was left unchanged however the previous NUTS 2 area of inner and outer London were abolished and with the previous NUTS 3 areas becoming NUTS 2 areas. Thus NUTS 2 of Inner London West UKI11 becoming the NUTS 3 area of UKI3 and likewise: Inner London East (from UKI12 to UKI4), Outer London East and North East (from UKI21 to UKI5), Outer London South (from UKI22 to UKI6) and Outer London West and North West (from UKI23 to UKI7). The NUTS 3 areas are now

1204-470: The ONS set to develop a domestic statistical classification framework separate from NUTS. Currently, the ITLs are a mirror to the pre-existing NUTS system, they retain the same three level hierarchy and boundaries used for NUTS in the United Kingdom since 2018, with the next review scheduled for 2024. ITLs are set to follow a similar review timetable to NUTS, being reviewed every three years. The ONS will develop new official GSS codes of ITL geography aligned with

1247-535: The UK Office for National Statistics within the ONS coding system . The LAU codes of the United Kingdom can be downloaded here: [1] [REDACTED] Geocode Typical geocodes and entities represented by it: The ISO 19112:2019 standard (section 3.1.2) adopted the term "geographic identifier" instead geocode, to encompass long labels: spatial reference in the form of a label or code that identifies

1290-446: The case of OLC there is a second key schema, after the + separator: 58PJ642P+48 is the key 2 of the cell  58PJ642P+4 . It uses two key schemas. Some geocodes systems (e.g. S2 geometry) also use initial prefix with non-hierarchical key schema. In general, as technical and non-compact optional representation, geocode systems (based on hierarchical grids) also offer the possibility of expressing their cell identifier with

1333-425: The cell ID is standardized, it becomes a geocode. Geocodes of different geocode systems can represent the same position in the globe, with same shape and precision, but differ in string -length, digit-alphabet, separators, etc. Non-global grids also differ by scope, and in general are geometrically optimized (avoid overlaps, gaps or loss of uniformity) for the local use. Each cell of a grid can be transformed into

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1376-415: The cells of a full-coverage of the geographic surface (or any well-defined area like a country or the oceans), is a geocode system (also named geocode scheme ). The syntax and semantic of the geocodes are also components of the system definition: Many syntax and semantic characteristics are also summarized by classification. Any geocode can be translated from a formal (and expanded) expression of

1419-448: The chapter about Paris, where all places have a Geohash with prefix u09 , that code can be removed —. For instance Geohash u09tut can be reduced to tut , or, by an explicit code for context "FR-Paris tut ". This is only possible when the context resolution (e.g. translation from "FR-Paris" to the prefix u09 ) is well-known. In fact a methodology exists for hierarchical grid-based geocodes with non-variable size, where

1462-477: The code prefix describes a broader area, which can be associated with a name. So, it is possible to shorten by replacing the prefix to the associated context. The most usual context is an official name. Examples: The examples of the Mixed reference column are significantly easier than remembering DGG code column. The methods vary, for example OLC can be shortened by elimination of its first four digits and attaching

1505-423: The entire Earth's surface (the globe). The regularity of the mosaic is defined by the use of cells of same shape in all the grid, or "near the same shape and near same area" in a region of interest, like a country. All cells of the grid have an identifier (DGG's cell ID), and the center of the cell can be used as reference for cell ID conversion into geographical point. When a compact human-readable expression of

1548-461: The existing NUTS codes. From 1 January 2021, the ONS encourages "ITL" be used as a replacement to the "NUTS" designation, with lookups between NUTS and ITL maintained and published until 2023. The current ITL classification is a mirror of the previous NUTS classification with slight modification, the ONS lists 12 regions at ITL 1, 41 regions at ITL 2, and 179 regions at ITL 3. "UK" in the NUTS codes were replaced with "TL". The last NUTS classification

1591-400: The fact that the label is a description applied from the outside, rather than something intrinsic to the labelled thing. This can be done for several reasons: This last usage can be seen as an accusation that such a short description is overly- reductive . Giving something a label can be seen as positive, but the term label is not usually used in this case. For example, giving a name to

1634-525: The first steps of an information architecture project is to identify, organize and label relevant chunks of information . When creating labels, the goal is to communicate efficiently, and without taking up too much space. Labels should be written in a language that's familiar to the users, and in a way that they will detect new and recognize similar concepts. In an information environment, labels are either textual or iconic. Contextual links are hyperlinks to information on other pages or another location on

1677-436: The geographical entity, or vice versa, the geocode translated to entity. The first is named encode process, the second decode . The actors and process involved, as defined by OGC , are: In spatial indexing applications the geocode can also be translated between human-readable (e.g. hexadecimal ) and internal (e.g. binary 64-bit unsigned integer ) representations. Geocodes like country codes , city codes, etc. comes from

1720-436: The other way round; attempting to gain sympathy for example by promoting the debater or position as authoritative , or by appealing to pity . Using labelling in argumentation this way constitute an informal fallacy . For example: Mario Bunge (1967) rejected labelling (labeling) as 'name calling' and 'pseudo-explanation'. Furthermore, he observed that it 'is conspicuous in ideological debate, in pseudoscience, and even in

1763-415: The same page, and need to draw meaning from their surrounding text. Labels are often used as headings to present subsequent information and create a hierarchy within contents. A hierarchical relationship between headings is established visually through consistent use of numbering, font size, color and styles, white spaces, indentation, or a combination of these items. When used in a navigation system there

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1806-437: The side illustration: TQ 28 and TQ 61 represents geographically interior parts of TQ , the common prefix. Hierarchical geocode can be split into keys. The Geohash 6vd23gq is the key q of the cell 6vd23g , that is a cell of 6vd23 (key g ), and so on, per-digit keys. The OLC 58PJ642P is the key 48 of the cell 58PJ64 , that is a cell of 58Q8 (key 48 ), and so on, two-digit keys. In

1849-686: Was coded UKM1, and Highlands and Islands was coded UKM4. The current NUTS level 1 codes start with "C" (following "UK") rather than "1" because the new list reflected the revised regions of England and local government changes throughout the UK; "1" to "B" had been used for the 11 regions in the previous coding system. NUTS 2006 came into force on 1 January 2008. NUTS 2010 came into force on 1 January 2012. 2010 changes to NUTS 2 also resulting in changes with NUTS 3 regions 2010 changes to NUTS 3 areas without changes occurring to NUTS 2 areas NUTS 2013 came into force on 1 January 2015. 2015 changes to NUTS 3 areas without changes to NUTS 2 areas: In 2015

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