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59-469: Ebensburg is a borough and the county seat of Cambria County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania . It is located 25 miles (40 km) west of Altoona and surrounded by Cambria Township . It is situated in the Allegheny Mountains at about 2,140 feet (650 m) above sea level. Ebensburg is located in a rich bituminous coal region. In the past, sawmills, tanneries, wool mills, and

118-527: A borough (sometimes spelled boro ) is a self-governing municipal entity, equivalent to a town in most jurisdictions, usually smaller than a city , but with a similar population density in its residential areas. Sometimes thought of as "junior cities", boroughs generally have fewer powers and responsibilities than full-fledged cities. All municipalities in Pennsylvania are classified as either cities , boroughs, or townships . The only exception

177-458: A Monastery until 1848 when they returned to Ebensburg. Because of its location, Ebensburg became the crossroads of roads heading North and South, and East to West. Some of the highest traffic passed through here during the gold rush in the West of the late 1840s, and beyond. Because of those travelers to the West, an apartment building situated on the corner of Phaney and East High Streets in town

236-538: A debate club that met regularly in lounges in the town. The mountain town, high in the Alleghenies, attracted Pittsburgh socialites who flocked here to escape the dirty, loud and sickly streets of the industrial city. Locals realized the town's allure; entrepreneurs wrote promotional pamphlets extolling the town's "many days of bright sunshine, its pure artesian well water, its health giving atmosphere, its splendid surroundings - absolutely free from smoke and dust...

295-599: A foundry operated there. The number of residents in 1900 was 1,574, and in 1910, 1,978. The population was 3,351 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Johnstown, Pennsylvania Metropolitan Statistical Area . Ending in Ebensburg is the Ghost Town Trail , a rail trail established in 1991 on the right-of-way of the former Ebensburg and Black Lick Railroad . Also of note, next to the old Cambria County Jail ,

354-456: A gold-bearing vein may be oxidized, so that the gold occurs as native gold, and the ore needs only to be crushed and washed (free milling ore). The first miners may at first build a simple arrastra to crush their ore; later, they may build stamp mills to crush ore at greater speed. As the miners venture downwards, they may find that the deeper part of vein contains gold locked in sulfide or telluride minerals , which will require smelting . If

413-561: A hill in the Northwest corner of town, on a tract of land known as "Lloyds Grove." Altoona musician J.W. Leman wrote the "Maple Park March Two-Step" for the hotel. Wealthier townspeople started building their own Victorian homes, and the socialites began to arrive with funds to claim their own slivers of mountain paradise. Among the new buildings was Ormsby Lodge , owned by the Phillips Family. Built in 1889 by Duncan Phillips ,

472-534: A prominent art collector, the lodge was an 18-room Eastlake style, Victorian "cottage" built on the former Belmont Tract of land. Artist Marjorie Acker Phillips , wife of Duncan Phillips, typically summered with her family at the Ormsby estate. Another summer cottage was the Bissel Home, which was designed by architect Stanford White , who also designed Madison Square Garden . David Park of Pittsburgh bought

531-623: A related or even the same name. There are 956 boroughs and 56 cities in Pennsylvania. Many home rule municipalities remain classified as boroughs or townships for certain purposes, even if the state's borough and township codes no longer apply to them. Gold rush In the 19th century, the wealth that resulted was distributed widely because of reduced migration costs and low barriers to entry. While gold mining itself proved unprofitable for most diggers and mine owners, some people made large fortunes, and merchants and transportation facilities made large profits. The resulting increase in

590-407: A transition through progressively higher capital expenditures, larger organizations, and more specialized knowledge. A rush typically begins with the discovery of placer gold made by an individual. At first the gold may be washed from the sand and gravel by individual miners with little training, using a gold pan or similar simple instrument. Once it is clear that the volume of gold-bearing sediment

649-414: Is larger than a few cubic metres, the placer miners will build rockers or sluice boxes, with which a small group can wash gold from the sediment many times faster than using gold pans. Winning the gold in this manner requires almost no capital investment, only a simple pan or equipment that may be built on the spot, and only simple organisation. The low investment, the high value per unit weight of gold, and

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708-699: Is the Veterans Park of Cambria County honoring the men from Cambria County who fought in the Revolutionary War , War of 1812 , Mexican-American War , Civil War , and the Spanish-American War . Ebensburg originated in November 1796, when Congregational minister Rees Lloyd led a small party of 20 Welsh people from Philadelphia to the lands that Morgan John Rhees had chosen for his colony. They selected an attractive spot in

767-417: Is the town of Bloomsburg , recognized by the state government as the only incorporated town in Pennsylvania. Boroughs tend to have more developed business districts and concentrations of public and commercial office buildings, including courthouses. Boroughs are larger, less spacious, and more developed than the relatively rural townships, which often have the greater territory and even surround boroughs of

826-500: Is water. As of the census of 2010, there were 3,351 people and 1,612 households within the borough. The population density was 1,971.2 inhabitants per square mile (761.1/km). There were 1,742 housing units at an average density of 1,024.7 per square mile (395.6/km). The racial make-up of the borough was 98.27% White , 0.48% African American , 0.69% Asian , 0.12% Native American , 0.01% from other races , and 0.36% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.48% of

885-463: The 54th Pennsylvania . Evans "wrested the colors from a color bearer of a Tennessee regiment [sic], sending the color bearer to the rear." Evans is buried at Bethel Cemetery in Ebensburg. In the years following the Civil War, Ebensburg flourished, and became a prosperous town. The wealthy built grand homes to flank the streets, their lavish carriages rolled down the roads, and local gentleman formed

944-605: The Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13, 1862, the 133rd participated in the final charge on Marye's Heights , suffering heavy losses. As well, Company A – known as the Cambria Guards – of the 11th Pennsylvania Reserves hailed from Ebensburg and surrounding towns in Cambria County. This company was about 80 men strong, and its captain was Robert Litzinger of Ebensburg. The 11th Pennsylvania Reserves saw action at

1003-532: The Battle of South Mountain , The Battle of Antietam , and the Battle of Gettysburg . Particularly on the second day's fight at Gettysburg, the 11th participated in a counter-assault down the face of Little Round Top into The Wheatfield to drive out Confederates. Two Ebensburg men received the Medal of Honor in the Civil War: Thomas Evans of Company D, and James Snedden from Company E of

1062-582: The California Dream . Gold rushes helped spur waves of immigration that often led to the permanent settlement of new regions. Activities propelled by gold rushes define significant aspects of the culture of the Australian and North American frontiers . At a time when the world's money supply was based on gold , the newly-mined gold provided economic stimulus far beyond the goldfields, feeding into local and wider economic booms . The Gold Rush

1121-690: The Cariboo district and other parts of British Columbia, in Nevada , in the Rocky Mountains in Colorado , Idaho , Montana , eastern Oregon , and western New Mexico Territory and along the lower Colorado River . There was a gold rush in Nova Scotia (1861–1876) which produced nearly 210,000 ounces of gold. Resurrection Creek , near Hope, Alaska was the site of Alaska's first gold rush in

1180-547: The Pennsylvania Highland Community College has one of their satellite sites about 2 miles (3.2 km) southwest of the center of town, also off Route 22. Ebensburg is located in the center of Cambria County at 40°29′11″N 78°43′32″W  /  40.48639°N 78.72556°W  / 40.48639; -78.72556 (40.486388, -78.725461). Three U.S. highways pass through and intersect around Ebensburg: U.S. Route 22 runs along

1239-584: The Underground Railroad before the war. Abraham A. Barker was involved in the national abolitionist movement before arriving in Ebensburg. He moved to town in 1856 to try to profit from its lucrative lumber industry. Barker lived in a log structure on the North West corner of Locust and High streets. Prior to the Civil War, he assisted a slave brought to him from Bedford on his escape to freedom. The fugitive stayed in his house overnight, and

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1298-490: The Maple Park Springs Hotel and built his own mansion in town. The Johnstown Democrat wrote of the town around this time "that delightful village" of Ebensburg "In many respects is more attractive than Cresson... and it may be truthfully added that its complement of pretty girls is alone enough to give it enviable fame." Residents and visitors' enjoyment was interrupted in 1889 when they heard news that

1357-643: The South in January 1847, becoming Company D of the Second Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteers, called the Highlanders, and had "a very pleasant trip" on their way to New Orleans . They did not see combat until August that year as smallpox put the company in quarantine. Shortly after their release, they saw heavy combat at Contreras , Churubusco , and Chapultepec . Following this they were encamped at

1416-513: The UAE with the exports affirmed by the African states. According to Africa's industrial mining firms, they have not exported any amount of gold to the UAE – confirming that the imports come from other, illegal sources. As per customs data, the UAE imported gold worth $ 15.1 billion from Africa in 2016, with a total weight of 446 tons, in variable degrees of purity. Much of the exports were not recorded in

1475-828: The United States was in Cabarrus County, North Carolina (east of Charlotte), in 1799 at today's Reed's Gold Mine . Thirty years later, in 1829, the Georgia Gold Rush in the southern Appalachians occurred. It was followed by the California Gold Rush of 1848–55 in the Sierra Nevada , which captured the popular imagination. The California Gold Rush led to an influx of gold miners and newfound gold wealth, which led to California's rapid industrialization, as businesses sprung up to serve

1534-658: The ability of gold dust and gold nuggets to serve as a medium of exchange, allow placer gold rushes to occur even in remote locations. After the sluice-box stage, placer mining may become increasingly large scale, requiring larger organisations and higher capital expenditures. Small claims owned and mined by individuals may need to be merged into larger tracts. Difficult-to-reach placer deposits may be mined by tunnels. Water may be diverted by dams and canals to placer mine active river beds or to deliver water needed to wash dry placers. The more advanced techniques of ground sluicing , hydraulic mining and dredging may be used. Typically

1593-510: The average family size was 2.90. In the borough the population was spread out, with 19.2% under the age of 18, 1.9% from 18 to 19, 6.4% from 20 to 24, 12.9% from 25 to 34, 17.4% from 35 to 49, 21.7% from 50 to 64, and 20.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. The population was 46.55% male, and 53.45% female. Borough (Pennsylvania) In the United States Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ,

1652-501: The borough of Ebensburg, there are three public and two private schools. The two private schools are Bishop Carroll High School and Holy Name Elementary. The public schools are Cambria High School, Central Cambria Middle School, and Cambria Elementary. The fourth school of the Central Cambria School District is located about 5 miles (8.0 km) west of the borough, off Route 22 . At the collegiate level,

1711-548: The buildings adjoining were destroyed. Fire companies from many northern Cambria towns were summoned to assist the Ebensburg company. The Johnstown city fire department also went to the scene. The buildings destroyed include the fine building of the Cambria Savings and company, several hotels, a livery barn, a bank building and a number of small office buildings. The telephone communications were cut off. The buildings destroyed were thirteen in number. A cigarette dropped in

1770-485: The city of Johnstown to the south was devastated by a deadly flood after an earthen dam had failed. In February 1915 most of downtown Ebensburg was burned down "by fire which broke out in the pool room of the Mountain House. Every building in the block from the Mountain House to the county court house was destroyed. The loss is estimated between $ 250,000 and $ 300,000. The court house was not damaged although

1829-474: The county seat. With the decision made, Beula faded into obscurity. All that remains is its old cemetery. Ebensburg was described in the 1940 Pennsylvania guide as being: [S]ituated on a rise with streets sloping from its center...founded in the early 1800s by the Reverend Rees Lloyd, a religious dissenter and leader of Welsh immigrants. Ebensburg was chosen as the county seat in 1805 when it

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1888-479: The focus may change progressively from gold to silver to base metals. In this way, Leadville, Colorado started as a placer gold discovery, achieved fame as a silver-mining district, then relied on lead and zinc in its later days. Butte, Montana began mining placer gold, then became a silver-mining district, then became for a time the world's largest copper producer. Various gold rushes occurred in Australia over

1947-437: The heyday of a placer gold rush would last only a few years. The free gold supply in stream beds would become depleted somewhat quickly, and the initial phase would be followed by prospecting for veins of lode gold that were the original source of the placer gold. Hard rock mining, like placer mining, may evolve from low capital investment and simple technology to progressively higher capital and technology. The surface outcrop of

2006-540: The increased population and financial and political institutions to handle the increased wealth. One of these political institutions was statehood; the need for new laws in a sparsely-governed land led to the state's rapid entry into the Union in 1850. The gold rush in 1849 also stimulated worldwide interest in prospecting for gold, leading to further rushes in Australia, South Africa, Wales and Scotland. Successive gold rushes occurred in western North America: Fraser Canyon ,

2065-694: The mid–1890s. Other notable Alaska Gold Rushes were Nome , Fairbanks , and the Fortymile River . One of the last "great gold rushes" was the Klondike Gold Rush in the Yukon Territory (1896–99). This gold rush is featured in the novels of Jack London , and Charlie Chaplin 's film The Gold Rush . Robert William Service depicted in his poetries the Gold Rush, especially in the book The Trail of '98 . The main goldfield

2124-683: The new arrivals who came looking for gold. While some found their fortune, those who did not often remained in the colonies and took advantage of extremely liberal land laws to take up farming. Gold rushes happened at or around: In New Zealand the Otago gold rush from 1861 attracted prospectors from the California gold rush and the Victorian gold rush and many moved on to the West Coast gold rush from 1864. The first significant gold rush in

2183-465: The ore is still sufficiently rich, it may be worth shipping to a distant smelter (direct shipping ore). Lower-grade ore may require on-site treatment to either recover the gold or to produce a concentrate sufficiently rich for transport to the smelter. As the district turns to lower-grade ore, the mining may change from underground mining to large open-pit mining . Many silver rushes followed upon gold rushes. As transportation and infrastructure improve,

2242-501: The poolroom the night previous is believed to have started the fire." According to The Indiana Progress , "Several buildings were dynamited to prevent the spread of the flames." The lowest cost estimate of losses was $ 250,000; the equivalent in 2020 of $ 6,402,920.79. Despite the fire, a number of historic homes and buildings survived. Townspeople recognized the value of these and defined an historic district, identifying which buildings were of quality that contributed to its fabric. In 2019

2301-408: The population. There were 1,612 households, out of which 22.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.3% were married couples living together, 9.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.3% were non-families. 35.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and

2360-466: The railroad became a popular and efficient mode of transportation. Railroads were popular in the nearby town of Cresson , but no main line of railroad ran through Ebensburg. But in 1862, a branch called the "Ebensburg Cresson Rail Road" was built into Ebensburg. Observers said that, although Ebensburg was "industrious and sophisticated in character", it was not going to be an industrial town given its location and geography. Ebensburg had some connections to

2419-668: The region. The gold deposits in this area are identified as one of the largest in the world. In South Africa, the Witwatersrand Gold Rush in the Transvaal was important to that country's history, leading to the founding of Johannesburg and tensions between the Boers and British settlers as well as the Chinese miners. South African gold production went from zero in 1886 to 23% of the total world output in 1896. At

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2478-552: The second half of the 19th century. The most significant of these, although not the only ones, were the New South Wales gold rush and Victorian gold rush in 1851, and the Western Australian gold rushes of the 1890s. They were highly significant to their respective colonies' political and economic development as they brought many immigrants, and promoted massive government spending on infrastructure to support

2537-561: The significance of The Ebensburg Historic District was recognized when it was added to the National Register of Historic Places . The District is bounded roughly by Highland Avenue and West, Sugar, and Triumph streets. Impressionist painter Marjorie Acker Phillips , who had a summer home in Ebensburg known as the Ormsby Lodge , is thought to have drawn inspiration from the nearby countryside for many of her paintings. In

2596-597: The smuggling of billions of dollars' worth of gold out of Africa through the United Arab Emirates in the Middle East , which further acts as a gateway to the markets in the United States , Europe and more. The news agency evaluated the worth and magnitude of illegal gold trade occurring in African nations like Ghana , Tanzania , and Zambia , by comparing the total gold imports recorded into

2655-428: The southern border of the borough, leading east 18 miles (29 km) to Hollidaysburg , south of Altoona, and west 72 miles (116 km) to Pittsburgh . U.S. Route 219 bypasses the borough to the west, with access from two exits (U.S. 22 and U.S. 422). US 219 leads north 58 miles (93 km) to DuBois and south 41 miles (66 km) to Somerset . Finally, the western portion of U.S. Route 422 begins at US 219 on

2714-561: The time of the South African rush, gold production benefited from the newly discovered techniques by Scottish chemists, the MacArthur-Forrest process , of using potassium cyanide to extract gold from low-grade ore. The gold mine at El Callao (Venezuela), started in 1871, was for a time one of the richest in the world, and the goldfields as a whole saw over a million ounces exported between 1860 and 1883. The gold mining

2773-476: The tops of the Allegheny Mountains and settled what would become Ebensburg. They named it for the minister's son Eben Lloyd, who had died in childhood. Lloyd offered land to the government in exchange for Ebensburg becoming the county seat, which the government accepted. A nearby settlement by the name of Beula, Pennsylvania had sprouted just to the West of town with its own intentions of becoming

2832-408: The town is remarkably free from the ills which plague so many localities." This promise of healthy life in the peaks of Ebensburg lured many who could afford so-called "summer cottages" -some were built to a scale akin to mansions. The first wave of tourism was housed in newly built, prominent hotels in grandiose Victorian style that had been developed across town. The Maple Park Springs Hotel sat on

2891-471: The town of Ebensburg, Pennsylvania in the 1840s. He raised a Company of men known as the Cambria Guards who would serve in the Mexican–American War, but Smith could not go. He was "universally accepted as an authority in literary matters and upon historical subjects particularly he was a veritable encyclopedia. His literary style was forcible, direct, and elegant." The Company he raised would embark to

2950-525: The west side of Ebensburg and leads west 26 miles (42 km) to the borough of Indiana . Johnstown , the largest city in Cambria County, is 22 miles (35 km) to the southwest via US 219 and Pennsylvania Route 56 . According to the United States Census Bureau , the borough of Ebensburg has a total area of 1.7 square miles (4.4 km), of which 1.7 square miles (4.3 km) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.1 km), or 2.13%,

3009-406: The world's gold supply stimulated global trade and investment. Historians have written extensively about the mass migration, trade, colonization, and environmental history associated with gold rushes. Gold rushes were typically marked by a general buoyant feeling of a "free-for-all" in income mobility , in which any single individual might become abundantly wealthy almost instantly, as expressed in

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3068-594: The world, according to Communities and Small-Scale Mining (CASM). Approximately 100 million people are directly or indirectly dependent on small-scale mining. For example, there are 800,000 to 1.5 million artisanal miners in Democratic Republic of Congo , 350,000 to 650,000 in Sierra Leone , and 150,000 to 250,000 in Ghana , with millions more across Africa. In an exclusive report, Reuters accounted

3127-514: Was a topic that inspired many TV shows and books considering it was a very important topic at the time. During the time, many books were published including The Call of the Wild , which had much success during the period. Gold rushes occurred as early as the times of ancient Greece , whose gold mining was described by Diodarus Sicules and Pliny the Elder . Within each mining rush there is typically

3186-805: Was along the south flank of the Klondike River near its confluence with the Yukon River near what was to become Dawson City in Yukon Territory, but it also helped open up the relatively new US possession of Alaska to exploration and settlement, and promoted the discovery of other gold finds. The most successful of the North American gold rushes was the Porcupine Gold Rush in Timmins, Ontario area. This gold rush

3245-681: Was dominated by immigrants from the British Isles and the British West Indies, giving an appearance of almost creating an English colony on Venezuelan territory. Between 1883 and 1906 Tierra del Fuego experienced a gold rush attracting many Chileans, Argentines and Europeans to the archipelago. The gold rush began in 1884 following discovery of gold during the rescue of the French steamship Arctique near Cape Virgenes . There are about 10 to 30 million small-scale miners around

3304-538: Was found to be at the geographical center of Cambria County. In 1842 it was still a rarity to have church services here conducted in English rather than the ancient Cambrian tongue . Once a popular resort, Ebensburg is now largely dependent on agriculture, though many residents work in neighboring mines. According to the book Cambria County Pioneers (1910) , a General William Rudolph Smith, son of William Rudolph Smith , and referred to as "Captain" by residents, lived in

3363-405: Was known as "The California House." It operated for years as an inn and tavern, and housed thousands of travelers heading West to find their fortunes. A young local boy called William J. Wherry joined a caravan West. He wrote detailed accounts of his journey in the form of letters to his sister, and claimed to have crossed 600 miles of plains alone on his way to California. But as transport evolved,

3422-725: Was taken a few miles out of Ebensburg the next morning, hidden under a buffalo robe on a sled. According to many townsfolk, Barker was close friends with Abraham Lincoln . He had attended the Chicago Convention of 1860 to nominate Lincoln for the presidency. Barker was later elected to Congress. During the Civil War , men from Ebensburg served in the 133rd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry (particularly companies A, B and F). They fought in Allabach 's brigade ( Humphreys' 3rd Division) at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville . In

3481-500: Was unique compared to others by the method of extraction of the gold. Placer mining techniques were not able to be used to access the gold in the area due to it being embedded into the Canadian Shield , so larger mining operations involving significantly more expensive equipment was required. While this gold rush peaked in the 1940s and 1950s, it is still active today with over 200 million ounces of gold having been produced from

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