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47-459: Écurie Écosse (French for "Scotland Stable") was a motor racing team from Edinburgh , Scotland . The team was founded in November 1951 by Edinburgh businessman and racing driver David Murray and mechanic Wilkie Wilkinson . Its most notable achievement was winning the 1956 and the 1957 24 Hours of Le Mans . The team also raced in three Formula One races. Ecurie Ecosse's cars were always distinctive in their flag blue metallic paint. The name

94-795: A Tojeiro EE , but this too failed to finish after gearbox problems. This would be the last time that the original Ecurie Ecosse team would enter a car for the greatest endurance race in the world. Financial troubles and the self-imposed tax exile of founder David Murray had effectively ended the team's competitive era by the mid-1960s. The drivers included David Murray himself; Jimmy Stewart ; his younger brother, three-time F1 World Champion Jackie Stewart ; fellow F1 drivers Jim Clark and Innes Ireland ; Masten Gregory ; Ian Stewart ; Leslie Thorne ; Ron Flockhart ; Ninian Sanderson ; Roy Salvadori ; Ivor Bueb ; John Lawrence ; Jack Fairman ; Bill Stein ; Edward Labinjoh ; Willie Forbes ; Tom Walkinshaw . The original team ceased operating in 1971, but

141-403: A privateer is usually an entrant into a racing event that is not directly supported by an automobile or motorcycle manufacturer. Privateers teams are often found competing in rally , circuit racing and motorcycle racing events and often include competitors who build and maintain their own vehicles and motorcycles . In previous Formula One seasons, privately owned teams would race using

188-515: A #151A Lotus X1, a #152S BRM and a #154 Ferrari . Although out of production, the Corgi sets have remained popular among collectors. Motor-racing Different manifestations of motorsport with their own objectives and specific rules are called disciplines. Examples include circuit racing , rallying and trials . Governing bodies, also called sanctioning bodies, often have general rules for each discipline, but allow supplementary rules to define

235-433: A distance of eight miles. It was won by the locomotive of Isaac Watt Boulton , one of six he said he had run over the years, perhaps driven by his 22-year-old son, James W. The race was against Daniel Adamson's carriage, likely the one made for Mr. Schmidt and perhaps driven by Mr. Schmidt himself. The reports do not indicate who was driving, since both were violating the red-flag law then fully in force. Boulton's carriage

282-593: A high-speed test, car handling manoeuvres can be tested such as precision drifting , donuts, handbrake turns, reversing and so on. Other disciplines of automobile sport include: The international motorcycle sport governing body recognised by the International Olympic Committee is the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM). Disciplines include: The international powerboating governing body recognised by

329-591: A hill, at private and closed roadways where higher speeds and distances can be reached than at an autotesting course for example. Time attack are terms used by series that run sprints at racing circuits where competitors try to set the quickest lap time rather than racing head-to-head with others. Time trials are run by the Sports Car Club of America , amongst others. Rallysprints are mainly sanctioned and held in continental Europe. Ultimately, they are similar to other time trial sprints but originate from

376-452: A race is between competitors running head-to-head, in its International Sporting Code, the FIA defines racing as two or more cars competing on the same course simultaneously. Circuit racing takes place on sealed-surface courses at permanent autodromes or on temporary street circuits . Competitors race over a set number of laps of the circuit with the winner being the first to finish, or for

423-464: A sealed surface such as asphalt or concrete. Notable off-road races on open terrain include the Baja 1000 desert race, organised by SCORE International . The FIA authorise Extreme E , an electric off-road series whose organisers have announced a hydrogen fuel series, Extreme H, to begin in 2025. Examples of off-road racing disciplines and series include: Drag racing is an acceleration contest from

470-493: A set length of time with the winner having completed the highest number of laps, with others classified subsequently. Circuit racing replaced point-to-point (city-to-city) racing early in the history of motorsport, for both spectator appeal and as safety concerns brought in regulation of the sport, forcing organisers to use closed, marshalled and policed circuits on closed public roads. Aspendale Racecourse in Australia in 1906

517-399: A standing start along a short and straight course. Vehicles of various types can compete, usually between two vehicles. Winners can be the first to finish of competing pairs or by setting the fastest time, and competitions may have heats and/or series of runs. Kart racing is a form of circuit racing using very small and low vehicles not considered as automobiles known as go-karts. It is one of

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564-550: A support crew, and with mobile workshop facilities. The transporter was designed by Selby Howgate and built by coachbuilders Alexander , of Falkirk , Scotland. Based on a Commer chassis, it is powered by a Commer TS3 three-cylinder horizontally-opposed two-stroke diesel engine. From the early 1990s, enthusiast collector Dick Skipworth built up his remarkable Ecurie Ecosse Collection. Into 2013 it comprised Jaguar XK120 , C-Type and D-Type, Tojeiro-Jaguar, Cooper-Climax Monaco, Le Mans Austin-Healey Sprite, Tojeiro EE-Buick Coupe and

611-453: Is a form of motorsport where drivers intentionally lose rolling traction in corners through oversteering but maintain momentum with effective throttle control, clutch use and corrective steering. In competition a panel of judges award marks on artistry and car control through the corner or series of corners. Competitions often feature pairs of cars driving together where a lead car and a chase car go head-to-head, with only one car going through to

658-498: Is called a series, and a grouping of competitions often forms the basis of a championship , cup or trophy . Not all nations have a sporting authority affiliated with the FIA, some disciplines may not fall within the FIA's remit of control, or organisations may choose to ignore the claim of the authority of others. Examples include banger racing and stock car racing in the United Kingdom which are claimed by both

705-412: The 1956 24 Hours of Le Mans , Ron Flockhart and Ninian Sanderson were the winning drivers in a Jaguar D-Type . Ron Flockhart won again with a D-Type in the 1957 event , partnered this time by Ivor Bueb . The team's second D-Type – driven by Sanderson and his new partner John Lawrence  – finished second, a rare privateer 1–2 finish. The 1958 Le Mans race was less successful; both of

752-634: The International Olympic Committee is the Union Internationale Motonautique (UIM). The organisation's origins date back to 1922. The international air sports governing body recognised by the International Olympic Committee is the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). The FAI also governs non-powered air sport such as gliding and ballooning, however its motorised sports include: Privateer (motorsport) In motorsport ,

799-694: The United States , dirt track racing became popular. After World War II , the Grand Prix circuit became more formally organised. In the United States, stock car racing and drag racing became firmly established. The Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), formed in 1904, is the oldest and most prominent international governing body. It claims to be the sole international motor sporting authority for automobiles and other land vehicles with four or more wheels, whilst acknowledging

846-662: The World Drivers' Championship ; ( Italics ) Constructor won the World Constructors' Championship Across 32 seasons, only one privateer team contributed to a Formula One World Championship : Matra International in 1969 . The team—later known as Tyrrell Racing Organisation —helped constructor Matra win the World Constructors' Championship with the MS80 , and driver Jackie Stewart win his maiden World Drivers' Championship . This motorsport-related article

893-631: The ASNs must be obtained to organise events using their rules, and their licenses must be held by participants. Not all ASNs function in the same manner, some are private companies such as Motorsport UK, some are supported by the state such as France's FFSA, or in the case of the US's ACCUS, a council of sanctioning bodies is the national representative at FIA meetings. ASNs, their affiliated clubs or independent commercial promotors organise motorsport events which often include competitions . A collective of events

940-718: The Commer Transporter. On 5 December 2013, this entire collection was sold at auction by Bonhams at New Bond Street, London. The collection sold for a total £8.8-million Sterling – the Transporter alone for a world record £1.8-million. The Le Mans wins captured the public's imagination, and British die-cast model manufacturer Corgi brought out a 1/48 scale model of the transporter in its Corgi Major series, which proved very popular. A number of sets were produced with differing vehicles; for example, Gift Set No 16 issued in 1965 included three racing cars in individual boxes;

987-622: The Ecurie Ecosse D-Types, this time with Masten Gregory and Jack Fairman added to the driver line-up, suffered engine failure within a few laps of the start. The team would again field a D-Type at Le Mans in 1959 , alongside a newly acquired Tojeiro - Jaguar . Once again, neither car made it to the final flag, the D-Type suffering engine failure after 70 laps, and the Tojeiro a fire after 137. Things went from bad to worse for

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1034-639: The Oshkosh and the Green Bay (the machines were referred to by their town of origin). This is examined and illustrated in detail in The Great Race of 1878 by Richard Backus, Farm Collector, May/June 2004. In 1894, the French newspaper Le Petit Journal organised a contest for horseless carriages featuring a run from Paris to Rouen. This is widely accepted as the world's first motorsport event, and

1081-690: The Oval Racing Council and the National Stock car Association, despite the claim by the FIA affiliated ASN, Motorsport UK , to be the "governing body of all four-wheel motorsport in the UK". SCORE International , National Auto Sport Association and National Off-Road Racing Association of the United States are also not members of the FIA affiliation system but may work with members for international matters. Although English dictionaries do not unanimously agree and singularly define that

1128-412: The authority of the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM) over vehicles with one to three wheels, which FIM calls motorcycle sport. FIM and FIA are both recognised as international sports federations by the International Olympic Committee . Within the FIA's structure, each affiliated National Sporting Authority ( ASN ) is recognised as the sole authority in their nation. Permission of

1175-511: The car did take the finish, it came in twelve laps down on the leaders. From this point onward, the team concentrated on sports car events. ( key ) † Not classified; 12 laps behind Écurie Écosse also raced in the European Formula Two Championship , from 1969 until 1971. Their first race was in 1969 at Thruxton where driver Graham Birrell finished 11th in a Brabham BT23C . At Enna , Birrell couldn't start

1222-519: The cars and courses used in special stage rallying with the elements of navigation and itinerary removed, and not necessarily requiring a co-driver to call pacenotes . Rallying involves driving to a set itinerary, following a prescribed route and arriving and departing at control points at set times with penalties applied for diverging from the route or arriving late and early. Rallies nearly always involve routes on open roads, closed special stages are used on some rallies where competitors drive against

1269-516: The character of a particular competition, series or championship. Groups of these are often categorised informally, such as by vehicle type, surface type or propulsion method. Examples of categories within a discipline are formula racing , touring car racing , sports car racing , etc. The first prearranged match race of two self-powered road vehicles over a prescribed route occurred in the north west of England at 4:30 A.M. on August 30, 1867, between Ashton-under-Lyne and Old Trafford, Manchester ,

1316-478: The chassis of another team or constructor in preference to building their own car; the Concorde Agreement now prohibits this practice. Increasingly, the term is being used in a Formula One context to refer to teams, such as Williams , that are not at least part-owned by large corporations . Many privateer entrants compete for the enjoyment of the sport, and are not paid to be racing drivers . From

1363-699: The clock, the winner having the shortest, lowest average or total time. Hillclimbing events often include classes of competition for various categories and ages of vehicle and so may be incorporated into car shows or festivals of motoring such as the Goodwood Festival of Speed . Hill climb courses can be short at less than 1 mile, or several miles long such as the 12.42 mile Pikes Peak course in Colorado , USA. Sprints are governed by national FIA member ASNs in United Kingdom, Ireland and Australia, amongst other places. They are held on courses that do not climb

1410-519: The clock. The classification of these rallies are determined by summing the times set with the fastest crews being victorious, as found in the World Rally Championship . This method is often called rally racing or stage rallying informally, whilst rallies that do not include special stages are distinctly regularity rallies . Rallies that include routes that cover terrain off-road are also known as rally raid or cross-country rallies,

1457-434: The first Concorde Agreement . As of the 2024 Las Vegas Grand Prix , there have been 20 victories by three privateer teams at Formula One Grands Prix : ten by Matra International/Tyrrell Racing , nine by Rob Walker Racing Team and one by FISA . The first win was achieved by Walker at the 1958 Argentine Grand Prix , and the last win was achieved by Tyrrell at the 1970 Spanish Grand Prix . Key: ( Bold ) Driver won

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1504-439: The general form of time trials and sprints. Hillclimbing is the most widely known form of time-trial due to its status as the only time trial or sprint form to have international FIA championships and endorsement. Its origins begin near the start of motorsport, particularly with the trials held that tested the capabilities of early automobiles to tackle uphill gradients. Contestants complete an uphill course individually and against

1551-447: The general rule of participants completing a course individually with the intention of setting the shortest time or highest average speed. This form of motorsport can be recreational or when competitive, rules may vary slightly such as whether to include the total time of several runs, the best time set, or the average pace of multiple courses to classify competitors. Qualifying sessions for circuit races and special stages in rallying take

1598-529: The inaugural 1950 season until 1981 , several privateer teams entered chassis at Formula One Grands Prix . Some of them—such as Tyrrell and Williams —later began to build their own chassis and thus became constructors , as well as works teams . At the 1981 Spanish Grand Prix , Equipe Banco Occidental became the last privateer team to enter Formula One, using a Williams chassis. Privateer entries have been prohibited in Formula One since 1981 under

1645-582: The most famous example being the Dakar Rally . In the United States, the National Off-Road Racing Association (NORRA) was founded in 1967 along with the Baja 1000 . Since the 1990s, this race has been organised by SCORE International whilst NORRA's events have closer followed the FIA regulations and standards for cross country rallies, although the association has no affiliation to ACCUS , the US's FIA member. Drifting

1692-494: The next heat or winning the competition. Autocross has multiple general meanings based on country of use. Also known as Autocross in US and Canada and Autoslalom in Continental Europe, these similar disciplines are held in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand. They involve precise car control, usually but not always against the clock on very short and compact temporary courses. Rather than being

1739-463: The race because he had crashed the car in practice and the team couldn't repair the car before the race. In 1970 Écurie Écosse entered the same car for Birrell. At Crystal Palace , Birrell finished in 11th position. In the next race, held at the Hockenheimring , Birrell finished in 12th position. In Imola , Richard Attwood took over from Birrell; after finishing sixth in the first heat, he

1786-462: The race. For the 1953 event , the team entered two cars: a Cooper T20 for Jimmy Stewart and a new Connaught A Type for Ian Stewart . Neither of the drivers finished the race; Jimmy spun off track on lap 79, and Ian retired with engine problems. The team's last F1 outing was at the 1954 British Grand Prix where the Connaught was again entered, this time driven by Leslie Thorne . Although

1833-527: The sports regulated by FIA (under the name of CIK), permitting licensed competition racing for anyone from the age of 8 onward. It is generally accepted as the most economical form of motorsport available on four wheels. As a free-time activity, it can be performed by almost anybody, and as karting circuits can be indoors and not take as much space as other forms of motorsport, it can be accessible to retail consumers without much qualification or training. Non-racing speed competitions have various names but all carry

1880-496: The team in the 1960 running . The, by now much modified, D-Type was again entered, and lasted until the 168th lap before being forced out with a broken crankshaft . Écurie Écosse's second car for this year, a Cooper T49 Monaco , did not even make it to the start line. The entrants for the 1961 24 Hours of Le Mans – a Cooper T57 Monaco and an Austin-Healey Sebring Sprite – retired after accidents in their 32nd and 40th laps respectively. 1962 saw Écurie Écosse moving on to

1927-814: The team name was revived in the 1980s by enthusiast and driver Hugh McCaig. In 1986 the team won the C2 class of the World Sportscar Championship ; they had been runners-up the previous year. They also entered Vauxhall Cavaliers in the British Touring Car Championship with some success in 1992 and 1993, including a win at Thruxton in 1993 for David Leslie , who also won the non-championship TOCA Shootout that year at Donington Park . In 2011, team boss Hugh McCaig announced that four young drivers, Alasdair McCaig , Andrew Smith, Joe Twyman and Oliver Bryant , would revive

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1974-625: The team once more and drive a return to sports car racing for the team, 25 years after winning the World Sportscar Championship in 1986 in the C2 class. The team entered an Aston Martin DBRS9 , along with the help of Aston Martin Racing partner team Barwell Motorsport , into the 2011 24 Hours of Spa in the GT3 class. The team was accompanied by a 2-axle double-deck car transporter capable of carrying three cars (one inside and two on top) together with

2021-661: Was developed from a scrapped John Bridge Adams light-rail vehicle. These were solid fired steam carriages. This event and the details of the vehicles are recorded in the contemporary press, The Engineer , and in Fletcher's books. The Wisconsin legislature passed an act in 1875 offering a substantial purse for the first US motor race, which was run on July 16, 1878, over a 200-mile course from Green Bay to Appleton, Oshkosh, Waupon, Watertown, Fort Atkinson and Janesville, then turning north and ending in Madison. Only two actually competed:

2068-415: Was revived by driver Hugh McCaig for multiple spells of competitive racing 1984-1993, in 2011 with Barwell Motorsport , and 2017-2018 with Nielsen Racing across multiple sportscar series. Écurie Écosse had four Formula One Grand Prix entries, over three seasons. The first was by David Murray himself, driving a Cooper T20 in the 1952 British Grand Prix . However, he retired with engine trouble early in

2115-483: Was the first purpose-built motor racing track in the world. After which, permanent autodromes popularly replaced circuits on public roads. In North America, the term road racing is used to describe racing and courses that have origins in racing on public highways; distinguished from oval racing , which has origins at purpose-built speedways using concrete or wooden boards . Off-road racing can take place on open terrain with no set path, or on circuits that do not have

2162-645: Was the first to involve what would become known as automobiles. On 28 November 1895, the Chicago Times-Herald race , running from Chicago to Evanston and back, a distance of sixty miles, was held. This is believed to be the first motorsport event in the United States of America. In 1900, the Gordon Bennett Cup was established. Motorsport was a demonstration event at the 1900 Summer Olympics . Following World War I , European countries organised Grand Prix races over closed courses. In

2209-583: Was unable to start the second heat and was therefore not classified. In 1971 Écurie Écosse had a new driver, Tom Walkinshaw , and a new car, a March 712M . At Thruxton , Walkinshaw retired on lap three due to a puncture. At the Nürburgring , Gerry Birrell finished in ninth position. In their last two races, at Jarama and Crystal Palace , Walkinshaw failed to qualify for the race. ( key ) (Results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap; † indicates shared drive.) In

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