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89-563: Ecatepec ( Spanish: [ekateˈpek] ), officially Ecatepec de Morelos , is a municipality in the State of Mexico , and is situated in the north part of the Greater Mexico City urban area . The municipal seat is San Cristóbal Ecatepec . The city of Ecatepec is co-extensive with the municipality, comprising 99% of the total population of 1,645,352. It is Mexico's third most-populous municipality after Tijuana and

178-498: A blended Spanish-Mexican heritage. Although Mexica names were largely suppressed during the colonial period as they were associated with pre-Christian beliefs, they experienced a revival in the 19th century following Mexican independence. Since then, names such as Montezuma , Cuauhtémoc , and Tenoch as first names and surnames have become more prevalent in Mexican culture and among Mexican immigrant communities abroad, such as in

267-842: A campus of the ITESM Tecnológico de Monterrey Campus Toluca . Recently, the Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Ecatepec (TESE) has become relevant due to the number of students, careers and location. The state contains 9,723 km of highways with about 90% being state and 10% federal. There are 1227.4 km of rail line and two airports, "Lic. Adolfo López Mateos" in Toluca and "Dr. Jorge Jiménez Cantú" in Atizapán de Zaragoza . Helicopter facilities exist in Chimalhuacán and Jocotitlán . Toluca Airport had served as

356-415: A form of public transportation, has a length of almost 5 kilometres (3 miles), 190 cars and it takes about 17 minutes to ride along the entire line. Line 1 connects Santa Clara with La Cañada via Hank González station. At Hank González station Mexicable Line 2 runs to Indios Verdes , a main hub for bus rapid transit ( Metrobús and Mexibús ), city bus, pesero minibus, metro, and regional buses. Ecatepec

445-431: A major 2nd airport for Mexico city, with coaches especially Volaris running between the two, but in recent years the popularity dwindled. However, with the new airport plans for the capital canceled, Toluca Airport looks again to capitalize on congestion at Mexico City International Airport , and potentially again with Tren Interurbano . Mexica Since 1810, the name " Aztec ” has been more common when referring to

534-522: A male, but recent research confirms a female identity, although this is still a subject of discussion. Sacrum bone found in Tequixquiac is considered a work of prehistoric art. These people were thought to be nomadic, hunting large animals such as mammoths and gathering fruits as evidenced by archaeological evidence found at the site. One of the most salient discoveries of primitive art in America

623-730: A tribal designation referring only to the Mexica of Tenochtitlan, excluding those of Tlatelolco or cōlhuah . The term Aztec is often used very broadly to refer not only to the Mexica, but also to the Nahuatl-speaking peoples of the Valley of Mexico and neighboring regions. After the decline of the Toltecs , about 1200 CE, various Nahua -speaking nomadic peoples entered the Valley of Mexico, possibly all from Aztlan , whose location

712-553: Is also located in Ecatepec. The municipality is located north of Mexico City . San Cristóbal Ecatepec, the municipal seat, has governing jurisdiction over the following communities: San Pedro Xoloxtoc, Tulpetlac, Chiconautla, Ciudad Azteca and Villa de Aragón. It has an area of 156.2 square kilometres (60.3 sq mi) and borders the municipalities of Tlalnepantla de Baz , Tecámac , Coacalco de Berriozábal , Jaltenco , Acolman , Texcoco , Atenco , Nezahualcóyotl , as well as

801-732: Is composed of the Congress of the State of México ; the executive branch is composed of the Governor , Cabinet , and Public Prosecutor ; and the judicial branch is composed of the Judicial Council , High Court of Justice , and inferior courts. The state is divided into 125 municipalities , which are governed by local councils ( ayuntamientos ) and a mayor, and have their own municipal laws . The municipalities are in turn grouped into 8 regions: There are two metropolitan areas;

890-510: Is considered to be one of Rivera's best works. More recently, the school acquired an unnamed mural by Luis Nishizawa . This work depicts the agriculture of Mexico in both the past and the present. It is placed in a building that is commonly called "El Partenon". Other important educational institutions include the Universidad Technológica del Sur del Estado de Mexico Universidad Tecnológica del Sur del Estado de México and

979-523: Is largely absorbed by the state, along with similar trends in Greater Toluca. Outside than these two metropolitan zones, the state is composed largely of villages. Historically however, a handful of other states had been larger population centers until the 1960s, today it has by far the highest population in the country. In 2005, 85% of the population lived in urban centers, and 39% were born in other parts of Mexico. Five ethnicities are native to

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1068-557: Is located on Fed 85 , the Mexico City- Pachuca highway, Fed 57 /Fed 57D (Circuito Exterior Mexiquense), and Fed 132 (Ecatepec- Teotihuacán highway). State of Mexico The State of Mexico ( Spanish : Estado de México , pronounced [esˈtaðo ðe ˈmexiko] ), officially just Mexico ( Spanish : México ), is one of the 32 federal entities of Mexico . Commonly known as Edomex (from E sta do de Méx ico ) to distinguish it from

1157-596: Is one of the major monarch butterfly sanctuaries. At the far east is the Iztaccíhuatl–Popocatépetl National Park which is shared with neighboring Puebla state. The state is governed according to the Constitution of the State of Mexico and the law of the State of Mexico . The previous constitutions of 1827, 1861, and 1870 were replaced in 1917. The government is composed of legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The legislative branch

1246-599: Is one of the municipalities with the highest levels of infrastructure in the State of Mexico. Ecatepec, due to its location, is a necessary path from Mexico City towards several other states in Mexico, such as Hidalgo . Its principal regional roadways are: Ecatepec is served by Line B of the Mexico City Metro system, including stations Muzquiz , Ecatepec (a.k.a. Tecnológico) , Olímpica , Plaza Aragón , and Ciudad Azteca. Mexibús bus rapid transit serving

1335-463: Is produced, and from little cause that which is planted and cultivated withers. It seems to me the Catholic Faith can endure little time in these parts...And now, in the time of this plague, having tested the faith of those who come to confess, very few respond properly prior to the confession; thus we can be certain that, though preached to more than fifty years, if they were now left alone, if

1424-533: Is the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEM) which offers 48 majors. This and other institutes of higher education have an enrollment of over 100,000 students. The beginnings of this institution go back to 1828, when the first Instituto Literario for the state was established in what is now the borough of Tlalpan in Mexico City. It was reestablished in Toluca in 1833. In 1886, the name

1513-589: Is the city's patron saint, celebrated on July 25. Ecatepec is served by the Mexico City metro , by the State of Mexico's Mexibús bus rapid transit lines, and by Mexicable aerial cable car lines. Points of interest include the Sagrado Corazón de Jesús , several colonial era churches, and the Morelos Museum in "Casa de los Virreyes". Mexico's busiest shopping center, Multiplaza Aragón ,

1602-502: Is unknown. The Mexica were the last group to arrive. There they "encountered the remnants of the Toltec empire (Hicks 2008; Weaver 1972)." According to legend, the Mexica were searching for a sign which one of their main gods, Huitzilopochtli , had given them. They were to find "an eagle with a snake in its beak, perched on a prickly pear cactus," and build their city there. Eventually, they came to Lake Texcoco , where they finally saw

1691-465: The 1824 Constitution , with the first state congress convening in March of that year in Mexico City. This state still encompassed the vast territory of the old Aztec Empire . The first head of the state was Melchor Múzquiz . The vast territory of the state was divided into eight districts: Acapulco , Cuernavaca , Huejutla , Mexico, Taxco , Toluca, Tula and Tulancingo . Mexico City was the capital of

1780-668: The Jesuits . During the colonial period, most of the area's economy was based on agriculture with some mining in the areas of Temascaltepec, Sultepec, Valle de Bravo , Tlatlaya , Amatepec and Zacualpan and the production of pulque in Otumba and Texcoco. In addition certain areas were known for crafts such as wool processing in Texcoco and Sultepec, soap in Toluca, saddles in Almoloya de Juárez, and rebozos in various areas. However,

1869-468: The Tepexpan Man is an important finding for Mexican and foreign anthropologists; it is an important key to understand what the Valley of Mexico area was like, 5,000 years ago, as well as helping establish the occupation chronology of the region. Currently some scholars attribute an age of 11,000 years, others 8,000, and some have suggested 5,000 years old. This individual was originally identified as

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1958-593: The Tlapacoya area , which was an island in the former Lake Chalco . They are dated to the Pleistocene era which dates human habitation back to 20,000 years. The first people were hunter-gatherers. Stone age implements have been found all over the territory from mammoth bones, to stone tools to human remains. Most have been found in the areas of Los Reyes Acozac , Tizayuca , Tepexpan , San Francisco Mazapa , El Risco and Tequixquiac . Between 20,000 and 5000 BCE,

2047-667: The United States . For the 2020 census , the United States government recognized “Aztec” as an ethnicity under the Native American race category. 387,122 people identified themselves as Aztec for the census, making Aztecs the largest non-mixed Native American group in the United States. Like many of the peoples around them, the Mexica spoke Nahuatl which, with the expansion of the Aztec Empire, became

2136-537: The Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México . During much of rest of the 20th century, works to divert water from the Lerma River and other locations to Mexico City were built as well as highways through the state to connect Mexico City with the rest of the country. In 1990, the Commission Coordinadora para la Recuperación Ecológica de la Cuenca del Alto Lerma (Coordinating Commission for

2225-972: The Valley of Mexico respectively. Part of the Toluca Valley was held by the Purépechas as well. Other dominions during the pre-Hispanic period include that of the Chichimecas in Tenayuca and of the Acolhuas in Huexotla , Texcotizingo and Los Melones. Other important groups were the Mazahuas in the Atlacomulco area. Their center was at Mazahuacán, next to Jocotitlán volcano . The Otomis were centered in Jilotepec . The origin of

2314-547: The Valley of Mexico . From 1428 to 1539, Ecatepec was ruled by a tlatoani ( pl. tlatoque ), or "speaker". The tlatoque of Ecatepec were closely related to the ruling dynasty of Tenochtitlan . Notable tlatoque include: Diego Huanitzin was made tlatoani of Tenochtitlan by Antonio de Mendoza , viceroy of New Spain . During the Aztec empire , the Mexicas used the town to control trade routes going north. Ecatepec

2403-463: The 16 boroughs of Mexico City. It is also the most populated suburb of Greater Mexico City. The name "Ecatepec" is derived from Nahuatl , and means "windy hill" or "hill devoted to Ehecatl (the wind god)." It was also an alternative name for or invocation of the god Quetzalcoatl . "Morelos" is the last name of José María Morelos , a hero of the Mexican War of Independence . Saint Christopher

2492-431: The 2020 Census, 1.74% of the state of Mexico's population identified as Black, Afro-Mexican , or of African descent. The state has over three million students who attend about 15,000 schools from kindergarten to high school. It is the largest school system in the country after that of Mexico City. However, as late as 1990, there were over half a million people who were illiterate over the age of 15. The state university

2581-650: The Chalco Valley. The state has a territory of 22,499.95km2. The state is divided into five natural regions: the Volcanos of the Valley of Mexico, the hills and plains north of the state, the western mountains, the Balsas Depression and the mountains and valleys of the southeast. The physical geography of the state varies. The eastern portion is dominated by the Sierra Nevada, which divides

2670-675: The Ecological Recuperation of the Upper Lerma River Basin) was established. Its main neighbor is Mexico City . The State of Mexico is located in the central zone of the Mexican Republic , in the eastern part of the Anáhuac table. It borders to the north with the states of Querétaro and Hidalgo ; to the south with Guerrero and Morelos ; to the east with Puebla and Tlaxcala ; and to

2759-528: The Escuela Nacional de Agricultura (National School of Agriculture) which was founded in 1854 at the Monastery of San Jacinto in Mexico City. The school was moved in 1923 to the ex Hacienda of Chapingo President Álvaro Obregón . One distinguishing feature of the campus is the mural done in the old chapel, now University Ceremonies Room by Diego Rivera called "Tierra Fecundada" (Fertile Land). It

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2848-622: The Greater Mexico City area in both the Distrito Federal and the State of Mexico. From 1824 to 1941, the state had no seal. Governor Wenceslao Labra proposed one in 1940, which was adopted the following year. It was designed by Pastor Velázquez with the motto of "Patria, Libertad, Trabajo y Cultura" (Country, Liberty, Work and Culture). In 1956, the Instituto Cientifico y Literario was converted into

2937-541: The Mexica and the two names have become largely interchangeable. When a distinction is made, Mexica are one (dominant) group within the Aztecs. The Mexica are eponymous of the place name Mexico ( Mēxihco [meːˈʃiʔkoˀ] ), originally referring to the interconnected settlements in the valley that is now Mexico City . The group was also known as the Culhua-Mexica in recognition of its kinship alliance with

3026-514: The Mexica built grand temples for different purposes. The Templo Mayor (Main Temple) and nearby buildings are rich in the symbolism of Aztec cosmology that linked rain and fertility, warfare, sacrifice, and imperialism with the sacred mission to preserve the sun and the cosmic order. The Templo Mayor was "the site of large-scale sacrifices of enemy warriors which served intertwined political and religious ends (Berdan 1982: 111–119; Carrasco 1991)." It

3115-627: The Mexico City borough of Gustavo A. Madero . The human settlements in Ecatepec de Morelos are located in an elongated valley, spreading from the Valley of Mexico to Sierra de Guadalupe . Most of the local flora and fauna live in the Sierra de Guadalupe, and consists of small mammals like mice, rabbits, gray squirrels and gophers; and birds, such as cenzontles and sparrows. There are no large animals. The flora includes oyamel pines, oaks, ocote pines, century plants, prickly pears, and zacatón (mountain grass). Remains of earliest human inhabitation of

3204-462: The Spanish Army during the Mexican War of Independence . The house in which he was executed is now a museum, Museo Casa de Morelos. The municipality was officially created on October 13, 1874. On October 1, 1877, San Cristóbal Ecatepec was declared a village and "de Morelos" was added to its name. Ecatepec experienced expontential population growth from 1970, as a result of rural migration to

3293-628: The Spanish nation were not to intercede, I am certain that in less than fifty years there would be no trace of the preaching which has been done for them. As a result of their defeat, subjugation, overwork and numerous waves of epidemics, the Mexica population declined dramatically, dropping perhaps as much as 90% by 1600. This number had recovered somewhat by 1821, but following Mexican Independence , Mexica and other indigenous peoples once again found themselves marginalized by government policy, which sought to minimize indigenous Mexican culture in favor of

3382-410: The State of Mexico serves Ecatepec with: In 2016, a new form of public transportation started serving Ecatepec residents: Mexicable , an aerial cable car whose main purpose is to help residents get around faster (as opposed to being a tourist attraction), especially in areas with numerous hills and valleys without adequate bridges and viaducts. Mexicable Line 1, the first cable car built in Mexico as

3471-535: The State of Mexico. The capital of the state was moved permanently to Toluca in 1830. The struggles between the liberals (federalists) and the conservatives (centralized power) in the 19th century affected the state, especially in those areas which would later break away to form the states of Hidalgo, Morelos and Guerrero. During the Mexican–American War , the Americans occupied Toluca and Mexico City, with

3560-542: The Tlaxcaltec-Spanish alliance in 1521. The area was expanded upon in the wake of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire and administered from the former Aztec capital as New Spain . The city of Tenochitlan was destroyed, looted and the treasures stolen by the victorious Spanish and Tlaxcaltec soldiers, though not nearly as much gold as the Spanish had hoped for. Many Mexica women were kidnapped and raped by

3649-411: The Toluca Valley regions. In 1869, the areas north east and south of Mexico City were converted to the states of Hidalgo and Morelos respectively. The state promulgated a new constitution in 1869, which established the state as consisting of the districts of Chalco, Cuautitlan, Ixtlahuaca, Jilotepec, Lerma, Otumba, Sultepec, Temascaltepec, Tenango del Valle, Tenancingo and Texcoco, which is the territory

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3738-474: The United States. In the 21st century, the Mexican government does not recognize ethnicity by ancestry but by language spoken, making the number of Mexica people in Mexico difficult to estimate. They are instead broadly grouped together with all Nahuatl-speaking people, collectively known as Nahuas . In 2020, there were estimated to be over 1.6 million Nahuatl speakers living in Mexico, as well as several thousand Nahuatl-speaking immigrants from Mexico living in

3827-559: The Valley of Mexico. The seat was declared a city on December 1, 1980, and by 2010, it had become the most populated municipality in the country. Population growth stagnated since then. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Ecatepec is the newest in the country, erected on June 28, 1995, around the Sagrado Corazón de Jesús Cathedral . In April 1995, the remains of a mammoth were found in Colonia Ejidos de San Cristóbal, where

3916-412: The ancient lakes of Xaltocan-Ecatepec and Texcoco came together and where the Aztecs build a dam to keep the fresh and salty waters separate. The bones have been tentatively dated to around 10,500 years B.C. In February 2016, Pope Francis celebrated Mass in the city in front of a crowd of 300,000. The Pope's message was one of encouragement and opposition to the violence and drug trade that permeates

4005-481: The area have been found on the nearby Cerro de Ecatepec (Hill of Ecatepec). The area was initially settled by successive waves of Otomis ; however, because of the later arrival of Toltec - Chichimecas that dominated the rest of the Valley of Mexico , this area eventually assimilated to the rest of the Valley, ending with its domination by the Aztec Empire . Ecatepec was an Aztec altepetl or city-state in

4094-511: The battle, he chose not to proceed to Mexico City and then turned towards Celaya . During the rest of the War, most battles were fought between local insurgent leaders such as Manuel de la Concha and Castillo Bustamante and royalist forces. Battles were fought in Sultepec , Amanalco , Temascaltepec, Lerma , Tenango , Tenancingo and Tecualoya . After the War, the State of Mexico was created by

4183-469: The borders of Hidalgo and Tlaxcala with annual precipitation between 500 and 700 milliliters. Due to the various climates, the state has a wide variety of flora. 609,000 hectares is covered in tree, most of which is in the temperate and cold climates of the state. In the extreme southwest of the state, rainforests can be found and desert plants in the Hidalgo border area. In the highest altitudes, such as

4272-622: The course of the colonial period, but the territory of the Aztecs would keep the name "Mexico". After the Conquest in 1521, Hernán Cortés ' cousin Juan Altamirano was given dominion of the Toluca Valley. Other conquistadors such as Antonio Caicedo, Juan de Jaramillo, Cristobal Hernandez and Juan de Samano received encomiendas in the state. Franciscan missionaries came soon after such as Martin de Valencia , Juan de Tecto, Juan de Ahora, and Pedro de Gante, who established missions and

4361-493: The eagle and cactus on an island on the lake. There, "they took refuge..., naming their settlement Tenochtitlan (Among the Stone-Prickly Pear Cactus Fruit)." Tenochtitlan was founded in 1325, but other researchers and anthropologists believe the year to be 1345. The city was described by conquistador Bernal Díaz del Castillo as a grand, well-ordered metropolis. However, the story of its rise from

4450-533: The first is Greater Mexico City , in which there are 27 municipalities, and the city of Toluca, in which there are 6 municipalities. The judiciary ( Poder Judicial del Estado de México ) is composed of: The trial courts are divided on the municipalities basis. The fast-growing state contains about fourteen percent of the country's population and is one of the most densely populated with 740 people per square km. Since Mexico City has not absorbed many citizens since 1990, Greater Mexico City's explosive expansion

4539-524: The first school called San Antonio de Padua. In 1535, the areas around Mexico City were divided into a number of "alcaldías mayors" called Chalco y Ameca , Tlayacapan y Coatepec, Otumba , Ecatepec , Sultepec , Zacualpan , Temascaltepec , Malinalco, Metepec and Ixtlahuaca with Toluca and Texcoco recognized as cities. Other orders followed such as the Dominicans , the Augustinians and

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4628-629: The invaders, with the higher-ranking soldiers taking the more attractive women for themselves. Forbidden from resettling in their destroyed home, which was rebuilt as Mexico City , the Mexica were forced to submit to the King of Spain, receive baptism and convert to Christianity. Mexica rituals and worship were banned and harshly suppressed, and the images of their gods were cast down and destroyed by Spanish monks. Mexica children were forcibly taken to newly established Christian schools where they were indoctrinated into Christian beliefs and Spanish culture, and

4717-504: The modern state is the reorganization of Aztec lands starting after the Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire. These lands were initially called the "audiencia" of Mexico and included Mexico City, much of modern states of Guerrero, Morelos and Hidalgo. As the Spanish expanded their control west and south, the entirety was called "New Spain" with former Aztec lands being called "Mexico." The organization of New Spain would change over

4806-405: The most reliable sources, indicating that a number of different indigenous tribes settled in the area within different primary sources. The name Aztec was coined by Alexander von Humboldt , who combined Aztlán ("place of the heron"), their mythic homeland, and tec(atl) "people of". The term "Aztec" often today refers exclusively to the Mexica people of Tenochtitlan, Mēxihcah Tenochcah,

4895-542: The muddy lake beds in the Valley of Mexico is one of unrelenting struggle, rivalries, conflict, and suffering. A dissident group of Mexica separated from the main body and built another city on an island north of Tenochtitlan in 1337. Calling their new home Tlatelolco ("Place of the Spherical Earth Mound"), the Tlatelolca were to become Tenochtitlan's persistent rivals in the Valley of Mexico. After

4984-399: The name of the whole country, it is the most populous , as well as the second most densely populated , state in the country. Located in south-central Mexico, the state is divided into 125 municipalities . The state capital city is Toluca de Lerdo ("Toluca"), while its largest city is Ecatepec de Morelos ("Ecatepec"). The State of Mexico surrounds Mexico City on three sides and borders

5073-416: The navel of the moon". This comes from the old Aztec idea that the craters on the moon form a rabbit figure with one crater imitating a navel. The other possible origin is that it is derived from "Mextictli", an alternate name for the god Huitzilopochtli . Anáhuac was the proper term for all territories dominated by the Aztec Empire, from Cem Anáhuac , "the entire earth" or "surrounded by waters" e.g.

5162-488: The neighboring Culhua , descendants of the revered Toltecs , who occupied the Toltec capital of Tula for several centuries. The Mexica of Tenochtitlan were additionally referred to as the " Tenochca ," a term associated with the name of their altepetl (city-state), Tenochtitlan , and Tenochtitlan's founding leader, Tenoch . The builders of the city are references to different names “Azteca,” “Mexica,” or “Tenochca” in

5251-626: The northwest of the state is the Sierra de San Andrés Timilpan. Most of the rock and soil formation in the state is of volcanic origin. There are three river basins in the state: the Lerma, the Balsas and the Pánuco . The most important is the Lerma River, which begins in the municipality of Almoloya del Río and passes through a large number of municipalities in the state. The southwestern part of

5340-469: The peak of the Nevada de Toluca, alpine grassland can be found. In the extreme west, there are forests which receive thousands of monarch butterflies each winter. The state has 49 environmentally protected areas, with the most important being the Nevado de Toluca National Park . Other important areas include the state parks of Otomi-Mazahua, Sierra Morelos, and Nahuatlaca-Matlatzinca. The Bosencheve National Park extends into Mexico State from Michoacán, and

5429-479: The people here eventually went from hunting and gathering to sedentary villages with farming and domesticated animals. The main crop was corn, and stone tools for the grinding of this grain become common. Later crops include beans, chili peppers and squash grown near established villages. Evidence of ceramics appears around 2500 BCE with the earliest artifacts of these appearing in Tlapacoya, Atoto, Malinalco , Acatzingo and Tlatilco . In prehistoric State of Mexico,

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5518-606: The region. Almost all of the population (99.934%) of the municipality lives in San Cristóbal Ecatepec, the third most populous city in Mexico. There are also three rural localities in the municipality. Ecatepec is an industrial center. Manufacturing, along with commerce and services, are the main pillars of the economy. Jumex has its headquarters in the city. Two regional shopping malls, Plaza Las Américas and Multiplaza Aragón (Mexico's busiest as of 2018), both with multiple hypermarket and department store anchors, are located in Ecatepec. Ecatepec, due to its population density,

5607-452: The relative lowlands in the south west with have an average temperature of between 18C and 22C and constitute about eight percent of the territory. The hottest regions occupy five percent of the state in the extreme southwest with temperatures averaging over 22C. The coldest areas in the highest elevations such as the Nevado de Toluca, Popocatepetl and Iztaccihuatl. Snow can be found on these elevations year round. There are some arid areas along

5696-436: The rise of the Aztec Triple Alliance , the Tenochca Mexica, the inhabitants of Tenochtitlan, assumed a dominant position over their two allied city-states, Texcoco and Tlacopan . Only a few years after Tenochtitlan was founded, the Mexica dominated the political landscape in Central Mexico until being defeated by the Spanish and their indigenous allies, mainly enemies of the Mexica, in 1519. Once established in Tenochtitlan,

5785-432: The sincerity of the Mexica conversion to Christianity was questioned by some of the Spanish missionaries, such as the monk Bernardino de Sagagún , who wrote during another epidemic in 1576 that he was doubtful of a permanent Christian presence in Mexico. [A]s regards the Catholic Faith, [Mexico] is a sterile land and very laborious to cultivate, where the Catholic Faith has very shallow roots, and with much labor little fruit

5874-428: The state during the Mexican Revolution, especially by Zapatistas in the southwest part of the state, with Genovevo de la O and Francisco de Pacheco entering with their armies in 1912. Fighting intensified after Victoriano Huerta took power in 1913. In 1915, Toluca was the site of the Convencion de Generales y Gobernadores Revolucionaries (Convention of Generals and Revolutionary Governors) on two occasions. In 1917,

5963-417: The state from Puebla. In this mountain chain are the Popocatépetl and Iztaccíhuatl volcanos. The Sierra de Monte Alto and Sierra de Monte Bajo divide the west side of the Federal District from the state and contain peaks such as Cerro de la Bufa and Monte de las Cruces. The Sierra de Xinantécatl is to the south of the Toluca Valley. At northern edge of this mountain range is the Nevado de Toluca volcano. In

6052-500: The state government temporarily located in the unoccupied Sultepec. By 1852, the state had lost a significant amount of territory to the creation of the state of Guerrero, which prompted the reorganization of the municipalities here. During the Reform War , General José María Cobos took and sacked a number of municipalities in the territory remaining. During this war, a number of major figures such as Melchor Ocampo , Santos Delgollado and Leandro Valle were executed by firing squad in

6141-423: The state had another new constitution, which divided the state into sixteen districts and 118 municipalities. The extension of the Mexico City Metropolitan Area began in 1940 with the creation of the industrial zone of Naucalpan . The increase of the metro area's population, commerce and industry has continued to this day. The Consejo del Area Metropolitana was created in 1988 to coordinate concerns and action of

6230-453: The state has a temperate moist climate, which consists of the highlands of the Toluca Valley and the areas around Texcoco in the north, the Toluca Valley and the areas around Texcoco. Average year-round temperature varies between 12C and 18C with annual precipitation above 700 millimeters. Higher elevations, about 13% of the state, in the center and east of the state have a semicold climate with average temperatures below 16C. Hotter climes are in

6319-401: The state has today. The period before the Mexican Revolution was relatively prosperous for the state, especially under governor José Vicente Villada , who promoted public education, government reform, the establishment of a teachers' college for women and the Instituto Cientifico y Literario (later UAEM). Mines in various parts of the state were at maximum production. Battles were fought in

6408-932: The state include the Laguna del Sol and Laguna de la Luna in the Nevado de Toluca, the lake in the crater of the Cerro Gorde. Atexcapan Lake in Valle de Bravo, San Simón Lake in Donato Guerra, San Pedro Lake and Concepcion de los Baños Lake and Tepetitlan Lake in San Felipe del Progreso, Acuitzilapan Lake at the food of Jocotitlan volcano, El Rodeo Lake near Xonacatlán , Xibojay and Santa Elena Lakes in Jilotepec and Huapango Lake in Timilpan. About seventy percent of

6497-577: The state is mexiquense , distinct from mexicano ('Mexican'), which describes the people or things from the country as a whole. Mēxihco was originally the Nahuatl name for the Valley of Mexico where the cities of the Mexica (the proper name for the Aztec Triple Alliance ) were located. As such, the district that became Mexico City was properly known as Mexico-Tenochtitlan in

6586-583: The state is Teotihuacan , with the Pyramids of the Sun and Moon being built between 100 BCE and 100 CE. Between 800 and 900 CE, the Matlatzincas established their dominion with Teotenango as capital. This city is walled with plazas, terraces, temples, altars, living quarters and a Mesoamerican ball game court. In the 15th century, the Aztecs conquered the Toluca and Chalco valleys to the west and east of

6675-849: The state is dominated by the Balsas River basin. The eastern panhandle of the state is dominated by the Pánuco River basin. On the various rivers of the state are dams such as José Antonio Alzate in Temoaya , Ignacio Ramirez in Almoloya, Guadalupe in Cuautitlán Izcalli , Madín in Naucalpan, Vicente Guerrero in Tlatlaya, Tepetitlan in San Felipe del Progreso as well as those in Valle del Bravo and Villa Victoria . Lakes in

6764-468: The state. However, soon after, the federal government chose Mexico City as the capital of the new nation. Under the guidelines of the 1824 Constitution, the capital was appropriated as federal land, with the federal government acting as the local authority. The choice was made official on 18 November 1824 and Congress delineated a surface area of two leagues square (8,800 ac) centered on the Zocalo . This area

6853-711: The state: the Mazahua , the Otomi , the Nahuas , the Matlazincas and the Ocuitecos or Tlahuicas . There are also communities of Mixtecs , Zapotecs , Totonaca , Mazateca , Mixe , Purépecha and Maya . According to the 2005 census, the state has 312,319 people who speak an indigenous language, which is about 3 out of every 100 people. Two thirds of those speaking an indigenous language also speak Spanish. According to

6942-497: The states of Querétaro and Hidalgo to the north, Morelos and Guerrero to the south, Michoacán to the west, and Tlaxcala and Puebla to the east. The territory that now comprises the State of Mexico once formed the core of the Pre-Hispanic Aztec Empire . During the Spanish colonial period , the region was incorporated into New Spain . After gaining independence in the 19th century, Mexico City

7031-460: The surviving Mexica men and women were sent to work in newly-established Spanish estates, known as haciendas , as well as mines and other civil projects, such as digging canals. Some of the remaining military and nobility, including the last emperor, Cuauhtémoc , were conscripted to assist in further Spanish invasions, such as in Guatemala , to prevent any possibility of insurrection. However,

7120-512: The vast majority of the area's population was extremely poor due to exploitation. During the Mexican War of Independence, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla marched into what is now Mexico State from Michoacán in 1810, passing from the northwest to Toluca on his way to Mexico City. East of Toluca, he fought royalist forces at the Battle of Monte de las Cruces on 30 October 1810. While Hidalgo won

7209-484: The waters of Lake Texcoco which were considered to be the center of the Aztec world, and as such was proposed as an early name for the entire nation of Mexico prior to independence, to distinguish it from the (preexisting) administrative division of New Spain that became the State of Mexico. The earliest evidence of human habitation in current territory of the state is a quartz scraper and obsidian blade found in

7298-527: The west with Guerrero and Michoacán , as well as with Mexico City , which it surrounds to the north (northwest), east (southeast) and west (southwest). The state is located in the center of the country, consisting mostly of the eastern side of the Anahuác Mesa. Most of the state consists of the Toluca Valley, the Tierra Caliente, Mezquital Valley with the eastern panhandle mostly defined by

7387-516: The years shortly before and after Spanish conquest. After the Spanish Conquest , the term México came to be used for Tenochtitlan/Mexico City and all the pre-conquest lands it controlled, including several other aforementioned Mexican states originally incorporated in the boundaries of the Mexico state. There are two possible origins for the name "Mexico." The first is that it derives from metztli (moon) and xictla (navel) to mean "from

7476-465: Was a double pyramid-temple dedicated to Tlaloc, the ancient Central Mexican rain god, and Huitzilopochtli, the Mexica tribal nomen, who, as the politically dominant deity in Mexico, was associated with the sun. Over time, the Mexica separated Huitzilopochtli from Tezcatlipoca , another god that was more predominantly idolized, redefining their relative realms of power, reshaping the myths, and making him politically superior. The Mexica were overthrown by

7565-634: Was changed to the Instituto Científico y Literario. In 1943, the institution gained autonomy from direct state control and in 1956, it was reorganized as the UAEM. In 1964, the Ciudad Universitaria on the west side of Toluca was constructed. Another important public university is the Universidad Autónoma de Chapingo , located in Texcoco. It is an agricultural college offering technical and bachelor's degrees. The school began as

7654-522: Was chosen as the capital of the new nation; its territory was separated out of the state. Years later, parts of the state were broken off to form the states of Hidalgo, Guerrero and Morelos. These territorial separations have left the state with the size and shape it has today, with the Toluca Valley to the west of Mexico City and a panhandle that extends around the north and east of this entity. The demonym used to refer to people and things from

7743-432: Was considered a " República de Indios " (Indian Republic) in 1560, allowing the village to maintain a certain amount of autonomy and keeping the succession of tlatoanis or chiefs. However, in the first part of the 17th century, this was changed to a mayorship, with the Spanish administrating, along with the communities of Zumpango and Xalostoc. National hero José María Morelos y Pavón was executed in Ecatepec in 1815 by

7832-529: Was found in here, called the Tequixquiac Bone, which had no known purpose, but reflected the ideological sense of the artist who carved the piece of bone from a camelid around 22,000 years BCE. The first native settlers of Tequixquiac were the Aztecs and Otomi, who decided to settle here permanently for the abundance of rivers and springs. They were engaged mainly in agriculture and the breeding of domestic animals. The earliest major civilization of

7921-570: Was then separated from the State of Mexico, forcing the state's government to move from the Palace of the Inquisition (now Museum of Mexican Medicine) in the city to Texcoco . This area did not yet include the population centers of the towns of Coyoacán , Xochimilco , Mexicaltzingo and Tlalpan , all of which remained as part of the State of Mexico. As the "federal district" of Mexico City grew in size, these and other territories were taken from

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