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84-468: Ray Butts, an "electronics wiz," owned a music store in Cairo, Illinois , in the early 1950s. By this time, rockabilly and other guitar players (such as Les Paul ) had discovered the "slapback" echo effect, which had become generally used but could, however, only be made in a studio setting. Butts thought that maybe guitar players would want to use the effect on stage, and using a Gibson 15-watt amplifier with

168-421: A drill bit with a handle, they are used by rotating on the holes in a strip. Free-form construction can be used in cases where a PCB would be too big or too much work to manufacture for a small number of components. Several methods of construction are used. At one extreme a wiring pen can be used with a perforated board, producing neat and professional results. At the other extreme is " dead bug " style, with

252-408: A marketing design feature rather than a result of the economics of very-small-scale production. Sometimes true point-to-point wiring—without terminal strips—with very short connections, is still used at very high radio frequencies (in the gigahertz range) to minimise stray capacitance and inductance ; the capacitance between a circuit-board trace and some other conductor, and the inductance of

336-453: A PCB, and are as easily modified as a point-to-point setup. A stripboard is a board with holes in square grid pattern, commonly with a 0.1-inch pitch; all the holes in a straight line are connected by a copper strip as on a PCB. Components are pushed through from the side without strips and soldered in place. The strips can be interrupted by scraping out a section of the copper, stripboard cutters are available for this task which are effectively

420-425: A breadboard, a wooden board with components attached to it and joined up with wire. More recently the term is applied to a board of thin insulating material with holes at standard 0.1-inch pitch; components are pushed through the holes to anchor them, and point-to-point wired on the other side of the board. A type of breadboard specifically for prototyping has this layout, but with strips of metal spring contacts beneath

504-489: A design feature, although their standard products have long used PCBs. Thermionic valve equipment usually does not have the valves mounted on the PCB in order to avoid heat damage, but instead use PCBs for the wiring, achieving the economy of mass-produced PCBs without the heat damage. Prototypes which are subject to modification are often not made on PCBs, using instead breadboard construction. Historically this could be literally

588-605: A few activists of the civil rights struggle formed the Cairo United Front , a civil rights organization to bringing together the local NAACP , a cooperative association, and a couple of black street gangs. The Cairo United Front was formed to organize the efforts of the black population in Cairo to counter the White Hats. The United Front formally accused the White Hats of intimidating the black community, and presented

672-536: A grid of holes into which components are pushed to make electrical connections like any removable connector . Some portion of the terminals in a straight line in one direction are electrically connected, commonly in groups of 5-10 with multiple groups per row, these may be interspersed with columns that span the height of the board for the more common connections (typically the power supply rails). Such breadboards, and stripboards , fall somewhere between PCBs and point-to-point; they do not require design and manufacture of

756-533: A list of seven demands to the City of Cairo. The seven demands included appointment of a black police chief, appointment of a black assistant fire chief, and an equal black-white ratio in all city jobs. Racial violence in Cairo reached a peak during summer 1969 as the Cairo United Front began leading protests and demonstrations to end segregation and draw attention to its seven demands. The protests led to

840-532: A museum. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . After the Civil War, the city became a hub for railroad shipping in the region, which added to its economy. By 1900 several railroad lines branched from Cairo. In addition to shipping and railroads, a major industry in Cairo was the operation of ferries. Into the late 19th century, nearly 250,000 railroad cars could be ferried across

924-520: A pair of 6V6 tubes, he fabricated a combo amplifier with a built-in tape echo for a local guitar player named Bill Gwaltney. Butts took the second version of his EchoSonic to Nashville , where he looked up Chet Atkins in the phone book; the next night, Atkins used the amp at the Grand Ole Opry , having given Butts $ 395 and a 100-dollar Fender combo for it (this at a time when a top-of-the-line Fender Twin cost $ 239). The collaboration between

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1008-505: A rash of violence that was stopped only when Illinois Governor Richard Ogilvie deployed National Guardsmen to restore the peace. In summer 1969, the Cairo United Front also began what became a decade-long boycott of white-owned businesses, which had generally not hired blacks as clerks or staff. The boycott encompassed virtually all the businesses in the town. In December 1969, violence escalated again and several businesses were burned on Saturday, December 6. Early that morning, residents of

1092-427: A short track, become significant or dominant at high frequencies. In some cases careful PCB layout on a substrate with good high-frequency properties (e.g., ceramic) is sufficient. An example of this design is illustrated in an application note describing an avalanche transistor -based generator of pulses with risetime of a fraction of a nanosecond; the (few) critical components are connected directly to each other and to

1176-499: A stage in front of thousands of screaming Elvis fans." The combination of Moore's Gibson Super 400 with the Echosonic ("a jazz classic meets a rock'n'roll revolution") became legendary. Soon, many seminal rock and roll players, including Carl Perkins , started using an EchoSonic, which in turn led to other manufacturers producing individual tape echo units that could be used in the studio as well as on stage. One of those tape units

1260-714: A strong electrical and mechanical connection. Point-to-point wiring is not suitable for automated assembly (though see wire wrap , a similar method that is) and is carried out manually, making it both more expensive and more susceptible to wiring errors than PCBs, as connections are determined by the person doing assembly rather than by an etched circuit board. For production, rather than prototyping, errors can be minimised by carefully designed operating procedures . An intermediate form of construction uses terminal strips (sometimes called "tag boards"), eyelet boards or turret boards . Note that if components are arranged on boards with tags, eyelets or turrets at both ends and wires going to

1344-481: A warehouse in Cairo were burned to the ground, and windows were broken out of numerous other buildings. The National Guard unit at Cairo was activated to respond to the violence. On July 20, 1967, one of the leaders of the violence in Cairo warned white city officials, "Cairo will look like Rome burning down" if city leaders did not meet the demands of the black groups in Cairo by Sunday, July 23, 1967. The spokesman represented approximately one hundred black residents of

1428-537: Is land and 2.12 square miles (5.49 km ) (or 23.28%) is water. Point-to-point construction In electronics , point-to-point construction is a non-automated technique for constructing circuits which was widely used before the use of printed circuit boards (PCBs) and automated assembly gradually became widespread following their introduction in the 1950s. Circuits using thermionic valves (vacuum tubes) were relatively large, relatively simple (the number of large, hot, expensive devices which needed replacing

1512-594: Is located at the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, two of the largest rivers in North America, and is near the Cache River complex, a Wetland of International Importance . Settlement began in earnest in the 1830s and busy river boat traffic expanded through the 1850s. Fort Defiance , a Civil War base, was located here in 1862 by Union General Ulysses S. Grant to control strategic access to

1596-587: Is the southernmost city in Illinois and the county seat of Alexander County . A river city, Cairo has the lowest elevation of any location in Illinois and is the only Illinois city to be surrounded by levees . It is in the river-crossed area of Southern Illinois known as " Little Egypt ", for which the city is named, after Egypt's capital on the Nile . The city is coterminous with Cairo Precinct . The city

1680-437: Is to use the leads of components such as resistors and capacitors to bridge as much of the distance between connections as possible, reducing the need to add additional wire between the components. Before point-to-point connection, electrical assemblies used screws or wire nuts to hold wires to an insulating wooden or ceramic board. The resulting devices were prone to fail from corroded contacts, or mechanical loosening of

1764-399: Is used by amateurs for one-off circuits, and also professionally for circuit development, particularly at high frequencies. For high-frequency work, a grounded solderable metallic base such as the copper side of an unetched printed circuit board can be used as base and ground plane. Information on high-frequency breadboarding and illustrations of dead bug with ground plane construction are in

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1848-746: The Cairo Citizen weekly newspaper. Radio station WKRO is licensed to Cairo. Cairo is located at the confluence of the Ohio River with the Mississippi, near Mounds, Illinois . The elevation above sea level is 315 feet (96 m). The lowest point in the state of Illinois is located in Cairo at the Mississippi River . According to the 2021 census gazetteer files, Cairo has a total area of 9.11 square miles (23.59 km ), of which 6.99 square miles (18.10 km ) (or 76.72%)

1932-611: The ICs flipped upside-down with their pins sticking up into the air like a dead insect, the leads of components are usually soldered directly to other components where possible, with many small circuits having no added wires. While it is messy-looking, free-form construction can be used to make more compact circuits than other methods. This is often used in BEAM robotics and in RF circuits where component leads must be kept short. This form of construction

2016-641: The Second Empire Riverlore Mansion , built by Capt. William P. Halliday in 1865. Across the street from the customs house, the Cairo Public Library was constructed in 1883 of Queen Anne-style architecture , finished with stained glass windows and ornate woodwork. The library was dedicated on July 19, 1884, as the A. B. Safford Memorial Library. Anna E. Safford paid for the construction of the Library and donated it to

2100-554: The "guerrilla warfare tactics" that had left the town in a state of turmoil for over two years. To enforce the boycott, African-American picketing of businesses continued throughout 1970. In December, the city enacted a new city ordinance banning picketing within 20 feet of a business. Another large violent clash erupted as a result of the new city ordinance. Following the violence, the United Front called for another large rally and resumed picketing at white-owned businesses despite

2184-562: The 1905 anti-lynching law by dismissing Sheriff Davis for failing to protect James and Salzner. Wells sided with the governor against reinstatement. The slow economic decline of Cairo can be traced to local and regional changes back to the early 20th century. In 1889, the Illinois Central Railroad bridge was completed over the Ohio River, which brought about a decline in ferry business. The immediate economic impact

2268-473: The 1950s with the Echosonic, and in his autobiography spoke of the connection between the amplifier and the humbucker (the first humbucker, according to Atkins, but Gibson patented their PAF before Butts did): the pickups on Atkins Gretsch produced an awful hum in conjunction with an unshielded transformer in the EchoSonic, leading Butts to connect two single-coil pickups in series and out of phase, creating

2352-399: The 1960s, especially around the hot output and rectifier tubes. American manufacturer Zenith continued to use point-to-point wiring in its tube-based television sets until the early 1970s. Some audiophile equipment, such as amplifiers, continues to be point-to-point wired using terminal pins, often in very small quantities. In this application modern point-to-point wiring is often used as

2436-405: The EchoSonic specifically to emulate Atkins's sound, and bought another one in the late 1980s or early 1990s, serial number 24—an amplifier that had belonged to Paul Yandell and that Moore later sold to Deke Dickerson. Since the EchoSonic lacked power for large live venues, Butts later made a set of 50-watt "satellite" amplifiers and cabinets, "to enable Moore's lithe rockabilly riffs to be heard on

2520-597: The Ohio River rose higher than the 1937 flood levels, with the possibility of 15 feet of water inundating Cairo. The United States Army Corps of Engineers breached levees in the Mississippi flood zone near Cairo in Missouri to prevent flooding in Cairo and other more populous areas farther downstream along both the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. Cairo was named after the Egyptian city of the same name because its location at

2604-462: The Pyramid Court housing project. They demanded new job opportunities, organized recreation programs for their children, and an end to police brutality. Cairo Mayor Lee Stenzel and other city leaders met with federal and state representatives to ensure that a plan was developed to satisfy the demands by the deadline in an effort to head off any additional rioting. In response to the rioting,

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2688-545: The Pyramid Courts housing project opened fire on three firemen and the Chief of Police while they were responding to one of the intense fires. During the shootout, the Chief of Police and one of the firemen were shot by a high-powered rifle. Thirteen people were eventually arrested during the conflict. The Cairo Chief of Police resigned the next month, stating that Cairo lacked both the legal and physical means to deal with

2772-659: The addition of the gate, Cairo could become an island, completely sealed off from approaching flood waters. Following the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 , the levee system around Cairo was strengthened. As part of this project, the Corps of Engineers established the Birds Point-New Madrid Floodway . The Ohio River flood of 1937 brought a record water level to Cairo that crested at 59.5 feet. To protect Cairo, Corps of Engineers closed

2856-454: The benefit of motorist travel and trade between the states. Motorists cross the southern tip of Illinois between Missouri and Kentucky, completely bypassing the city of Cairo. While the city was protected by its levees from destruction when the Ohio River rose to record heights during the 1937 flood, the city's economic decline continued. Between the 1930s and 1960s, the population in Cairo remained fairly steady; however, many jobs were gone as

2940-420: The case in many other cities on the Mississippi, Cairo has suffered a marked decline in its economy and population. Its highest population was 15,203 in 1920; in 2020 it had 1,733 residents, about an 89% loss of population from its peak a century earlier. The city has decreased in population for eight consecutive US census reports from 1950 to 2020. The city faces many significant socio-economic challenges for

3024-509: The city. The death of Robert Hunt sparked aggressive protests in Cairo's black community. On July 17, 1967, a large portion of the black population in Cairo began rioting. The black rioting that erupted in 1967 was not confined to Cairo; it was part of a larger pattern of more than 40 racially motivated riots that broke out in major cities in the United States in the summer of 1967. During the night of rioting on July 17, three stores and

3108-467: The city. These and other significant buildings are also listed on the National Register. For protection from seasonal flooding, Cairo is completely enclosed by a series of levees and flood walls , due to its low elevation between the rivers. Several buildings, including the old custom house, were originally designed to be built to a higher street level, to be at the same height as the top of

3192-470: The closure. The community and region are working to stop abandonment of the city. They are restoring some architectural landmarks, and plan to develop heritage tourism focusing on the city's history and relationship to the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. Other cities have used such strategies to attract visitors and build new businesses to their communities. A community clinic offers medical and dental care, and several mental health services. Local media include

3276-671: The confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers was reminiscent of the Nile Delta . The first municipal charter for Cairo and for the Bank of Cairo were issued in 1818, but without any settlement and without any depositors. A second and successful effort to establish a town was made by the Cairo City and Canal Company in 1836–37, with a large levee built to encircle the site. However, this effort collapsed in 1840, with few settlers remaining. Charles Dickens visited Cairo in 1842, and

3360-407: The connections. Early premium marine radios , especially from Marconi , sometimes used welded copper in the bus-bar circuits , but this was expensive. The crucial invention was to apply soldering to electrical assembly. In soldering, an alloy of tin and lead (and/or other metals), known as solder , is melted and adheres to other, nonmolten metals, such as copper or tinned steel . Solder makes

3444-417: The court. The white townspeople grew infuriated by the delay in a speedy trial, and the threat of mob violence quickly developed. On November 10, Sheriff Frank E. Davis arranged to take James out of the city jail on an Illinois Central train to avoid mob violence. One man chopped off James's head, put it on a pike, and lifted it up for the cheering crowd to see. The mob then set James's body on fire and roasted

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3528-460: The crowd shot his body many times. After hanging Salzner, the mob continued searching for Alexander long into the night. Police and sheriff deputies located Alexander before the mob did, and they took him to the county jail disguised as a police officer. Some newspapers mistakenly reported that he was lynched. The mob continued to search for Alexander, also threatening the mayor and chief of police, who were guarded in their homes by more police against

3612-492: The echo circuit, but the delay time is not adjustable. The amplifier is delicate and requires a lot of maintenance: tubes run hot, and the echo circuit is delicate and needs frequent cleaning, oiling, and de-magnetizing. But according to amplifier restorer Frank Roy , the wiring is "meticulous", all done point-to-point and with "top-quality components". Cairo, Illinois Cairo ( / ˈ k ɛər oʊ / KAIR -oh , sometimes / ˈ k eɪ r oʊ / KAY -roh )

3696-424: The federal courts and as the active post office for Cairo. The courthouse was built and is operated by the U.S. General Services Administration . Cairo's turbulent history of race relations is marked by the 1909 spectacle lynching of black resident William James . In 1900, Cairo had a population of nearly 13,000. Of that total, approximately 5,000 residents were African-American , or 38 percent. In 1900, this

3780-405: The first humbucker. Scotty Moore, who at the time was recording with Sam Phillips (whose Sun Studio had the equipment for slapback echo), became aware of the Echosonic from listening to Atkins on the radio and called Butts to have one built for him; according to Moore, this was the third EchoSonic ever built though Dave Hunter claims this is incorrect, that Moore's has serial number 8. He bought

3864-536: The flood gate and blew a breach in the Bird's Point levee for the first time to relieve pressure on the Cairo flood wall. Following the flood, the concrete flood wall was raised to its current height. It is designed to protect the town from flood waters up to 64 feet. In 1942, the federal government constructed a new U.S. Post Office and Courthouse in Cairo. Still growing, the city had a population approaching 15,000. The new federal court house, located at 1500 Washington,

3948-633: The inductance and capacitance due to a PCB are the same for all samples and can be compensated for reliably which may be essential for some RF circuits. In some heavily optimised point-to-point RF constructions the circuit can be tuned by bending wires around. Placing the completed unit in an enclosure protects the circuit from its environment, and users from electrical hazards. A few large brand names still use terminal strip-type point-to-point boards, but usually for special product lines. Electric guitar amplifier manufacturer Marshall have reissued some of their older models, using this type of construction as

4032-404: The intersection of Commercial Avenue and Eighth Street. Approximately 10,000 people had gathered for a spectacle lynching as the leaders attempted to hang James from large steel arches that spanned the intersection. The rope broke and James survived the hanging, but members of the armed mob shot him more than 500 times, killing him. The mob dragged James' body to the scene of Pelly's murder. His head

4116-441: The introduction of printed circuit boards, it did not require laying out and manufacturing circuit boards. Point-to-point and terminal strip construction continued to be used for some vacuum tube equipment even after the introduction of printed circuit boards. The heat of the tubes can degrade the circuit boards and cause them to become brittle and break. Circuit board degradation is often seen on inexpensive tube radios produced in

4200-444: The levees. That plan was scrapped as the cost of fill to raise the streets and surrounding land to that height proved to be impractical. In 1914, a large flood gate was constructed by Stupp Brothers of St. Louis, Missouri. The flood gate is known as the "Big Subway Gate", and it was designed to seal the northern levee in Cairo by closing over U.S. Highway 51. The gate weighs 80 tons, is 60 feet wide, 24 feet high, and five feet thick. With

4284-491: The mob. Governor Charles S. Deneen of Illinois dispatched 11 companies of militia to Cairo to suppress the violence. By the time the mob discovered the next morning that Alexander was held at the jail, the soldiers had arrived and prevented further violence. A group of civil rights activists in Chicago hired journalist Ida B. Wells to investigate the lynchings. After the residents had calmed down, Governor Deneen enforced

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4368-427: The murder of Anna Pelly, a young white woman killed three days earlier, although there was no physical or circumstantial evidence connecting him to the crime. The second man lynched was Henry Salzner, a white man who had allegedly murdered his white wife the previous August. James was accused of killing Pelly by choking her to death in an alley with pieces of a flour sack on the evening of November 8, 1909. Pelly's body

4452-474: The navy yard repair shop machinery was afloat aboard wharf-boats, old steamers, tugs, flat-boats, and rafts. In January 1862, General Ulysses S. Grant occupied the city, and had Fort Defiance constructed to protect the confluence. Cairo became an important Union supply base and training center for the remainder of the war. Military occupation caused much of the city's trade to be diverted by railroad to Chicago. Cairo failed to regain this important trade after

4536-622: The new ordinance. The picketing turned violent after police heard shots fired and moved on the crowd. In 1978, the Cairo I-57 Bridge across the Mississippi River was opened. The interstate largely bypassed Cairo to the north, crippling the remaining hospitality industry in the city. Cairo's hospital closed in December 1986, due to high debt and a dwindling number of patients. With the decline in river trade, as has been

4620-433: The next components, then the construction is correctly called tag, eyelet or turret construction respectively, as the components are not going from point to point. Although cordwood construction can be wired in a similar way the density means that component placement is usually fixed by a substrate that components are inserted into. Terminal strip construction, which is often referred to as point-to-point construction within

4704-600: The output connector with the shortest possible leads. Particularly in complex equipment, wired circuits are often laid out as a "ladder" of side-by-side components, which need connecting to ladders or components by wire links. A good layout minimizes such links and wiring complexity, often approaching that of direct point-to-point. Amongst complex devices, the pre-PCB Tektronix vacuum-tube oscilloscopes stand out for their very well-designed point-to-point wiring. If parasitic effects are significant, point-to-point and terminal strip wiring have variable parasitic components, while

4788-406: The police and unjustly targeted. On July 16, 1967, Robert Hunt, a 19-year-old black soldier home on leave, was allegedly found hanged in the Cairo police station. Police reported that Hunt had hanged himself with his t-shirt , but many members of the black community of Cairo accused the police of murder. There had been an alleged history of police discrimination and violence against black residents of

4872-617: The population peaked at 15,203 in 1920, while in the 2020 census it was 1,733. Several blocks in the town comprise the Cairo Historic District , listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The Old Customs House is also on the NRHP. The city is part of the Cape Girardeau – Jackson , MO –IL Metropolitan Statistical Area . The entire city was evacuated during Mississippi River floods in 2011 , after

4956-529: The remaining population, including poverty, crime, issues in education, unemployment and rebuilding its tax base. The closure of the Elmwood and McBride housing projects was announced by the federal government in 2017. In August 2017, Ben Carson , the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development at the time, visited the city. Ten families had found new housing, but an estimated 400 people will be affected by

5040-468: The remains while men, women, and children shouted and cheered... Some took out their pocketknives and cut off ears and fingers and broke up bones to take as gruesome souvenirs. But the increasingly large mob in Cairo learned of this and seized another train, racing to catch up with the sheriff and James. Sheriff Davis' attempt to save James from the mob proved futile when the mob intercepted Davis and his prisoner. The mob returned James to Cairo and took him to

5124-406: The rights of free blacks residing in the state and discouraged the migration of free blacks. If a black person was unable to present proof of their freedom they could be fined $ 50 or sold by the sheriff to the highest bidder. Not long after the passage of the constitution, the state's general assembly adopted a pro-slavery resolution that announced its approval of slavery in slave-holding states and at

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5208-512: The river in as little as six months. Vehicles were also ferried, as there were no automobile bridges in the area in the early 20th century. The ferry industry created numerous jobs in Cairo to handle large amounts of cargo and numerous passengers through the city. Wealthy merchants and shippers built numerous fine mansions in the 19th and early 20th century, including the Italianate Magnolia Manor , completed in 1872, and

5292-573: The rivers, and launch and supply his successful campaigns south . The town also served as a naval base for the Mississippi River Squadron to pursue the Anaconda Plan to win the war. Developed as a river port, Cairo was later bypassed by transportation changes away from the large expanse of low-lying land, wetland, and water, which surrounds Cairo and makes such infrastructure difficult, and due to industrial restructuring,

5376-495: The same time condemned the formation of abolition societies within Illinois’ boundaries. Although Black people comprised a large proportion of the Cairo population, they were frequently discriminated against in jobs and housing. Race relations were strained in 1900. The state passed an anti-lynching law in 1905. On the night of November 11, 1909, two men were lynched . The first was William James, an African American accused of

5460-510: The shipping, railroad, and ferry industries left the city. Population decline began as workers moved to other cities. Racial tensions rose in the late 1960s as African-Americans sought implementation of gains under new federal civil rights laws passed as a result of the Civil Rights Movement . The police, fire department, and most city jobs were still overwhelmingly dominated by whites. African-Americans were allegedly harassed by

5544-522: The stamped loops to ground them to the chassis. The chassis was constructed first, from sheet metal or wood . Insulated terminal strips were then riveted , nailed or screwed to the underside or interior of the chassis. Transformers , large capacitors , tube sockets and other large components were mounted to the top of the chassis. Their wires were led through holes to the underside or interior. The ends of lengths of wire or wire-ended components such as capacitors and resistors were pushed through

5628-436: The terminals, and usually looped and twisted. When all wires to be connected had been fitted to the terminal, they were soldered together (and to the terminal). Professional electronics assemblers used to operate from books of photographs and follow an exact assembly sequence to ensure that they did not miss any components. This process is labor -intensive, subject to error and not suitable for automated production. Even after

5712-436: The time Scotty Moore bought his amplifier, Butts had replaced the 6V6s with 6L6 tubes, increasing the output to 25 watts. The pre-amplifier section had four 12AU7s , two 12AY7s , a 12AX7 (originally a 12AD7 ), and a 6C4 . The amplifier has a control for bass/treble (whose functionality (but not implementation) resembles that of a Baxandall circuit ), two volume controls for microphone and instrument, and three controls for

5796-469: The tube guitar amplifier community, uses terminal strips (also called "tag boards"). A terminal strip has stamped tin-plated copper terminals, each with a hole through which wire ends could be pushed, fitted on an insulating strip, usually made of a cheap, heat-resistant material such as synthetic-resin bonded paper ( FR-2 ), or bakelite reinforced with cotton. The insulator has an integral mounting bracket, sometimes electrically connected to one or more of

5880-460: The two produced more than just good advertising for Butts: he helped Atkins set up a recording studio, and in 1954 or 1955, prompted by Atkins, he invented a humbucker pickup which was adopted by Gretsch and introduced in their Atkins-endorsed Gretsch 6120 in 1957 as the FilterTron pickup, creating what would become the legendary "twangy" Gretsch sound. Atkins recorded much of his music of

5964-446: The war, as more railroads converged on Chicago and it developed at a rapid pace, attracting stockyards, meat processing, and heavy industries. Instead, agriculture, lumber, and sawmills now dominated the Cairo economy. The strategic importance of Cairo's geographic location during the Civil War sparked prosperity in the town. Several banks were founded during the war years, and the growth in banking and steamboat traffic continued after

6048-684: The war. In 1869, construction began on the United States Custom House and Post Office, which was designed by Alfred B. Mullet , the Supervising Architect . The custom house was completed in 1872. It served as a custom house, post office, and United States Court. The U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Illinois met at the building until 1905. From 1905 to 1942, the Custom House

6132-522: The way south to New Orleans. The city had been designated as a port of delivery by Act of Congress in 1854. A new city charter was written in 1857, and Cairo flourished as trade with Chicago to the north spurred development. By 1860, the population exceeded 2,000. During the Civil War , Admiral Andrew Hull Foote made Cairo the naval station for the Mississippi River Squadron on September 6, 1861. Since Cairo had no land available for base facilities,

6216-425: The white community in Cairo formed a citizens protection group that was deputized by the sheriff. The protection group became known as the "White Hats", because many of its 600 members began wearing white construction hats to show their membership while patrolling the streets to maintain order. In the following two years, accusations of White Hat bullying incidents in the black community began to increase. In early 1969,

6300-654: Was an unusually high black population for a town of Cairo's size in the North. Five percent of all black residents in the state of Illinois lived here. Later in the early 20th century, Chicago became the center of black life in the state, as it was the destination of tens of thousands of migrants during the Great Migration . The Illinois constitution of 1818 allowed for limited slavery in the salt mines and allowed current slave owners to retain their slaves. The General Assembly also passed legislation that severely curtailed

6384-402: Was cut from his body and displayed on a pole that was stuck into the ground, and his body was burned. Hundreds of townspeople conducted a search for the alleged accomplice, Arthur Alexander. Unable to locate him and still bloodthirsty, they entered the court house jail and broke into the cell where Henry Salzner was being held. The mob hanged Salzner from a telegraph pole near the courthouse, and

6468-483: Was designed by the architects Louis A. Simon and George Howe . The U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Illinois moved into the new courthouse in 1942, from the old U.S. Custom House and Post Office. After the U.S. district court structure in Illinois was reorganized in 1978, the court house was used for the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Illinois. The building remains in use by

6552-403: Was discovered the next morning. Police believed that James was large enough to have committed the crime, especially as there were rumors of an accomplice. James was placed in police custody on Tuesday, where he remained until Wednesday evening. No physical evidence linked him to the crime. As word of the crime spread, whites in Cairo demanded an immediate trial of James, but the case was delayed by

6636-429: Was minimised), and used large sockets, all of which made the PCB less obviously advantageous than with later complex semiconductor circuits . Point-to-point construction is still widespread in power electronics , where components are bulky and serviceability is a consideration, and to construct prototype equipment with few or heavy electronic components . A common practice, especially in older point-to-point construction,

6720-417: Was not severe, as the railroad traffic still was directed through Cairo, and automobile and truck traffic increased in the early 20th century. In 1905, a second bridge was constructed across the Mississippi River at Thebes, Illinois . The effects of the second bridge were more severe, as rail traffic through Cairo was now reduced and railroad ferry operations were no longer necessary. As the steamboat industry

6804-568: Was replaced with barges, river traffic had less reason to stop in Cairo. In 1929, the Cairo Mississippi River Bridge was completed, linking Missouri with Illinois to the south of Cairo. In 1937, the Cairo Ohio River Bridge was completed. Completion of the two bridges ended the ferry industry in Cairo, putting many people out of work. As the town was bypassed by two bridges to the south, it also lost

6888-504: Was the Echoplex , which started as a copy of the echo unit from an EchoSonic, and became one of the most important echo effects of the twentieth century. The EchoSonic is a combo amplifier "the size of a traveling salesman's battered suitcase" with, like most tweed amplifiers of the era, the control panel on the top. It has a single 12" speaker (made by University). The first versions produced 15 watts from 2 6V6 tubes but lacked "punch"; by

6972-616: Was unimpressed. The city would serve as his prototype for the nightmare City of Eden in his novel Martin Chuzzlewit . In 1846, 10,000 acres in Cairo were purchased by the trustees of the Cairo City Property Trust, a group of investors including writer John Neal who planned to make it the terminus of the projected Illinois Central Railroad , which finally arrived there in 1855. Cairo had been growing as an important river port for steamboats , which traveled all

7056-424: Was used for the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Illinois. The building also housed the U.S. Circuit Court for the Eastern District of Illinois from 1905 to 1912. At the height of Cairo's prosperity, the post office in the building was the third busiest in the United States. It is one of only seven of Mullet's Victorian structures remaining in the nation, and the building has been converted for use as

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