64-1477: Eckstein is a surname of German origin, meaning "cornerstone" ( eck means 'corner', and stein means 'stone'). According to information gleaned from the U.S. Census , around 2,500 people in the United States have the surname Eckstein. Notable people with the surname include: Anna B. Eckstein (1868–1947), German peace activist Anne Eckstein (born 1955), Australian politician Arthur Eckstein , American historian Ashley Eckstein (born 1981), American actress and fashion designer Bernd Eckstein (born 1953) German ski jumper David Eckstein (born 1975), American baseball player Dieter Eckstein (born 1964), German footballer Emma Eckstein (1865–1924), early patient of Sigmund Freud Ernestine Eckstein (1941–1992), American Black, Feminist, and LGBT activist Ernst Eckstein (1845–1900), German humorist, novelist and poet Hans Eckstein (1908–1985), German water polo player Harry H. Eckstein (1924–1999), American political scientist Hermann Eckstein (1847–1893), German-born mining magnate and banker in South Africa John Eckstein (1736–1817), German artist Nathan Eckstein (1873–1945), German-born American businessman Otto Eckstein (1927–1984), German-born economist at Harvard University, and member of
128-412: A Sikh should balance work, worship, and charity, and should defend the rights of all creatures, and in particular, fellow human beings. They are encouraged to have a chaṛdī kalā , or optimistic – resilience , view of life. Sikh teachings also stress the concept of sharing— vaṇḍ chakkō —through the distribution of free food at Sikh gurdwaras ( langar ), giving charitable donations, and working for
192-595: A desire for an end to violence. The central aim of the Baháʼí Faith is the establishment of the unity of the peoples of the world. Bahá'u'lláh , the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, stated in no uncertain terms, "the fundamental purpose animating the Faith of God and His Religion is to safeguard the interests and promote the unity of the human race ...". In his writings, Bahá'u'lláh described two distinct stages of world peace –
256-589: A former baronetcy in the United Kingdom Nathan Eckstein Middle School , public school in Seattle, Washington Eckstine Eksteen References [ edit ] ^ Eckstein etymology (behindthename.com) ^ "Eckstein (last name)" . Namestatistics.com. [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with the surname Eckstein . If an internal link intending to refer to
320-535: A girls' school from 1874 to 1882. However, Eckstein's teacher Ottilie Frese supported her in learning English and French, which made her want to become a teacher herself. She was confirmed in the main church of Coburg in 1882. At the age of 16, in September 1884, Eckstein left Germany to visit relatives in New York . The reasons for this are unclear. Her parents might have wanted to prevent her from forming
384-557: A glorious century of peace demands from us abandonment of old conceptions of peace. The new Angel of Peace must no longer be pictured as a charming but helpless lady with an olive branch in her hand, but like the Goddess of Justice with a balance in her left and a sword in her right; or like the Archangel Michael, with a fiery sword and wings of steel, fighting the devil to restore and protect the peace of heaven. In fact, near
448-423: A lesser peace and a sense of most great peace. The lesser peace is essentially a collective security agreement between the nations of the world. In this arrangement, nations agree to protect one another by rising up against an aggressor nation, should it seek the usurpation of territory or the destruction of its neighbors. The lesser peace is limited in scope and is concerned with the establishment of basic order and
512-422: A nation from becoming self-sufficient , which is a requirement for long wars. However, free trade does not prevent a nation from establishing some sort of emergency plan to become temporarily self-sufficient in case of war or that a nation could simply acquire what it needs from a different nation. A good example of this is World War I , during which both Britain and Germany became partially self-sufficient. This
576-454: A primary school in Meeder was renamed to Anna-B.-Eckstein-Schule. The school has a peace museum on the ground floor and a room dedicated to the life of Anna Eckstein. World peace World peace is the concept of an ideal state of peace within and among all people and nations on Earth . Different cultures, religions, philosophies, and organizations have varying concepts on how such
640-563: A relationship with an aristocrat who was out of her range, or it was to support her teaching career. For the first few years she worked as a maid or teacher at various places and then took on a job as a private teacher for the daughter (Mamie) of a Jewish merchant (Godfrey Mannheimer) who had immigrated from Germany. While working in this household from December 1887 to October 1893 she joined the Mannheimer family on three trips to Germany. Eckstein moved to Boston in 1894, at first living with
704-538: A result of the spread of Baháʼí teachings, principles, and practices throughout the world. The larger world peace process and its foundational elements are addressed in the document The Promise of World Peace , written by the Universal House of Justice . Many Buddhists believe that world peace can only be achieved if individuals establish peace within their minds first. The Buddha 's teachings emphasize that anger and other negative states of mind are
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#1732766234662768-420: A single fatality has occurred in any dispute between them. Economic norms theory should not be confused with classical liberal theory. The latter assumes that markets are natural and that freer markets promote wealth. In contrast, Economic norms theory shows how market-contracting is a learned norm, and state spending, regulation, and redistribution are necessary to ensure that almost everyone can participate in
832-450: A specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eckstein&oldid=1258186296 " Categories : Surnames German-language surnames Surnames of Jewish origin Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
896-529: A state would come about. Various religious and secular organizations have the stated aim of achieving world peace through addressing human rights , technology, education , engineering, medicine, or diplomacy used as an end to all forms of fighting. Since 1945, the United Nations and the five permanent members of its Security Council ( China , France , Russia , the United Kingdom , and
960-586: A symbol of peace. Amongst others, Eckstein worked with Bertha von Suttner , Alfred Hermann Fried , Ludwig Quidde , and Jean Jaurès . Especially in France and Germany, she also had to deal with opposition and criticism, but was nevertheless nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1913. During the First World War, Eckstein wrote articles for a magazine on international law, whose editor was
1024-583: A temporary ceasefire in a combat zone. The International Day of Peace was established in 1981 by the United Nations General Assembly . Two decades later, in 2001, the General Assembly unanimously voted to designate the day as a day of preventing violence and a cease-fire. The celebration of this day is recognized by many nations and people. In 2013, for the first time, the day has been dedicated to peace education , i.e. by
1088-610: A term was coined in 1962 during the Cold War , attributed this to the increase in the lethality of war to the point where it no longer offers the possibility of a net gain for either side (a form of Nash equilibrium ), thereby making wars pointless. The term is traced back to the Roman Emperor Hadrian (reigned CE 117 – 138), but the concept is older. In the Indian epic Ramayana (7th to 4th centuries BCE) Lord Rama
1152-454: Is a central concept. According to Islamic eschatology , the whole world will be united under the leadership of imam Mahdi . At that time love , justice and peace will be so abundant that the world will be in the likeness of paradise . Judaism is not a pacifist religion. However, the concept of Tikkun olam (Repairing the World) is central to modern Rabbinic Judaism . Tikkun Olam
1216-476: Is a central concept. The Sikh religion preaches that peace comes from God. However, pacifism is not absolute in Sikh religion, and Sikhs have taken military action against oppression. Sikh people believe that meditation , the means of communicating with God, is unfruitful without the noble character of a devotee, as there can be no worship without performing good deeds. Guru Nanak stressed now kirat karō : that
1280-469: Is accomplished through various means, such as ritualistically performing God's commandments, charity, and social justice, as well as through example persuading the rest of the world to behave morally. According to some views, Tikkun Olam would result at the beginning of the Messianic Age . It has been said that in every generation, a person is born with the potential to be the spiritual Messiah . If
1344-573: Is always present, latent or overt, because individuals depend on their groups for physical and economic security and are thus loyal to their groups rather than their states, and because groups are in a constant state of conflict over access to state coffers. Through processes of bounded rationality , people are conditioned towards strong in-group identities and are easily swayed to fear outsiders, psychological predispositions that make possible sectarian violence, genocide, and terrorism. Market-oriented socio-economics are integrated not with personal ties but
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#17327662346621408-659: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Anna B. Eckstein Anna Bernhardine Eckstein (14 June 1868 – 16 October 1947) was a German champion of world peace , who trained as a teacher and campaigned for peace across the world. She gathered six million signatures on a petition and, in 1913, was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize . The outbreak of the First World War interrupted her plans but her ideas influenced
1472-538: Is hatred appeased. This is a law eternal. Peace pagodas are monuments that are built to symbolize and inspire world peace and have been central to the peace movement throughout the years. These are typical of Buddhist origin, being built by the Japanese Buddhist organization Nipponzan Myohoji . They exist around the world in cities such as London , Vienna , New Delhi , Tokyo , and Lumbini . The basic Christian ideal specifies that peace can only come by
1536-475: Is one family". The essence of this concept is the observation that only base minds see dichotomies and divisions. The more we seek wisdom, the more we become inclusive and free our internal spirit from worldly illusions or Maya . World peace is hence only achieved through internal means—by liberating ourselves from artificial boundaries that separate us all. As with all Dharmic Religions , (Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, and Sikhism), ahimsa (avoidance of violence)
1600-459: Is particularly important because Germany had no plan for creating a war economy . Proponents of democratic peace theory , developed mainly in the 1960s but relying in part on eighteenth century Kantian theory, and frequently espoused by Western politicians, claim that strong empirical evidence exists that democracies never or rarely wage war against each other. However, several wars between democracies have taken place, historically, such as
1664-518: Is quoted as saying "Bhay Bin Hoye na Preet", meaning once prayers for peace fail, one may need to instill fear to bring peace. In 1943, at the peak of World War II , the founder of the Paneuropean Union , Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi , argued that after the war the United States (U.S.) was bound to take "command of the skies" to ensure the lasting world peace: But the inauguration of such
1728-557: The Kargil War and the Cenepa War . Relevant issues of debate include whether sufficient data is available to statistically prove the theory and whether peace results in democracy ( territorial peace theory ) or vice versa. Michael Mousseau's economic norms theory links economic conditions with institutions of governance and conflict, distinguishing personal clientelist economies from impersonal market-oriented ones, identifying
1792-859: The Kellogg–Briand Pact of 1928. With the support of the American publisher Edwin Ginn , Eckstein travelled through Canada and Europe to promote her ideas. In 1909, Eckstein attended the second National Peace Congress in Chicago, USA, where she read a "World Petition to the Third Hague Conference". The same year, she moved back to her birthplace Coburg. From there she continued to travel to most European countries, and also Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and China, where she gained increasing support for her cause. She used to wear white dresses as
1856-601: The Kellogg–Briand Pact of 1928. Eckstein was born on 14 June 1868 in Coburg to Johann Nikolaus Eckstein and Anna Barbara Eckstein, née Götz. Her father was a porter and assistant telegraphist at the Werra-Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft [ de ] , a railway company. Eckstein had a younger brother named Ernst and an older sister named Antonie ( Toni ), who was born with a disability. Financial reasons limited her formal education to attending
1920-652: The Land of Israel , and to establish God's Torah, followed by everlasting global peace and prosperity. This idea originates from passages in the Hebrew Bible and the Talmud . For Torah will go forth from Zion and the Word of HaShem from Jerusalem. And He will judge between the nations and decide disputes for many peoples, and they will beat their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks; nation will not lift
1984-505: The United States ) have operated under the aim to resolve conflicts without war. Nonetheless, nations have entered numerous military conflicts since then. Many theories as to how world peace could be achieved have been proposed. Several of these are listed below. Capitalist, or commercial peace, forms one of the three planks of Kantian peace, together with democratic peace theory and institutionalist arguments for peace. Although
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2048-804: The World Constitutional Convention and the Peoples World Parliament were held in Interlaken , Switzerland , and Wolfach , Germany , in 1968. Over 200 participants from 27 countries attended these sessions, where the drafting of a constitution for a global federal world government began. The second session of the World Constituent Assembly took place in Innsbruck , Austria , in 1977. And after extensive discussions and amendments,
2112-408: The "social market" economy, which is in everyone's interests. According to the dialectical materialist theory of Karl Marx , humanity under capitalism is divided into just two classes: the proletariat —who do not possess the means of production, and the bourgeoisie —who do possess the means of production. Once the communist revolution occurs and consequently abolishes the private propriety of
2176-550: The Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the inherent dignity and the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and "peace in the world". The United Nations International Day of Peace , sometimes called World Peace Day, is observed annually on 21 September. It is dedicated to peace, and specifically the absence of war and violence, and can be celebrated by
2240-854: The Church's high-priority Fátima Marian apparitions , promises a temporary world peace as a result of this process being fulfilled, though before the coming of the Antichrist . This period of temporary peace is called the triumph of the Immaculate Heart . Pacifist religious groups that are related to Christianity include Quakers , the Amish , and Mennonites . These groups are known for advocating religious nonviolence , and their adherents are often conscientious objectors . Traditionally, Hinduism has adopted an ancient Sanskrit phrase Vasudhaiva kutumbakam , which translates as "The world
2304-544: The German expert for international law, Theodor Niemeyer. She also published the book Staatenschutzvertrag zur Sicherung des Weltfriedens ( State Protection Treaty to Preserve World Peace ). After the end of World War I Eckstein worked with the Deutsche Liga für den Völkerbund (German League of Nations ) and set up regional groups of it, including in her home town Coburg. There she was very active in trying to keep
2368-600: The Kellogg–Briand Pact, she continued writing letters, and in 1942, she attempted to publish a manuscript titled "The Will to Power Harmonized", but the Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda , under Goebbels , denied her permission. She died on 16 October 1947 at her home in Coburg. The city of Coburg honoured Eckstein and her accomplishments by naming a green space after her in 1987. In 2013
2432-604: The U.S. President's Council of Economic Advisers Péter Eckstein-Kovács (born 1956), Romanian politician Rudolf Eckstein (1915–1993), German rower Sherrell Eckstein (1940-2023), USN, American-Guatemalan citizen and Minister, National Association of Retired Federal Employees Shlomo Eckstein (1929–2020), Israeli economist and President of Bar-Ilan University Yael Eckstein , Jewish-American CEO Yechiel Eckstein (1951–2019), Israeli-American rabbi Warren Eckstein (born 1949), American animal rights activist See also [ edit ] Eckstein baronets , from
2496-720: The United Nations was established by the United Nations Charter to "save successive generations from the scourge of war which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind" (Preamble). The Preamble to the United Nations Charter also aims to further the adoption of fundamental human rights, to respect obligations to sources of international law as well as to unite the strength of independent countries to maintain international peace and security . All treaties on international human rights law refer to or consider "the principles proclaimed in
2560-552: The Word and love of God, which is perfectly demonstrated in the life of Christ: Peace I leave with you; my peace I give you. I do not give to you as the world gives. Do not let your hearts be troubled and do not be afraid. As christologically interpreted from Isaiah 2 , whereupon the "Word of the Lord" is established on the earth, the material human-political result will be 'nation not taking up sword against nation; nor will they train for war anymore'. Christian world peace necessitates
2624-407: The allies will "preserve peace through strength". The document proceeds to detail what "achieving peace through strength requires". Proponents of the territorial peace theory claim that countries with stable borders are likely to develop democracy, while wars and territorial threats foster authoritarian attitudes and a disregard for democracy. Increasing attention has been paid to the theory since
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2688-438: The cause of wars and conflict. Buddhists believe people can live in peace and harmony only if they abandon negative emotions such as anger and cultivate positive emotions such as loving-kindness and compassion . As with all Dharmic religions ( Hinduism , Jainism , Buddhism , and Sikhism ), ahimsa (avoidance of violence ) is a central concept. Hatred is never appeased by hatred in this world. By non-hatred alone
2752-428: The chairman of the conference. Since Eckstein did not see the treaties of this second conference as a success, she organised her own version funded by her own money. She went on to collect six million signatures which she planned to present at the third Hague peace conference in 1914 but the outbreak of the First World War prevented this. This setback caused her to suffer a breakdown but her ideas eventually influenced
2816-534: The draft constitution was unanimously adopted as the Constitution for the Federation of Earth . It was further amended in the 3rd Constituent Assembly, Colombo , Sri Lanka , 1978-79 and the 4th World Constituent Assembly, Troia , Portugal , in 1991. This constitution outlines a detailed plan for a world federalist government and awaits ratification by the people and nations of the world. It includes
2880-441: The early 2000s, and it has increasingly informed democratic peace theory and been espoused in the cause of peacebuilding and international relations . Proponents of democratic peace theory counter argue that stable borders resulting from dispute arbitration or negotiation rather than force via autocracy are more likely to be obtained by democratic states. Efforts are underway to synthesize the two theories. After World War II ,
2944-535: The earth. I did not come to bring peace, but a sword. For I have come to turn a man against his father, a daughter against her mother, a daughter-in-law against her mother-in-law—a man's enemies will be the members of his own household. Many Christians believe that world peace is expected to be manifest upon the "new earth" that is promised in Christian scripture such as Revelation 21 . The Roman Catholic religious conception of " Consecration of Russia ", related to
3008-817: The end of the Napoleonic wars in 1815 to the outbreak of World War I in 1914, with the exceptions of the Franco-Prussian War (1870), the Spanish–American War (1898), the Crimean War (1853–1856), the Boer Wars (1880–1881, 1899–1902), and the American Civil War (1861–1865). Proponents of Cobdenism claim that by removing tariffs and creating international free trade , wars would become impossible because free trade prevents
3072-433: The entrance to the headquarters of the U.S. Strategic Air Command at Offutt Air Force Base stands a large sign with a SAC emblem and its motto: "Peace is our profession." The motto "was a staggering paradox that was also completely accurate". One SAC Bomber— Convair B-36 —is called Peacemaker and one inter-continental missile- LGM-118 - Peacekeeper . In 2016, former U.S. Secretary of Defense Ash Carter envisaged that
3136-411: The evidence is inconclusive, various scholars have argued for capitalist peace. For instance, in her essay "The Roots of War", Ayn Rand held that the major wars of history were started by the more controlled economies of the time against the freer ones and that capitalism gave mankind the longest period of peace in history—a period during which there were no wars involving the entire civilized world—from
3200-448: The harming of others, and in these kinds of economies, everyone is always economically better off when others in the market are also better off, not worse off. Rather than fight, citizens in market-oriented socio-economies care deeply about everyone's rights and welfare, so they demand economic growth at home and economic cooperation and human rights abroad. Nations with market-oriented socio-economies tend to agree on global issues and not
3264-429: The impersonal force of the market where most individuals are economically dependent on trusting strangers in contracts enforced by the state. This creates loyalty to a state that enforces the rule of law and contracts impartially and reliably and provides equal protection in the freedom to contract – that is, liberal democracy. Wars cannot happen within or between nations with market-integrated economies because war requires
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#17327662346623328-471: The key preventive means to reduce war sustainably. Considering the UN's design as a forum and its lack of direct power or authority over nations, it has received a fair amount of criticism and since its foundation, prominent world figures have expressed their concerns and called for the establishment of a democratic federal world government . It is in that response, in early 1960s, the most comprehensive effort
3392-462: The latter with permanent peace within and between nations. Throughout most of human history, societies have been based on personal relations: individuals in groups know each other and exchange favours. Today in most lower-income societies hierarchies of groups distribute wealth based on personal relationships among group leaders, a process often linked with clientelism and corruption. Michael Mousseau argues that in this kind of socio-economy conflict
3456-546: The living of a proactive life replete with all good works indirect light of the Word of God. The details of such a life can be observed in the Gospels, especially the historically renowned Sermon on the Mount , where forgiving those who do wrong things against oneself is advocated among other pious precepts. However, not all Christians expect a lasting world peace on this earth: Do not suppose that I have come to bring peace to
3520-509: The majority of the local Hindus of every denomination have also become vegetarian. Famous quote on world peace as per Jainism by a 19th-century Indian legend, Virchand Gandhi : "May peace rule the universe; may peace rule in kingdoms and empires; may peace rule in states and in the lands of the potentates; may peace rule in the house of friends and may peace also rule in the house of enemies." As with all Dharmic religions (Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, and Sikhism), ahimsa (avoidance of violence)
3584-400: The means of production, humanity will not be divided and the tension created between these two classes will cease. Mutual assured destruction (MAD) is a doctrine of military strategy based on rational deterrence in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two opposing sides would effectively result in the destruction of both belligerents. Proponents of the policy of MAD, which as
3648-722: The novelist Martha "Mattie" Griffith Browne and still working as a teacher. In response to her disappointment at the outcomes of the Hague Conventions she joined the American Peace Society , of which she became vice president between 1905 and 1911. She collected over one million signatures, signed by supporters from the US, UK, and Germany, for a proposal she had written prior to the second peace conference in The Hague. On 4 July 1907 she handed this document to
3712-545: The protection of universal human rights, prevention of war, secure disarmament, social development, protection of the environment, and addresses many more global challenges. A Provisional World Parliament (PWP) , a transitional international legislative body, operates under the framework of the Constitution for the Federation of Earth . It convenes to work on global issues, gathering delegates from different countries. Many religions and religious leaders have expressed
3776-552: The re-balance to the Asia-Pacific will make the region "peaceful" through "strength": You, and your fellow soldiers, sailors, airmen, and Marines will solidify the rebalance, you will make this network work, and you will help the Asia-Pacific... realize a principled and peaceful and prosperous future. And play the role only America can play... You'll do so with strength. Introduction to US National Security and Defense Strategies of 2018 states: The US force posture combined with
3840-634: The rise of National Socialism at bay. Eckstein also helped establish a local society of the German Democratic Party , an adult education centre, a community club, and a society for literature and music. In addition to that, Eckstein was active in the Protestant church, and was a member of the state synod. Eckstein stayed in Switzerland from March to September 1933, and then returned to Coburg. In order to maintain awareness of
3904-572: The sword against nation, neither will they learn war anymore. Compassion for all life, human and non-human , is central to Jainism . They have adopted the wordings of Lord Mahavira Jiyo our Jeeno Do . Human life is valued as a unique, rare opportunity to reach enlightenment; to kill any person, no matter what crime he may have committed, is considered unimaginably abhorrent. It is a religion that requires monks and laity, from all its sects and traditions, to be vegetarian. Some Indian regions, such as Gujarat , have been strongly influenced by Jains and often
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#17327662346623968-637: The time is right for the Messianic Age within that person's lifetime, then that person will be the Mashiach . But if that person dies before he completes the mission of the Messiah, then that person is not the Messiah (Mashiach). Specifically, in Jewish messianism it is considered that at some future time a Messiah (literally "an anointed King appointed by God") will rise up to bring all Jews back to
4032-625: The universal recognition of national borders and the sovereignty of nations. Baháʼís believe that the lesser peace is taking place largely through the operation of the Divine Will and that Baháʼí influence on the process is relatively minor. The greatest peace is the eventual end goal of the lesser peace and is envisioned as a time of spiritual and social unity – a time when the peoples of the world genuinely identify with and care for one another, rather than simply tolerating one other's existence. The Baháʼís view this process as taking place largely as
4096-400: Was made to draft a world constitution . Thane Read and Philip Isely drafted a form of agreement that aimed to admit delegates from both national governments and the people of all countries for a world constitutional convention. A worldwide call for a World Constitutional Convention was sent, and thousands of world figures and five national governments signed the call. In result of that,
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