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97-465: Although the Eclectic was founded by Dissenters , it adhered to a strict code of non-denominationalism; however, its religious background may have contributed to its serious intellectual tone. Initially modeled on 18th-century periodicals, the Eclectic adapted early to the competitive periodical market of the early 19th century, changing its style to include longer, more evaluative reviews. It remained

194-569: A Grindletonian, and simultaneously in New England John Winthrop thought that Anne Hutchinson was one. The last known Grindletonian died in the 1680s. The Levellers was a political movement during the English Civil War that emphasised popular sovereignty , extended suffrage , equality before the law and religious tolerance . Levellers tended to hold a notion of "natural rights" that had been violated by

291-399: A bull on the reverse side. The first minting, from 1928 until 1941, contained 75% silver, more than the equivalent British coin. The pre-decimal Irish shilling coin (which was retained for some time after decimalisation) was withdrawn from circulation on 1 January 1993, when a smaller five-pence coin was introduced. One abbreviation for shilling is s (for solidus , see £sd ). Often it

388-414: A generally successful periodical for most of its run. The editing history of the Eclectic can be divided into four periods: the first is dominated by co-founder Daniel Parken, who helped establish the popularity of the periodical; after Parken's death, Josiah Conder , after purchasing the periodical, edited it from 1813 until 1836, during years of financial hardship; from 1837 to 1855, Thomas Price edited

485-636: A leader in the movement for a congregational form of organisation for the Church of England and attempted to set up a separate Congregational Church in Norwich , Norfolk, England. He was arrested but released on the advice of William Cecil , his kinsman. Browne and his companions moved to Middelburg in the Netherlands in 1581. He returned to England in 1585 and to the Church of England, being employed as

582-508: A major role in keeping the early Traskite congregations growing in numbers. Sunday Sabbatarianism became the normative view within the Church of England in one form or another. The Puritans were known to harbour First-day Sabbatarian views , which became well established in their successive Congregationalist Church , in addition to becoming entrenched in the Continental Reformed and Presbyterian churches, all of which belong to

679-436: A new church established by Christ upon his return could possess his grace and power to change them within. Their anticipation of this event was found in their practices. For example, Seekers held quiet meetings as opposed to more programmed religious services and as such had no clergy or hierarchy. During these gatherings they would wait in silence and speak only when they felt that God had inspired them to do so. Seekers denied

776-632: A new organisation but for profound theological reform for the existing churches. At the end of his life, he endured a rare Swedish heresy inquiry by the Swedish Lutheran Consistory. He died before it was concluded, and the Consistory shelved the inquiry without reaching a decision. Swedenborg's primary critiques of orthodox theology centred on the tri-personal constructions of the Trinity, the idea of salvation by faith alone , and

873-662: A personal God, and in many ways they resemble the Brethren of the Free Spirit in the 14th century. The Ranters revived the Brethren of the Free Spirit's beliefs of amoralism and followed the Brethren's ideals which "stressed the desire to surpass the human condition and become godlike". Further drawing from the Brethren of the Free Spirit, the Ranters embraced antinomianism and believed that Christians are freed by grace from

970-453: A schoolmaster and parish priest. The Diggers were an English group of Protestant agrarian communists , begun by Gerrard Winstanley as True Levellers in 1649, who became known as Diggers due to their activities. Their original name came from their belief in economic equality based upon a specific passage in the Book of Acts . The Diggers tried (by "levelling" real property ) to reform

1067-631: A silver coin until 1946, although the silver content was debased from 1920 onwards. A shilling was a coin used in England from the reign of Henry VII (or Edward VI around 1550). The shilling continued in use after the Acts of Union of 1707 created a new United Kingdom from the Kingdoms of England and Scotland, and under Article 16 of the Articles of Union, a common currency for the new United Kingdom

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1164-425: A state of divine grace into a state of sin and suffering, that the forces of evil included fallen angels who had rebelled against God, and subsequently that God's goal was to restore the world to a state of grace. However, in some ways, Behmenist belief deviated significantly from traditional Lutheran belief. For example, Böhme rejected the concepts of sola fide and sola gratia . By 1580, Robert Browne had become

1261-767: A wide readership in England, America, and presumably throughout the British Empire", according to Basker. The journal was reprinted in the United States by Foster, Bisbee, and Col. in New York. Almost all the issues are available on-line . English Dissenter English Dissenters or English Separatists were Protestants who separated from the Church of England in the 17th and 18th centuries. English Dissenters opposed state interference in religious matters and founded their own churches, educational establishments and communities. They tended to see

1358-541: A wide-reaching Protestant Reformation of the established Church of England, and they flourished briefly during the Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell . King James I had said "no bishop, no king", emphasising the role of the clergy in justifying royal legitimacy. Cromwell capitalised on that phrase, abolishing both upon founding the Commonwealth of England . After the restoration of the monarchy in 1660,

1455-509: Is a historical coin, and the name of a unit of modern currencies formerly used in the United Kingdom , Australia , New Zealand , other British Commonwealth countries and Ireland , where they were generally equivalent to 12 pence or one-twentieth of a pound before being phased out during the 1960s and 1970s. Currently the shilling is used as a currency in five east African countries: Kenya , Tanzania , Uganda , Somalia , and

1552-464: Is expected to come to an end as soon as the Central Bank assumes full control of monetary policy and replaces the presently circulating currency introduced by the private sector. The Somaliland shilling is the official currency of Somaliland , a self-declared republic that is internationally recognised as an autonomous region of Somalia . The currency is not recognised as legal tender by

1649-527: Is mentioned in the earliest recorded Germanic law codes, those of Æthelberht of Kent . The Germanic root of the term Shilling, (s)kelH- , has been theorized to come from a foreign currency; most probably the Phoenician Shekel . Recent discoveries of antique British tin off the coasts of Israel and Turkey has confirmed probable trade between the middle-east and the British isles. In origin,

1746-593: Is the official currency of Somalia . It is subdivided into 100 cents (English), senti (Somali, also سنت) or centesimi (Italian). The Somali shilling has been the currency of parts of Somalia since 1921, when the East African shilling was introduced to the former British Somaliland protectorate . Following independence in 1960, the somalo of Italian Somaliland and the East African shilling (which were equal in value) were replaced at par in 1962 by

1843-417: Is to bring the world to an end. Muggletonians avoided all forms of worship or preaching and, in the past, met only for discussion and socialising amongst members. The movement was egalitarian, apolitical, and pacifist, and resolutely avoided evangelism . Members attained a degree of public notoriety by cursing those who reviled their faith. The Puritans were a significant grouping of English Protestants in

1940-530: The Monthly Review and The Critical Review , issues of the Eclectic Review typically included several long reviews in addition to many short notices. Its long reviews included both "review articles", which reviewed several books on the same subject, and "review essays", which used a single book as a way to begin discussing a larger subject of interest. However, unlike its 18th-century models,

2037-728: The Cathari of France, and according to Thomas Fuller in his Church History, dated back to 1564. Archbishop Matthew Parker used "puritan" and "precisian" with the sense of stickler . T. D. Bozeman therefore uses instead the term precisianist in regard to the historical groups of England and New England . The Philadelphians, or the Philadelphian Society , were a Protestant 17th-century religious group in England. They were organised around John Pordage , an Anglican priest from Bradfield , Berkshire, who had been ejected from his parish in 1655 because of differing views, but

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2134-524: The Eclectic covered books in every field imaginable". For example, the January 1845 issue had seven major articles; three were on literary subjects and the rest were on theology, politics, education, and natural history. The Eclectic also reviewed art exhibitions. Furthermore, important contemporary scientific and philosophical subjects were given extensive space. For example, the Oxford Movement

2231-681: The Eclectic was able to successfully compete in the early 19th-century market, with the Edinburgh Review , the Quarterly Review , and the Westminster Review . As James Basker explains in his short history of the Eclectic , the Edinburgh Review was its "most illustrious and its most antagonistic rival", and like it, the Eclectic "offered sophisticated criticism that moved almost completely away from

2328-489: The Eclectic , as were novels by the Brontës, William Thackeray , Anthony Trollope , Victor Hugo , and George Eliot . According to Basker, "the Eclectic' s treatment of the novel was balanced, insightful, and sophisticated". The Eclectic also reviewed the works of important literary figures such as George Crabbe , Robert Burns , James Hogg , William Hazlitt , Stendhal , and Goethe . It did not shy away from reviewing

2425-404: The Eclectic . After Parken's death in 1812, Theophilus Williams took over editorship of the periodical. It almost collapsed until it was purchased by Josiah Conder in 1813, with whom the second major period began. Conder continued editing the periodical until 1836, financing it himself and often writing entire issues. From 1837 until 1855—the third period—Thomas Price edited the periodical (with

2522-482: The Eclectic' s history, described by Basker as its "most unstable", began with Price's departure. An anonymous editor took over from Ryland and changed the Eclectic into a miscellany. Edwin Paxton Hood took over as editor in January 1861, changing the periodical back to a book review, increasing the size of each issue, and lowering the price still further. According to Basker, these last years were successful and

2619-645: The Kenyan shilling , the Ugandan shilling and the Tanzanian shilling , respectively. Though all these currencies have different values at present, there were plans to reintroduce the East African shilling as a new common currency by 2009, although this has not come about. In the thirteen British colonies that became the United States in 1776, British money was often in circulation. Each colony issued its own paper money , with pounds, shillings, and pence used as

2716-537: The Lord's Day (Sunday), the Seventh-day Sabbatarians challenged the church's day of rest being on Sunday rather than Saturday . Some Dutch Anabaptists embraced Sabbatarianism and may have helped to introduce these practices into England. In England, Seventh-day Sabbatarianism is generally associated with John Traske (1585–1636), Theophilus Brabourne , and Dorothy Traske (c. 1585–1645), who also played

2813-696: The Reformed tradition of Christianity . Additionally, the Moravian, Methodist, and Quaker denominations teach Sunday Sabbatarian views. The Seekers were not a distinct religion or sect but instead formed a loose religious society. Like other Protestant dissenting groups, they believed the Roman Catholic Church to be corrupt, which subsequently applied to the Church of England as well through its common heritage. Seekers considered all churches and denominations to be in error and believed that only

2910-543: The civil war , which began in the early 1990s, the value of the Somali shilling was disrupted. The Central Bank of Somalia, the nation's monetary authority, also shut down operations. Rival producers of the local currency, including autonomous regional entities such as the Somaliland territory, subsequently emerged. Somalia's newly established Transitional Federal Government revived the defunct Central Bank of Somalia in

3007-468: The de facto country of Somaliland . The East African Community additionally plans to introduce an East African shilling . The word shilling comes from Anglo-Saxon phrase "Scilling", a monetary term meaning literally "twentieth of a pound", from the Proto-Germanic root skiljaną meaning literally "to separate, split, divide", from (s)kelH- meaning "to cut, split." The word "Scilling"

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3104-613: The episcopacy was reinstalled, and the rights of the Dissenters were limited: the Act of Uniformity 1662 required Anglican ordination for all clergy, and many instead withdrew from the state church. These ministers and their followers came to be known as Nonconformists , though originally this term referred to refusal to use certain vestments and ceremonies of the Church of England, rather than separation from it. Certain denominations of Dissenter Christians gained prominence throughout

3201-596: The established church as too Catholic , but did not agree on what should be done about it. Some separatists emigrated to the New World , especially to the Thirteen Colonies and Canada . Brownists founded the Plymouth Colony . English dissenters played a pivotal role in the spiritual development of the United States and greatly diversified the religious landscape. They originally agitated for

3298-498: The rupee in 1852, a shilling was deemed to be equivalent to half a rupee. On the decimalisation of the currency in 1969, a shilling was deemed to be equivalent to 50 Ceylon cents. The term continued to be used colloquially until the late 20th century. The East African shilling was in use in the British colonies and protectorates of British Somaliland , Kenya , Tanganyika , Uganda and Zanzibar from 1920, when it replaced

3395-769: The rupee , until after those countries became independent, and in Tanzania after that country was formed by the merger of Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1964. Upon independence in 1960, the East African shilling in the British Somaliland and the Somali somalo in the Trust Territory of Somalia were replaced by the Somali shilling . In 1966, the East African Monetary Union broke up, and the member countries replaced their currencies with

3492-406: The vicarious atonement . He revived an allegorical tradition of reading scripture, which he believed was composed in correspondences. He believed in a theory of symbolic values in the literal text, which could produce an inner sense wherein the individual could ascertain the new theology. [REDACTED] Media related to English Dissenters at Wikimedia Commons Shilling The shilling

3589-587: The "black hog", as opposed to the 12-pence English shillings which were known as "white hogs". In the Irish Free State and Republic of Ireland , the shilling coin was issued as scilling (the Irish language equivalent). It was worth 1/20 of an Irish pound , and was interchangeable at the same value to the British coin, which continued to be used in Northern Ireland . The coin featured

3686-495: The 16th and 17th centuries. Puritanism in this sense was founded by some Marian exiles from the clergy shortly after the accession of Queen Elizabeth I in 1558, as an activist movement within the Church of England. The designation "Puritan" is often used incorrectly, based on the assumption that hedonism and puritanism are antonyms: historically, the word was used to characterise the Protestant group as extremists similar to

3783-639: The 16th century, numerous different types of schilling were minted in Europe . The English shilling was a successor of the testoon coin first minted during the reign of Edward VI in 1551, which consisted of 92.5% "sterling" silver. By the 17th century, further devaluation resulted in schillings in the Holy Roman Empire being minted in billon (majority base metal content) instead of silver , with 48 schillings to one Reichsthaler . The English (later British) shilling continued to be minted as

3880-550: The 1760s and 1840s in Lower Canada , both French and British-based pounds coexisted as units of account, the French livre being close in value to the British shilling. A variety of coinage circulated. By 1858, a decimal Canadian dollar came into use. Other parts of British North America decimalized shortly afterwards and Canadian confederation in 1867 passed control of currency to the federal government. The Somali shilling

3977-468: The 1960s included the legend "ONE SHILLING" on the reverse. Smaller ten-cent coins were introduced in 2006. The shilling ( Maltese : xelin , pl. xelini ) was used in Malta , prior to decimalisation in 1972, and had a face value of five Maltese cents . In British Ceylon , a shilling ( Sinhala : Silima , Tamil : Silin ) was equivalent to eight fanams . With the replacement of the rixdollar by

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4074-478: The American press, which could claim to rank, in point of original talent and classic elegance of style, with the best English authors". However, English authors were still given far more attention than American, and William Wordsworth was the most reviewed of all. Essays were written about the new Romantic movement. In general, the Eclectic preferred Wordsworth to Samuel Taylor Coleridge , particularly after

4171-599: The Baptist bodies. Baptist historian Bruce Gourley outlines four main views of Baptist origins: Henry Barrowe maintained the right and duty of the church to carry out necessary reforms without awaiting the permission of the civil power; and advocated congregational independence. He regarded the whole established church order as polluted by the relics of Roman Catholicism and insisted on separation as essential to pure worship and discipline. The Behmenists religious movement began on continental Europe and took its ideas from

4268-556: The Carolingian period, and gold schillings (equivalent to twelve silver pfennigs ) were very rare. In the 12th century, larger silver coins of multiple pfennig weight were minted, known as denarii grossi or groschen ( groats ). These heavier coins were valued at between 4 and 20 of the silver denarii . In the late medieval period, states of the Holy Roman Empire began minting similar silver coins of multiple pfennig weight, some of them denominated as schilling . In

4365-467: The Family of Love, and re-marriage after the death of a spouse could only take place between men and women of the same Familist congregation. Additionally, they would not discuss their ideas and opinions with outsiders and sought to remain undetected by ordinary members of society: they tended to be members of an established church so as not to attract suspicion and showed respect for authority. The group

4462-757: The Interregnum, the Baptists and other dissenting groups absorbed the British Anabaptists. Despite this, evidence suggests that the early relations between Baptists and Anabaptists were quite strained. In 1624, the five existing Baptist churches of London issued an anathema against the Anabaptists. Even today there is still very little dialogue between Anabaptist organisations (such as the Mennonite World Conference ) and

4559-475: The Interregnum. They took their name from a prophecy in the Book of Daniel that four ancient monarchies (Babylonian, Persian, Macedonian, and Roman) would precede Christ's return. They also referred to the year 1666 and its relationship to the biblical Number of the Beast indicating the end of earthly rule by carnal human beings. In a sermon preached at St Paul's Cross on 11 February 1627, and published under

4656-460: The New Birth, as well as after Entire Sanctification. The early Methodists were known by careful lifestyle, including wearing of plain dress , fasting on Fridays , devout observance of the Lord's Day , and abstinence from alcohol . The Muggletonians , named after Lodowicke Muggleton , were a small Protestant Christian movement which began in 1651 when two London tailors announced they were

4753-615: The Somali shilling. Names used for the denominations were cent, centesimo (plural: centesimi) and سنت (plurals: سنتيمات and سنتيما) together with shilling, scellino (plural: scellini) and شلن. That same year, the Banca Nazionale Somala issued notes for 5, 10, 20 and 100 scellini/shillings. In 1975, the Bankiga Qaranka Soomaaliyeed (Somali National Bank) introduced notes for 5, 10, 20 and 100 shilin/shillings. These were followed in 1978 by notes of

4850-681: The Swedenborgian enthusiasts became disillusioned with the prospects for thorough Swedenborgian theological reform within their respective traditions. These left those churches to form the General Conference of the New Jerusalem, often called simply the New Church. Other Swedenborgian converts, such as Anglican John Clowes and Thomas Hartley, argued for remaining within existing traditions. Swedenborg did not call for

4947-408: The abbreviation for denarius , a penny). The shilling itself was equal to twelve pence. In the traditional pounds, shillings and pence system, there were 20 shillings per pound and 12 pence per shilling, making 240 pence in a pound. Slang terms for the old shilling coins include "bob" and "hog". While the derivation of "bob" is uncertain, John Camden Hotten in his 1864 Slang Dictionary says

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5044-536: The acts of justification , regeneration , and adoption . In the second work of grace, which Wesley taught could be bestowed instantaneously, the believer is made perfect in love, original sin is uprooted, and he/she is empowered to serve God with an undivided heart. Wesley taught that those who receive the New Birth do not willfully sin. Additionally, he taught that the second blessing—entire sanctification—was "wrought instantaneously, though it may be approached by slow and gradual steps". Growth in grace occurs after

5141-567: The coins of King George VI . This design continued until the last year of issue in 1963. In 1966, Australia's currency was decimalised and the shilling was replaced by a ten cent coin (Australian) , where 10 shillings made up one Australian dollar . The slang term for a shilling coin in Australia was "deener". The slang term for a shilling as currency unit was "bob", the same as in the United Kingdom . After 1966, shillings continued to circulate, as they were replaced by ten-cent coins of

5238-719: The development of the English Presbyterians, the English Unitarians and the Non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland . In the 18th century, one group of Dissenters became known as "Rational Dissenters". In many respects they were closer to the Anglicanism of their day than other Dissenting sects; however, they believed that state religions impinged on the freedom of conscience . They were fiercely opposed to

5335-536: The effectiveness of external forms of religion such as the sacraments , water baptism and the Scriptures as a means of salvation . Many of them later became Quakers, convinced by the preaching of George Fox and other early Friends. The followers of Socinianism were Unitarian or Nontrinitarian in theology and influenced by the Polish Brethren . The Socinians of 17th century England influenced

5432-566: The exception of one three-month period when William Linwood tried to take over the editorship). According to Basker, "Price reinvigorated the Eclectic ", specifically by rigorously adhering to a neutral position on religion, by expanding the topics covered to include foreign publications, and by lowering the price from two shillings to eighteen pence . His aim was to appeal to families. As his health declined, Price co-edited with William Hendry Stowell from 1851 to 1855 and during 1855 with his successor, Jonathan Edwards Ryland . The last period of

5529-569: The existing social order with an agrarian lifestyle based on their ideas for the creation of small egalitarian rural communities. They were one of several nonconformist dissenting groups that emerged around this time. Several Protestant sects of the 16th and 17th centuries were called Enthusiastic. During the years that immediately followed the Glorious Revolution , "enthusiasm" was a British pejorative term for advocacy of any political or religious cause in public. Such "enthusiasm"

5626-455: The experience of regeneration ; 5) an impulse to gather with others who had had this experience; 6) mission to those who had not yet had this experience. Additionally, Fox taught the doctrine of perfection —"spiritual intimacy with God and Christ, entailing an ability to resist sin and temptation". The Plymouth Brethren originated in Dublin in 1827. The Ranters were a sect in

5723-530: The heart". The Familia Caritatis ("Family of Love", or the "Familists") were a religious sect that began in continental Europe in the 16th century. Members of this religious group were devout followers of Dutch mystic Hendrik Niclaes . The Familists believed that Niclaes was the only person who truly knew how to achieve a state of perfection, and his texts attracted followers in Germany, France, and England. The Familists were secretive and wary of outsiders. For example, they wished death upon those outside of

5820-492: The hierarchical structure of the established church and the financial ties between it and the government. Like moderate Anglicans, they desired an educated ministry and an orderly church, but they based their opinions on the Bible and on reason rather than on appeals to tradition and authority. They rejected doctrines such as the original sin or Trinity , arguing that they were irrational. Rational Dissenters believed that Christianity and faith could be dissected and evaluated using

5917-452: The international community, and it currently has no official exchange rate . It is regulated by the Bank of Somaliland , Somaliland's central bank . Although the authorities in Somaliland have attempted to bar usage of the Somali shilling, Somalia's official currency is still in circulation in some regions. Elsewhere in the former British Empire, forms of the word shilling remain in informal use. In Vanuatu and Solomon Islands , selen

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6014-446: The king's side in the civil wars. At the Putney Debates in 1647, Colonel Thomas Rainsborough defended natural rights as coming from the law of God expressed in the Bible. Methodism arose as a movement started by Anglican priest John Wesley , who taught two works of grace— (1) the New Birth and (2) entire sanctification . In the first work of grace, individuals repent of their sin and embrace Jesus as their saviour, accomplishing

6111-441: The last prophets foretold in the biblical Book of Revelation . The group grew out of the Ranters and in opposition to the Quakers. Muggletonian beliefs include a hostility to philosophical reason, a scriptural understanding of how the universe works, and a belief that God appeared directly on Earth as Christ Jesus. A consequential belief is that God takes no notice of everyday events on Earth and will not generally intervene until it

6208-499: The late 2000s. In terms of financial management, the monetary authority is in the process of assuming the task of both formulating and implementing monetary policy. Owing to a lack of confidence in the Somali shilling, the US dollar is widely accepted as a medium of exchange alongside the Somali shilling. Dollarization notwithstanding, the large issuance of the Somali shilling has increasingly fueled price hikes, especially for low value transactions. This inflationary environment, however,

6305-406: The mint was instructed to coin one troy pound (weighing 5760 grains or 373 g) of sterling silver (0.925 fine) into 66 shillings, or its equivalent in other denominations. This set the weight of the shilling at 87.2727 grains or 5.655 grams from 1816 until 1990, when it was demonetised in favour of a new smaller 5p coin of the same value. At decimalisation in 1971, the shilling coin

6402-519: The necessity of obeying Mosaic Law . Because they believed that God is present in all living creatures, the Ranters' adherence to antinomianism allowed them to reject the very notion of obedience, thus making them a great threat to the stability of the government. Sabbatarians were known in England from the time of Elizabeth I. Access to the Bible in English allowed anyone who could read English to study scripture and question church doctrines. While First-day Sabbatarians supported practices that hallowed

6499-413: The newly emerging discipline of science, and that a stronger belief in God would be the result. A tradition that emerged at the end of the 18th century is the Swedenborgian church , which continues today in several branches around the world. It originated in London in 1780. Beginning as groups reading Emanuel Swedenborg , whose members were composed largely of Methodists, Baptists, and Anglicans, some of

6596-497: The novel". The publishing history of the Eclectic can be divided into four periods. During its first year, the periodical was edited by Samuel Greatheed , a Dissenting minister; however, it was co-founder and fellow Dissenter Daniel Parken who built up the readership and contributor list of the periodical while he served as editor from 1806 to 1812. He was also responsible for what Basker calls "the policy of enlightened, non-denominational (if not ecumenical) editorial policies" at

6693-402: The old-fashioned techniques of quotation and abstract toward a genuine critical evaluation of books and their significance in the broader contexts both of the author's canon and of their formal or intellectual tradition". Basker writes that "the Eclectic grew to become what is now a massive and invaluable archive of the literary and intellectual history of the nineteenth century". The Eclectic

6790-412: The original version was "bobstick" and speculates that it may be connected with Sir Robert Walpole . Australian shillings, twenty of which made up one Australian pound , were first issued in 1910, with the Australian coat of arms on the reverse and King Edward VII on the face. The coat of arms design was retained through the reign of King George V until a new ram's head design was introduced for

6887-449: The periodical produced "some of its finest review journalism". About 60 of the contributors to the Eclectic have been identified. Basker writes that "few...were particularly famous, even in their own day". Only two or three are still notable today: James Mill , the father of philosopher John Stuart Mill ; the poet and friend of Lord Byron , James Montgomery ; and man of letters, Edwin Paxton Hood. However, as Basker points out "although

6984-473: The periodical, returning it to its popularity and success; in its final years, several people served as managing editor and the Eclectic had some of its best years. Although few of the contributors of the Eclectic remain famous today, such as the poet James Montgomery , many of them were well-known academics or reformers of the time, such as the abolitionist George Thompson and the theological scholar Adam Clarke . Modeled on 18th-century periodicals such as

7081-443: The publication of " Kubla Khan ", calling on him "to break off his desultory and luxurious habits, and to brace his mind to intellectual exertion". Percy Bysshe Shelley was criticized for his profanity and atheism , however John Keats was judged to have "promise". After Wordsworth, it was Byron's poetry which was reviewed most often. The Eclectic criticized it, but heralded works such as Childe Harold's Pilgrimage , writing that

7178-462: The reader would "be dazzled even to tears". The major novelists of the time were not neglected. For example, Sir Walter Scott's novels were reviewed, due to their popularity, "but his works were regarded with a certain ambivalence". In reviewing Ivanhoe , for example, the reviewer wrote that it was "one of the cleverest of all our Author's productions" but that it was "a failure" as a romance . Almost all of Charles Dickens's novels were reviewed in

7275-465: The reformer Andrew Reed , and the theologian, scientist, and philanthropist Thomas Chalmers . Basker writes that the Eclectic was "clearly aimed at the highly literate and thoughtful reader" but it was "anything but elitist about the audience it sought". The founders deliberately set a low price so that many classes of people could purchase the journal. Its reviews of family encyclopedias, such Dionysius Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopedia suggest that it

7372-399: The rest may be forgotten today, it is nonetheless true to say (as one of its editors said in the 1830s) that 'the pages of the [ Eclectic ] have been enriched by the contributions of many of the most powerful intellects of the age'". Among these were the mathematician, scientist, and theologian Olinthus Gilbert Gregory , the theological scholar Adam Clarke , the abolitionist George Thompson ,

7469-513: The same denominations issued by the Bankiga Dhexe Ee Soomaaliya ( Central Bank of Somalia ). 50 shilin/shillings notes were introduced in 1983, followed by 500 shilin/shillings in 1989 and 1000 shilin/shillings in 1990. Also in 1990 there was an attempt to reform the currency at 100 to 1, with new banknotes of 20 and 50 new shilin prepared for the redenomination. Following the breakdown in central authority that accompanied

7566-403: The same size and weight. New Zealand shillings, twenty of which made up one New Zealand pound , were first issued in 1933 and featured the image of a Maori warrior carrying a taiaha "in a warlike attitude" on the reverse. In 1967, New Zealand's currency was decimalised and the shilling was replaced by a ten-cent coin of the same size and weight. Ten-cent coins minted through the remainder of

7663-513: The standard units of account . Some coins were minted in the colonies, such as the pine tree shilling in the Massachusetts Bay Colony . After the United States adopted the dollar as its unit of currency and accepted the gold standard , one British shilling was worth 24 US cents . Due to ongoing shortages of US coins in some regions, shillings continued to circulate well into the nineteenth century. Shillings are described as

7760-484: The standard monetary unit throughout the autobiography of Solomon Northup (1853) and mentioned several times in the Horatio Alger Jr. story Ragged Dick (1868). Prices in an 1859 advertisement in a Chicago newspaper were given in dollars and shillings. In Canada , £sd currencies were in use both during the French period ( New France livre ) and after the British conquest ( Canadian pound ). Between

7857-478: The time of the Commonwealth who were regarded as heretical by the established Church of that period. Their central idea was pantheistic , that God is essentially in every creature; this led them to deny the authority of the church, of scripture, of the current ministry and of services, instead calling on men to hearken to Jesus within them. Many Ranters seem to have rejected a belief in immortality and in

7954-533: The title "The White Wolfe " in 1627, Stephen Denison, minister of St Katharine Cree in London, charged the 'Gringltonian [ sic ] familists ' with holding nine points of an antinomian tendency. These nine points are repeated from Denison by Ephraim Pagit in 1645 and Alexander Ross in 1655. In 1635 John Webster , curate at Kildwick in North Yorkshire , was charged before a church court with being

8051-509: The word schilling designated the solidus of Late Antiquity, the gold coin that replaced the aureus in the 4th century. The Anglo-Saxon scillingas of the 7th century were still small gold coins. In 796, Charlemagne passed a monetary reform, based on the Carolingian silver pound (about 406.5 grams). The schilling was one-twentieth of a pound or about 20.3 grams of silver. One schilling had 12 denarii or deniers ("pennies"). There were, however, no silver schilling coins in

8148-536: The works of controversial figures, however, such as Thomas de Quincey . It reviewed the works of both Brownings, calling Elizabeth Barrett Browning "the Schiller of our higher nature" and compared Robert Browning to Tennyson . The Eclectic also claimed to be the first journal to "discover" and "to notice at any length" Christina Rossetti's Goblin Market and Other Poems . As Basker writes, "beyond literature,

8245-537: The world, including the Anabaptists , Baptists , Methodists , Plymouth Brethren , Puritans ( Congregationalists ) and Quakers . In existence during the English Interregnum (1649–1660): Anabaptist (literally, "baptised again") was a term given to those Reformation Christians who rejected the notion of infant baptism in favour of believer's baptism . It is generally assumed that during

8342-584: The writings of Jakob Böhme ( Behmen being one of the adaptations of his name used in England), a German mystic and theosopher who claimed divine revelation . In the 1640s his works appeared in England, and English Behmenists developed. Eventually, some of these merged with the Quakers of the time. Böhme's writings primarily concerned the nature of sin , evil and redemption . Consistent with Lutheran theology, Böhme believed that humanity had fallen from

8439-584: Was "none upon the earth" that could cure unbelief and sinfulness. The inward experience of Christ, confirmed by the Bible, was the foundation of the Religious Society of Friends. The following characterized the Quaker message: 1) an in-breaking of God's power; 2) a realization of how sinful the believer's life had been, how far it had fallen short; 3) the chance to repent and accept new life; 4)

8536-447: Was aimed at the lower-middle and lower classes. William Copeland Astbury wrote in his diary, March 12, 1831, "To the park. Forenoon. Diurnal Economy. To the park... Afternoon. Revised Eclectic Review 'March'" The Eclectic reviewed more American literature than any other English periodical of the time. By 1806, it had an entire section dedicated to American literature. As Basker explains, "this continuing attention to American literature

8633-468: Was considered heretical in 16th-century England. Among their beliefs were that there existed a time before Adam and Eve ; Heaven and Hell were both present on Earth; and that all things were ruled by nature and not directed by God. The Familists continued to exist until the middle of the 17th century, when they were absorbed into the Quaker movement. The Fifth Monarchists or Fifth Monarchy Men were Nonconformists who were active from 1649 to 1661 during

8730-592: Was created. The term shilling ( Scots : schilling ) was in use in Scotland from early medieval times. The common currency for Great Britain , created in 1707 by Article 16 of the Articles of Union between England and Scotland, continued in use until decimalisation in 1971. During the Great Recoinage of 1816 (following the Acts of Union 1800 that united the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland),

8827-455: Was debated and Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species was reviewed. Basker writes that "in general, over the years the Eclectic showed remarkable tolerance for other religious groups—not only the various denominations of Protestants, but also Roman Catholics and Jews." Moreover, it steadfastly opposed slavery and supported social reform. The Eclectic , as its most successful, "enjoyed

8924-447: Was expressed by a solidus symbol ( / ) (which may have begun as a substitute for ſ (' long s ') ) thus '1/9' means "one shilling and ninepence". A price expressed as a number of shillings with no additional pence was often written as the number, a solidus and a dash: thus for example ten shillings was written '10/-'. Two shillings and sixpence (half a crown, or an eighth of a £) was written as '2/6', rarely as '2s   6d' ('d' being

9021-491: Was far more than a condescending curiosity about the culture of the young republic. Rather remarkably, even as early as 1810, American authors were accorded the same serious treatment as the major authors in English and other European languages." For example, in 1820 the Eclectic began reviewing Washington Irving's Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon , writing that it was "the first purely literary production that has issued from

9118-527: Was founded on but not dominated by nonconformist principles. Unlike most periodicals at the time, it was a non-profit publication. From its foundation, all profits were donated to the British and Foreign Bible Society . The religious affiliation of the periodical, while non-denominational, may have affected its content. Basker speculates that its religious foundations are connected to its "high proportion of serious intellectual discussion and rather less than usual treatment of lighter literary from such as drama and

9215-469: Was seen as the cause of the English Civil War and its attendant atrocities, and thus it was a social sin to remind others of the war by engaging in enthusiasm. During the 18th century, popular Methodists such as John Wesley and George Whitefield were accused of blind enthusiasm (i.e., fanaticism), a charge against which they defended themselves by distinguishing fanaticism from "religion of

9312-424: Was superseded by the new five-pence piece , which initially was of identical size and weight and had the same value. Shillings remained in circulation until the five pence coin was reduced in size in 1991. Three coins denominated in multiple shillings were also in circulation at this time. They were: Between 1701 and the unification of the currencies in 1825, the Irish shilling was valued at 13 pence and known as

9409-572: Was then reinstated in 1660 during the English Restoration. Pordage was attracted to the ideas of Jakob Böhme. The Quakers began as a loosely knit group of preachers, many of whom had previously been Seekers. George Fox 's journal attributes the name "Quaker" to a judge in 1650 calling them Quakers "because I bid them tremble before the Lord". George Fox, often regarded as the father of Quakerism, taught that apart from Christ himself, there

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