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50-457: Ecology Center may refer to: Ecology Center (Ann Arbor) , of Ann Arbor, Michigan Ecology Center (Berkeley) , of Berkeley, California Harold H. Malkmes Wildlife Education and Ecology Center , a park, zoo, and ecology site in Holtsville, New York The Ecology Center (Orange County) , of Orange County, California Urban Ecology Center ,

100-628: A blowing agent, without the need for hazardous substances, allowing the polystyrene to be more easily recycled. The CO 2 used in the process is reused from other industries, so the net carbon released from the process is zero. Addressing principle #2 is the peroxide process for producing hydrazine without cogenerating salt. Hydrazine is traditionally produced by the Olin Raschig process from sodium hypochlorite (the active ingredient in many bleaches ) and ammonia . The net reaction produces one equivalent of sodium chloride for every equivalent of

150-641: A domestic chemicals market that discounts the hazardous properties of chemicals relative to their function, price, and performance. Scholars have argued that such market conditions represent a key barrier to the scientific, technical, and commercial success of green chemistry in the U.S., and fundamental policy changes are needed to correct these weaknesses. Passed in 1990, the Pollution Prevention Act helped foster new approaches for dealing with pollution by preventing environmental problems before they happen. Green chemistry grew in popularity in

200-461: A high-quality polymer that is recyclable and compostable. In 2003 Shaw Industries selected a combination of polyolefin resins as the base polymer of choice for EcoWorx due to the low toxicity of its feedstocks, superior adhesion properties, dimensional stability, and its ability to be recycled. The EcoWorx compound also had to be designed to be compatible with nylon carpet fiber. Although EcoWorx may be recovered from any fiber type, nylon-6 provides

250-485: A large contribution to the environmental impact of chemical manufacturing and there is a growing focus on introducing Greener solvents into the earliest stage of development of these processes: laboratory-scale reaction and purification methods. In the Pharmaceutical Industry, both GSK and Pfizer have published Solvent Selection Guides for their Drug Discovery chemists. In 2007, The EU put into place

300-461: A naturally occurring product. However, the manufacture of solvents from biomass can be more harmful to the environment than making the same solvents from fossil fuels. Thus the environmental impact of solvent manufacture must be considered when a solvent is being selected for a product or process. Another factor to consider is the fate of the solvent after use. If the solvent is being used in an enclosed situation where solvent collection and recycling

350-605: A nonprofit organization in Milwaukee, Wisconsin Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Ecology Center . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecology_Center&oldid=827314835 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

400-420: A significant advantage. Polyolefins are compatible with known nylon-6 depolymerization methods. PVC interferes with those processes. Nylon-6 chemistry is well-known and not addressed in first-generation production. From its inception, EcoWorx met all of the design criteria necessary to satisfy the needs of the marketplace from a performance, health, and environmental standpoint. Research indicated that separation of

450-406: A solvent might be green for one application (because it results in less environmental harm than any other solvent that could be used for that application) and yet not be a green solvent for a different application. A classic example is water , which is a very green solvent for consumer products such as toilet bowl cleaner but is not a green solvent for the manufacture of polytetrafluoroethylene . For

500-439: A wide range of contexts. Green chemistry (sustainable chemistry) : Design of chemical products and processes that minimize or eliminate the use or generation of substances hazardous to humans, animals, plants, and the environment. Note 1: Modified from ref. to be more general. Note 2: Green chemistry discusses the engineering concept of pollution prevention and zero waste both at laboratory and industrial scales. It encourages

550-420: Is fermented by Roche in bacteria. Click chemistry is often cited as a style of chemical synthesis that is consistent with the goals of green chemistry. The concept of 'green pharmacy' has recently been articulated based on similar principles. In 1996, Dow Chemical won the 1996 Greener Reaction Conditions award for their 100% carbon dioxide blowing agent for polystyrene foam production. Polystyrene foam

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600-587: Is a common material used in packing and food transportation. Seven hundred million pounds are produced each year in the United States alone. Traditionally, CFC and other ozone -depleting chemicals were used in the production process of the foam sheets, presenting a serious environmental hazard . Flammable, explosive, and, in some cases toxic hydrocarbons have also been used as CFC replacements, but they present their own problems. Dow Chemical discovered that supercritical carbon dioxide works equally as well as

650-696: Is a member of the Michigan Network for Children's Environmental Health which aims to promote healthy and safe environment for children through advocacy, education, outreach, and cooperation with health professionals, health affected groups, and environmental organizations. A website launched by the Ecology Center, HealthyStuff offers a listing the amount of lead, arsenic, mercury, chlorine, and bromine in over 900 products including toys, school supplies, car seats, automobiles, pet products, apparels, and home improvement tools and supplies. The goal

700-467: Is a platform chemical that is an important starting material in the formulations of everyday products. Traditionally, succinic acid is produced from petroleum-based feedstocks. BioAmber has developed process and technology that produces succinic acid from the fermentation of renewable feedstocks at a lower cost and lower energy expenditure than the petroleum equivalent while sequestering CO 2 rather than emitting it. However, lower prices of oil precipitated

750-621: Is an area of chemistry and chemical engineering focused on the design of products and processes that minimize or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. While environmental chemistry focuses on the effects of polluting chemicals on nature, green chemistry focuses on the environmental impact of chemistry, including lowering consumption of nonrenewable resources and technological approaches for preventing pollution . The overarching goals of green chemistry—namely, more resource-efficient and inherently safer design of molecules, materials, products, and processes—can be pursued in

800-580: Is commercially viable products without trans -fats. In addition to the human health benefits of eliminating trans -fats, the process has reduced the use of toxic chemicals and water, prevents vast amounts of byproducts, and reduces the amount of fats and oils wasted. In 2011, the Outstanding Green Chemistry Accomplishments by a Small Business Award went to BioAmber Inc. for integrated production and downstream applications of bio-based succinic acid . Succinic acid

850-482: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Ecology Center (Ann Arbor) After the first Earth Day in 1970, community activists in Ann Arbor formed the Ecology Center to promote safe and healthy environments for people. Among their demonstrations and projects the group created a recycling program which have since grown into a wholly owned green business. In

900-401: Is feasible, then the energy cost and environmental harm associated with recycling should be considered; in such a situation water, which is energy-intensive to purify, may not be the greenest choice. On the other hand, a solvent contained in a consumer product is likely to be released into the environment upon use, and therefore the environmental impact of the solvent itself is more important than

950-642: Is implementing the regulation whereas the enforcement lies with the EU member states. The United States formed the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970 to protect human and environmental health by creating and enforcing environmental regulation. Green chemistry builds on the EPA’s goals by encouraging chemists and engineers to design chemicals, processes, and products that avoid the creation of toxins and waste. The U.S. law that governs

1000-416: Is in paints and coatings (46% of usage). Smaller volume applications include cleaning, de-greasing, adhesives, and in chemical synthesis. Traditional solvents are often toxic or are chlorinated. Green solvents, on the other hand, are generally less harmful to health and the environment and preferably more sustainable. Ideally, solvents would be derived from renewable resources and biodegrade to innocuous, often

1050-453: Is isolated by distillation and polymerized in the melt to make a crystallizable polymer , which has some applications including textiles and apparel, cutlery, and food packaging . Wal-Mart has announced that it is using/will use PLA for its produce packaging. The NatureWorks PLA process substitutes renewable materials for petroleum feedstocks, doesn't require the use of hazardous organic solvents typical in other PLA processes, and results in

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1100-681: Is to preserve farmland and natural areas, concentrate development where infrastructure exists, and reduce traffic congestion. Founded in 1977, Recycle Ann Arbor is a nonprofit organization that grew out of the Ecology Center recycling program. It is Michigan's first curbside recycling program in 1978 and currently operates dropoff stations and reused building material and household supply shops for Ann Arbor residents. The Healthy Food in Health Care program works with hospitals across Michigan to provide locally and sustainably produced foods for their patients and staff. To date over 300 hospitals across

1150-616: The Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) program, which requires companies to provide data showing that their products are safe. This regulation (1907/2006) ensures not only the assessment of the chemicals' hazards as well as risks during their uses but also includes measures for banning or restricting/authorising uses of specific substances. ECHA, the EU Chemicals Agency in Helsinki,

1200-404: The reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline receives 64 points out of 100 marking it as an acceptable synthesis overall whereas a synthesis of an amide using HMDS is only described as adequate with a combined 32 points. Green chemistry is increasingly seen as a powerful tool that researchers must use to evaluate the environmental impact of nanotechnology . As nano materials are developed,

1250-426: The 1990s, the Ecology Center created one of the largest land preservation programs in the country. As of 2010 more than 8,000 acres of farms and natural areas in southeast Michigan have been protected. The Ecology Center led a statewide campaign that closed every single one of Michigan's 157 medical waste incinerators—the second leading source of mercury and dioxin emissions into the environment. A coalition led by

1300-1025: The Ecology Center moved into an expanded office at 339 E. Liberty, Ann Arbor, known as the Handicraft Building. In keeping with the Ecology Center's mission, the new office space incorporated many green features, including sustainable and recycled materials. Students from Eastern Michigan University designed furniture for the office using reclaimed materials. The Ecology Center's Clean Energy, Clean Fuels Campaign promotes policy solutions that increase United States energy independence, decrease Michigan's global warming pollution, and encourage sustainable agricultural and forestry practices that improve soil quality , enhance wildlife habitat, and preserve other conservation values The Ecology Center brings hands-on environmental lessons to schools throughout southeastern Michigan. Programs include classroom visits, teacher training and curriculum development and web links and printed resources for teachers. The Ecology Center

1350-561: The Ecology Center won federal mandates to remove lead and recover mercury from vehicles in the United States. Beginning in 2005, the Ecology Center developed a unique resource, HealthyStuff.org, that tests common products for lead, mercury, or other toxic chemicals. In 2011, the Ecology Center was named a "Green Leader" by the Detroit Free Press . The award recognizes "individuals, businesses and organizations who exhibit excellence in environmental responsibility." In July 2011,

1400-761: The Green Chemistry Network within the Royal Society of Chemistry , and the launch of the journal Green Chemistry . In 1998, Paul Anastas (who then directed the Green Chemistry Program at the US EPA ) and John C. Warner (then of Polaroid Corporation ) published a set of principles to guide the practice of green chemistry. The twelve principles address a range of ways to lower the environmental and health impacts of chemical production, and also indicate research priorities for

1450-500: The Greener Reaction Conditions Award for their improved method for polymerization of polylactic acid . Unfortunately, lactide-base polymers do not perform well and the project was discontinued by Dow soon after the award. Lactic acid is produced by fermenting corn and converted to lactide , the cyclic dimer ester of lactic acid using an efficient, tin-catalyzed cyclization. The L,L-lactide enantiomer

1500-502: The Greener Synthetic Pathways Award for their enzyme interesterification process. In response to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) mandated labeling of trans -fats on nutritional information by January 1, 2006, Novozymes and ADM worked together to develop a clean, enzymatic process for the interesterification of oils and fats by interchanging saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. The result

1550-480: The United States after the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 was passed. This Act declared that pollution should be lowered by improving designs and products rather than treatment and disposal. These regulations encouraged chemists to reimagine pollution and research ways to limit the toxins in the atmosphere. In 1991, the EPA Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics created a research grant program encouraging

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1600-438: The United States was linked to a shift in environmental problem-solving strategies: a movement from command and control regulation and mandated lowering of industrial emissions at the "end of the pipe," toward the active prevention of pollution through the innovative design of production technologies themselves. The set of concepts now recognized as green chemistry coalesced in the mid- to late-1990s, along with broader adoption of

1650-447: The company into bankruptcy and bio-sourced succinic acid is now barely made. Several laboratory chemicals are controversial from the perspective of Green chemistry. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology created a "Green" Alternatives Wizard [1] to help identify alternatives. Ethidium bromide , xylene , mercury , and formaldehyde have been identified as "worst offenders" which have alternatives. Solvents in particular make

1700-456: The development of green chemistry technologies. The principles cover such concepts as: The twelve principles of green chemistry are: Attempts are being made not only to quantify the greenness of a chemical process but also to factor in other variables such as chemical yield , the price of reaction components, safety in handling chemicals, hardware demands, energy profile and ease of product workup and purification. In one quantitative study,

1750-472: The energy cost and impact of solvent recycling; in such a case water is very likely to be a green choice. In short, the impact of the entire lifetime of the solvent, from cradle to grave (or cradle to cradle if recycled) must be considered. Thus the most comprehensive definition of a green solvent is the following: " a green solvent is the solvent that makes a product or process have the least environmental impact over its entire life cycle. " By definition, then,

1800-482: The environmental and human health impacts of both the products themselves and the processes to make them must be considered to ensure their long-term economic viability. There is a trend of nano material technology in the practice, however, people ignored the potential nanotoxicity . Therefore, people need to address further consideration on legal, ethical, safety, and regulatory issues associated with nanomaterials , The major application of solvents in human activities

1850-495: The fiber and backing through elutriation , grinding, and air separation proved to be the best way to recover the face and backing components, but an infrastructure for returning postconsumer EcoWorx to the elutriation process was necessary. Research also indicated that the postconsumer carpet tile had a positive economic value at the end of its useful life. EcoWorx is recognized by MBDC as a certified cradle-to-cradle design . In 2005, Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) and Novozymes won

1900-520: The framework put forward by Anastas and Warner (i.e., the 12 principles). While not all uses of the term are legitimate (see greenwashing ), many are, and the authoritative status of any single definition is uncertain. More broadly, the idea of green chemistry can easily be linked (or confused) with related concepts like green engineering , environmental design , or sustainability in general. The complexity and multifaceted nature of green chemistry makes it difficult to devise clear and simple metrics . As

1950-627: The majority of industrial chemicals (excluding pesticides, foods, and pharmaceuticals) is the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) of 1976. Examining the role of regulatory programs in shaping the development of green chemistry in the United States, analysts have revealed structural flaws and long-standing weaknesses in TSCA; for example, a 2006 report to the California Legislature concludes that TSCA has produced

2000-490: The manufacturing and sales of the electric vehicle in Michigan to strengthen the local economy and increase employment in the state. Energy Works Michigan was a non-profit technical resource building foundational capacities for a sustainable, equitable, and prosperous future in Michigan. This program no longer exists. Green chemistry Green chemistry , similar to sustainable chemistry or circular chemistry ,

2050-507: The nation have signed on. Green chemistry is a scientific movement aimed at replacing toxic chemicals with safer alternatives. The Ecology Center has been involved in the movement shortly after its founding and received a Green Chemistry Gubernatorial Awards in 2009 by the state governor. The Built By Michigan coalition brings together small business, large business, workers, families, electric vehicle owners and car aficionados, environmental and faith based organizations, and more to advance

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2100-430: The need of an extracting solvent. Addressing principle #7 is a green route to 1,3-propanediol , which is traditionally generated from petrochemical precursors. It can be produced from renewable precursors via the bioseparation of 1,3-propanediol using a genetically modified strain of E. coli . This diol is used to make new polyesters for the manufacture of carpets. In 2002, Cargill Dow (now NatureWorks ) won

2150-530: The principles of green chemistry. For example, the 2005 Nobel Prize for Chemistry was awarded to Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs and Richard R. Schrock, for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis, with explicit reference to its contribution to green chemistry and "smarter production." A 2005 review identified three key developments in green chemistry in the field of organic synthesis : use of supercritical carbon dioxide as green solvent, aqueous hydrogen peroxide for clean oxidations and

2200-532: The production of that polymer, the use of water as solvent requires the addition of perfluorinated surfactants which are highly persistent. Instead, supercritical carbon dioxide seems to be the greenest solvent for that application because it performs well without any surfactant. In summary, no solvent can be declared to be a "green solvent" unless the declaration is limited to a specific application. Novel or enhanced synthetic techniques can often provide improved environmental performance or enable better adherence to

2250-734: The research and recreation of chemical products and processes to limit the impact on the environment and human health. The EPA hosts The Green Chemistry Challenge each year to incentivize the economic and environmental benefits of developing and utilizing green chemistry. In 2008, the State of California approved two laws aiming to encourage green chemistry, launching the California Green Chemistry Initiative . One of these statutes required California's Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC) to develop new regulations to prioritize "chemicals of concern" and promote

2300-429: The substitution of hazardous chemicals with safer alternatives. The resulting regulations took effect in 2013, initiating DTSC's Safer Consumer Products Program . There are ambiguities in the definition of green chemistry, and in how it is understood among broader science, policy, and business communities. Even within chemistry, researchers have used the term "green chemistry" to describe a range of work independently of

2350-419: The targeted product hydrazine: In the greener peroxide process hydrogen peroxide is employed as the oxidant and the side product is water. The net conversion follows: Addressing principle #4, this process does not require auxiliary extracting solvents. Methyl ethyl ketone is used as a carrier for the hydrazine, the intermediate ketazine phase separates from the reaction mixture, facilitating workup without

2400-538: The term (which prevailed over competing terms such as "clean" and "sustainable" chemistry). In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency played a significant early role in fostering green chemistry through its pollution prevention programs, funding, and professional coordination. At the same time in the United Kingdom, researchers at the University of York contributed to the establishment of

2450-529: The use of economical and ecocompatible techniques that not only improve the yield but also bring down the cost of disposal of wastes at the end of a chemical process. Green chemistry emerged from a variety of existing ideas and research efforts (such as atom economy and catalysis ) in the period leading up to the 1990s, in the context of increasing attention to problems of chemical pollution and resource depletion . The development of green chemistry in Europe and

2500-410: The use of hydrogen in asymmetric synthesis . Some further examples of applied green chemistry are supercritical water oxidation , on water reactions , and dry media reactions . Bioengineering is also seen as a promising technique for achieving green chemistry goals. A number of important process chemicals can be synthesized in engineered organisms, such as shikimate , a Tamiflu precursor which

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