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24-511: 41°40′55″N 91°33′25″W  /  41.682°N 91.557°W  / 41.682; -91.557 The Edgewater Park Site is a 3,800-year-old Late Archaic campsite situated along the Iowa River in Coralville , Iowa , United States . Plant remains recovered from the site suggest the inhabitants were in the earliest stages of adapting domesticated plants. Excavations revealed

48-508: A decline in commercial traffic. Maintenance dredging resumed in December 1988. In the 1950s, underwater concrete sills were constructed to help maintain water levels in the navigation channel. This has prevented Gulf sturgeon and other migratory species from accessing upstream areas. A rock ramp was designed in 2003 to help fish navigate over one of the sills, but was never constructed. Environmental groups propose further work to mitigate

72-493: A small encampment of two hearths and areas for faunal and stone tool production. Other features identified include a discard area and a deep feature of unknown function. Lithic analysis reveals that the site occupants probably recently traveled along the Iowa River from the north center of the state and were engaged in late-stage tool manufacture and maintenance. Floral analysis indicates the site occupation occurred during

96-652: Is a river in the U.S. states of Mississippi and Louisiana . It forms in Neshoba County , Mississippi from the confluence of Nanih Waiya and Tallahaga creeks, and has a meander length of 444 miles (715 km). The lower part of the river forms part of the boundary between Mississippi and Louisiana. The river watershed contains large areas of bottomland hardwood swamp and cypress swamp, providing habitat for many species of wildlife, including sturgeon and black bears. As recently as 2008, endangered ivory-billed woodpeckers were reportedly sighted here. The mouth of

120-649: Is a potential model for restoring the Pearl River floodplain. At the Bogalusa, Louisiana gauge the river was recorded in 1983 and 1987 as delivering nearly 3.5 million metric tons and 2.5 million metric tons of sediment respectively. Hurricanes are a natural form of disturbance that shapes rivers and watersheds on the Gulf Coast, and has done so for thousands of years. As one recent example, Hurricane Katrina on August 29, 2005, caused further natural changes in

144-636: Is nearly six times that of the mean low-water discharge of the Pearl River at Jackson, Mississippi, according to a 1936 government report of the Mississippi Planning Commission. West of Picayune, about 50 miles (80 km) above the mouth, the river forks. The East Pearl River empties into Lake Borgne , where the dredged Pearl River Channel meets the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway . The discharge flows eastward past Grand Island through St. Joe Pass and into

168-688: The Lower Mississippi Valley organized to build monumental earthwork mound complexes as early as 3500 BC (confirmed at Watson Brake ), with building continuing over a period of 500 years. Early mound sites such as Frenchman's Bend and Hedgepeth were of this time period; all were constructed by localized societies. Watson Brake is now considered to be the oldest mound complex in the Americas. It precedes that built at Poverty Point by nearly 2,000 years (both are in northern Louisiana). More than 100 sites have been identified as associated with

192-780: The Mississippi Sound . The West Pearl River flows into The Rigolets , thence into Lake Borgne. Both discharges eventually reach the Gulf of Mexico. The Pearl River serves as the 115-mile (185 km) boundary between Mississippi and Louisiana in its lower reach near the Gulf of Mexico . Pearl River provides the receiving waters for the Savanna Street Sewage Treatment Plant in Jackson, Mississippi . which lies about 180 miles (290 km) from

216-542: The Ross Barnett Reservoir was formed by a 1962 dam. Average annual rainfall is about 52 inches in the upper third of the basin, and below Jackson the basin rainfall increases to 64 inches or more, contributing to the greater discharge of the Bogue Chitto as noted below. The Bogue Chitto River is a major tributary on the lower section. The Bogue Chitto's mean low-water discharge to the lower river

240-878: The climatic optimum , starting around 6,500 years ago. During this warm period, forests advanced northward and temperatures were warmer than they were in the late 20th century. It is associated with the northern frontier and transition area between boreal forest and tundra in what is now northern Saskatchewan and the Northwest Territories , near Lake Athabasca . However, the Late Shield Archaic phase (3,500–4,450 BP ) has sites as far as Manitoba , and archaeologists have investigated suspected Shield Archaic sites as far away as Killarney Provincial Park near Georgian Bay in Ontario . The prominent Canadian archaeologist J. V. Wright argued in 1976 that

264-776: The Americas The rest of the Americas also have an Archaic Period . This classification system was first proposed by Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips in the widely accepted 1958 book Method and Theory in American Archaeology . In the organization of the system, the Archaic period followed the Lithic stage and is superseded by the Formative stage . Numerous local variations have been identified within

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288-601: The Florida Peninsula and along the Gulf of Mexico coast as far west as the Pearl River . In some places, such as Horr's Island in Southwest Florida , resources were rich enough to support sizable mound-building communities year-round. Four shell or sand mounds on Horr's Island have been dated to between 2900 and 2300 BC. The Shield Archaic was a distinct regional tradition which existed during

312-621: The Pearl River. Bottom sediments and marsh vegetation—including uprooted cypress and oak trees—blocked the mouth of the West Pearl and other parts of the channel. The Louisiana Department of Wildlife & Fisheries and other agencies removed 27,000 cubic meters (35,000 yd³) of debris. However, the accumulation of this woody debris is a natural part of floodplain ecosystems in general, and wetlands in particular, and provides vital habitat for species including fish and turtles. Hence, this use of state funds to remove debris

336-596: The Shield Archaic had emerged from the Northern Plano tradition , but this was questioned by Bryan C. Gordon in a 1996 publication. Shield Archaic tools differed in design between "forest" and "tundra" sites. Pushplanes have been found, which would have been used for planing wood, bone, or antler. Shield Archaic people hunted caribou , with a focus on water crossings as hunting places. Pearl River (Mississippi%E2%80%93Louisiana) The Pearl River

360-542: The coast may have been inundated by rising sea levels (one site in 15 to 20 feet of water off St. Lucie County, Florida , has been dated to 2800 BC). Starting around 3000 BC, evidence of large-scale exploitation of oysters appears. During the period 3000 BC to 1000 BC, shell rings , large shell middens that more or less surround open centers, were developed along the coast. These shell rings are numerous in South Carolina and Georgia but are also found scattered around

384-554: The cultural rankings. The period has been subdivided by region and then time. For instance, the Archaic Southwest tradition is subdivided into the San Dieguito–Pinto , Oshara , Cochise and Chihuahua cultures. Since the 1990s, secure dating of multiple Middle Archaic sites in northern Louisiana, Mississippi and Florida has challenged traditional models of development. In these areas, hunter-gatherer societies in

408-402: The effects of the navigation project. Building dams, canals, levees and water control structures is known to have highly negative effects on wetlands and the ecological services they provide. Increasingly, these artificial structures are being removed to allow natural river activities to resume. The Pascagoula River is one of the few remaining southern rivers with natural water regimes, and

432-528: The mouth of the river. The following towns (in order, north to south) developed on or near the Pearl River: The lower river was navigable from Brashear's Stand on the Natchez Trace to the mouth. For the year 1827 the enrolled and licensed tonnage for Pearl River shipping was 750 tons. The customhouse at Pearl River which was ten miles inland at the small town of Pearlington, Mississippi

456-547: The north, are within the boundaries of that state. The Yockanookany and Strong rivers are tributaries on the upper section of the river north of Jackson: the Lobutcha, Tuscolameta, and Pelahatchie creeks also feed in as tributaries in this region. In 1924 the Tuscolameta Creek received 24-mile channelization and Yockanookany River received a 36-mile canal, which was completed in 1928. Northeast of Jackson ,

480-616: The regional Poverty Point culture of the Late Archaic period, and it was part of a regional trading network across the Southeast. Across the Southeastern Woodlands , starting around 4000 BC, people exploited wetland resources, creating large shell middens . Middens developed where the people lived along rivers, but there is limited evidence of Archaic peoples along the coastlines prior to 3000 BC. Archaic sites on

504-460: The river creates important marsh habitat along salinity gradients, which has been the subject of many scientific studies. It is considered to be one of the most critical areas of natural habitat remaining in Louisiana. Mississippi's capital and largest city, Jackson , is located along the upper reaches of the river. Most of the towns along the river, starting with Philadelphia, Mississippi in

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528-411: The warm half of the year and that the occupants utilized little barley , a non-local plant which was later cultivated, and barnyard grass , a local plant probably also later cultivated. This site is interpreted as a short-term, late warm-season occupation of people migrating down the Iowa River, possibly towards winter encampments in what is now the southeast part of the state. Archaic period in

552-639: Was dredged from the mouth of the East Pearl River into Lake Borgne, a project which is maintained on an irregular basis. In 1935, the West Pearl River Navigation Project was authorized. It provided for a navigation channel from Bogalusa to the mouth of the West Pearl River. The project includes a canal with three locks . The Corps of Engineers placed the project in "caretaker" status in the 1970s because of

576-528: Was later changed, but in 1904 the district reported a total of 358 vessels and 19,869 tons. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has undertaken three significant navigation projects in the Pearl River Basin. In 1880, Congress authorized a 5-foot (1.5 m) navigation channel on the West Pearl River from Jackson to the Rigolets. That project was discontinued in 1922. Beginning in 1910, a channel

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