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71-471: The library holds more than 3 million volumes, and offers Internet access to online users through its expanded website and web-based catalog. Established in 1953, the Edmon Low Library is named after Edmon Low , a former university librarian who served until his retirement in 1967. Low worked with OSU President Henry G. Bennett to build a new library building, one that would become the center of

142-468: A "cowboy jury". In September 1872, Guipago met with Satanta and Ado-ete, the visit being one of Guipago's conditions for accepting a request to travel to Washington and meet President Grant for peace talks. Guipago eventually got the two captives released in September 1873. Guipago, Satanta, Set-imkia, Zepko-ete, Manyi-ten, Mamanti, Tsen-tainte and Ado-ete led Kiowa warriors during the "Buffalo war" along

213-519: A bank for a short time before enrolling at East Central State College in Ada, OK . While attending East Central State College, Low worked in the campus library for a small wage while pursuing his degree in mathematics. He first desired to work in the banking profession upon graduation but his job at the library inspired him to pursue a career in professional librarianship. He graduated from East Central in 1926. For three years after graduation, Low served as

284-456: A calendar and was a respected religious leader in his later years. In Kiowa tradition, death had strong associations with dark spirits and negative forces, which meant that the death of an individual was seen as a traumatic experience. Fear of ghosts in Kiowa communities stemmed from the belief that spirits commonly resisted the end of their physical life. The spirits were thought to remain around

355-414: A conical shape. Wooden poles called lodge poles from 12–25 feet (3.7–7.6 m) in length are used as support for the lodge. Lodge poles are harvested from red juniper and lodgepole pine . Tipis have at least one entrance flap. Smoke flaps were placed at the top so that smoke could escape from the fire pit within. The floor of the tipi was lined with animal pelts and skins for warmth and comfort. The tipi

426-502: A plane crash before he could see the realization of their planning. While at Oklahoma A. and M., Low inspired a number of changes in the library system and realized Bennett's dream to transform the Oklahoma Aggies into a major institution. After his retirement at OSU in 1967, Low returned to University of Michigan where he taught full-time for several more years. After his retirement from Michigan, Low and his wife moved to head

497-433: A public library he stated, "Here one may sit awhile with the great minds of all places and all times .... We may walk and talk with the wise men of all races and all ages. We may view the stirring panorama of human striving that we call history .... Whatever our interest, whatever our mood, we shall find here its counterpart and its minister." Though he shared in the planning of the library's expansion with Low, Bennett died in

568-516: A reality. The pair toured other university libraries and reviewed plans for the new building as it developed. Rumors state that the two were still moving markers in the middle of the night before the ground breaking in 1950. In 1953, the Edmon Low Library, with its elegant Georgian style, opened and quickly became a focal point for campus pride. Upon his retirement in 1967, Edmon Low was succeeded by Roscoe Rouse, Jr. as OSU librarian. Rouse brought years of experience in library administration to OSU. He

639-525: A single room with the English department. Seven years later, the Library was moved into a room on the first floor of the newly completed Williams Building. Its 1,610 square feet (150 m) seemed spacious at the time. The Williams Building was one of the first structures on campus to have electricity, giving students the opportunity to now study in the evening. In 1921, the first building devoted solely to

710-524: A special prestige. The Kinep or Khe-ate were often called "Sun Dance Shields", because during the dance, they observed police duties and ensured security. The chief Woman's Heart (Manyi-ten) belonged to this band. The Semat were allowed to participate equally, but had no specific duties and obligations during the Sun Dance. Typical of the Plains Indians during the horse culture era,

781-581: A symbol of health. The Kiowa historically had a nomadic hunter-gatherer society. They shared a similar cuisine with their neighboring Plains tribes, such as the Comanche. The most important food source for the Kiowa and fellow plains nations was the American bison or buffalo. Before the introduction of horses, the Plains tribes hunted bison on foot. Hunting required the hunter to get as close as possible to

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852-531: A variety of ways: roasted, boiled, and dried. Dried meat was prepared into pemmican , for sustenance while the people were on the move. Pemmican is made by grinding dried lean meat into powder, then mixing a near-equal weight of melted fat or tallow and sometimes berries. The pemmican was shaped into bars and kept in pouches until ready to eat. The Kiowa sometimes ate certain parts of the bison raw. Other animals hunted included deer, elk , pronghorn , wild mustang , wild turkey , and bears. During times of scarce game,

923-504: A wooden frame, or they were made from the skull of bison, which made a small, strong shield. Shields and weapons were adorned with feathers, furs, and animal parts, such as eagle claws for ceremonial purposes. The Kiowa people told ethnologist James Mooney that the first calendar keeper in their tribe was Little Bluff, or Tohausan , who was the principal chief of the tribe from 1833 to 1866. Mooney also worked with two other calendar keepers, Settan ( Little Bear) and Ankopaaingyadete (In

994-504: Is a plural marker. Ancient names of the tribe were Kútjàu or Kwu-da [kʰʷút–tɔ̀] ("emerging" or "coming out rapidly") and Tep-da [tʰép+dɔ̀ː], relating to the tribal origin narrative of a creator pulling people out of a hollow log until a pregnant woman got stuck. Later, they called themselves Kom-pa-bianta (Kòmfàubî̱dàu) [kòmpɔ̀+bį̂ː–dɔ̀] (tipi flap+big–plural) for "people with large tipi flaps ", before they met Southern Plains tribes or before they met white men. In English, Kiowa

1065-644: Is also known as Touhason, is considered by many to be the greatest Kiowa Chief (1805–1866), as he unified and ruled the Kiowa for 30 years. He signed several treaties with the United States, including the Fort Atkinson Treaty of July 27, 1852, and the Little Arkansas Treaty of 1865. Guipago became the head chief of the Kiowa when Dohosan (Little Bluff) named him as his successor. Guipago and Satanta, along with old Satank, led

1136-630: Is best known for bringing mechanization of library routines and information services to the Library. He is also the author of A History of the Oklahoma State University Library for the OSU Centennial History Series. Edward R. Johnson became dean of libraries in 1987 and ushered the Library into the electronic age. One of the first milestones was the implementation of PETE, the Library's first online information system. It provided information about

1207-459: Is designed to be warm inside during the cold winter months and cool inside during the warm summer. Tipis are easily collapsed and can be raised in minutes, making it an optimal structure for nomadic people like the Kiowa and other Plains Indian nations. The poles of the tipi were used to construct a travois during times of travel. Hide paintings often adorn the outside and inside of the tipis, with special meanings attached to certain designs. Before

1278-441: Is most well known for pioneering the open stack concept, one that he put into use at Oklahoma State. While at Oklahoma A. and M. Low was responsible for elevating the library staff to faculty rank, as well as developing a new system for checking out books that was utilized until computerization. Upon his arrival at the developing university, more staff members attended and held membership in the national association of librarians than

1349-484: Is pronounced KI-o-wa /ˈkaɪ.oʊ.wə/, KI-o-wə /ˈki.oʊ.wə/ is considered improper. The English name derives from how the Comanches would say /kɔ́j–gʷú/ in their language. Some older Kiowas will say Kiowa as KI-wah /ˈkaɪ.wɑː/. In Plains Indian Sign Language , Kiowa is expressed by holding two straight fingers near the lower outside edge of the right eye and moving these fingers back past the ear. This corresponded to

1420-554: The Comanche ): As the pressure on Kiowa lands increased in the 1850s, the regional divisions changed. A new regional grouping emerged: After the death of the high chief Dohäsan in 1866, the Kiowa split politically into a peace faction and a war faction. War-bands and peace-bands developed primarily based on their proximity to Fort Sill ( Xóqáudáuhága – 'At Medicine Bluff', lit. 'Rock Cliff Medicine At Soldiers Collective They Are') and their degree of interaction. Kiowa bands within

1491-693: The Depression , the Lows moved to Michigan where Edmon enrolled at the University of Michigan to receive his master's degree in 1938. Though he intended to return to his position at East Central State College, Low accepted a job at Bowling Green State University in Ohio in 1938. He served there for two years, bringing order and innovative methods to their library. In 1940, Low applied for an opening at Oklahoma A.and M. (now Oklahoma State University) where he

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1562-753: The Indian Removal period, including the Cherokee , Choctaw , Muskogee , and Chickasaw . The Cheyenne and Arapaho later made peace with the Kiowa. Together, they formed a powerful alliance with the Comanche and the Plains Apache to fight invading white settlers and U.S. soldiers, as well as Mexicans and the Mexican Army. Like other Plains Indians, the Kiowa had specific warrior societies. Young men who proved their bravery, skill, or displayed their worth in battle were often invited to one of

1633-611: The Oklahoma State University - Stillwater campus following the completion of Bennett's Twenty-Five Year Plan. Though the Edmon Low Library building has only been on the campus of OSU - Stillwater since 1953, OSU has had a library since the establishment of the school in 1890. For many years the Library collection was housed in various homes and offices of the university faculty. In 1894, the Library found its first official home in Old Central . The Library shared

1704-464: The Pawnee people, living on the western edge of the great plains. Prior to acquiring metal pots from Europeans, Kiowa cooked boiled meat and vegetables through a process of lining a pit in the earth with animal hides, filling that with water, and adding fire-heated rocks. The main form of shelter used by the Kiowa was the tipi or skin lodge . Tipis were made from bison hides shaped and sewn together in

1775-606: The Pawnee , Osage , Kickapoo , Kaw , Caddo , Wichita , and Sac and Fox . To the south, they fought with the Lipan Apache , Mescalero Apache , Chiricahua Apache (whom the Kiowa called the Do’-ko’nsenä’go, "People of the turned-up moccasins"), and Tonkawa . The Kiowa also clashed with American Indian nations from the Southeastern and Northeastern Woodlands who were forcibly removed to Indian Territory during

1846-663: The Tanoan language family, is in danger of extinction, with only 20 speakers as of 2012. As of 2024 the Kiowa have a Kiowa Language Department . The University of Tulsa, the University of Oklahoma in Norman, and the University of Science and Arts of Oklahoma in Chickasha offer Kiowa language classes. In the Kiowa language, Kiowa call themselves [kɔ́j–gʷú], spelled variously as Cáuigú, Ka'igwu, Gáuigú, or Gaigwu, most given with

1917-595: The University of Michigan established the Edmon Low Award in honor of the professor upon his retirement. Low died in 1983 in Tulsa, OK and is buried in Stillwater, OK . Kiowa Kiowa ( / ˈ k aɪ . ə w ə , - ˌ w ɑː , - ˌ w eɪ / KY -ə-wə, -⁠ WAH , -⁠ WAY ) or Cáuigú IPA: [kɔ́j-gʷú] ) people are a Native American tribe and an Indigenous people of

1988-421: The medicine man for ritual and spiritual purposes, such as good fortune and protection during battle. Kiowa horses were also often decorated with beaded masks (sometimes with bison horns attached to the sides) and feathers in their manes. Mules and donkeys were also used as means of transportation and wealth; however, they were not as esteemed. The Kiowa had a well structured tribal government like most tribes on

2059-535: The tipi ring during the annual Sun Dance (called Kc-to ): During the Sun Dance, some bands had special obligations. These were traditionally defined as follows: The Kâtá had the traditional right (duty or task) to supply the Kiowa during the Sun Dance with enough bison meat and other foods. This band was particularly wealthy in horses, tipis and other goods. The famous Principal Kiowa chiefs Dohäsan (Little Mountain) and Guipago (Lone Wolf) were members of this band. The Kogui were responsible for conducting

2130-592: The ' Word cloud '. The Oklahoma State University calls their Aquabrowser interface B.O.S.S, the Big Orange Search System. Edmon Low Library is staffed by more than 200 faculty, staff and students who serve the needs of the campus community. The Edmon Low Library has six floors and currently holds over 2.5 million volumes. 36°07′23″N 97°04′11″W  /  36.12306°N 97.06972°W  / 36.12306; -97.06972 Edmon Low Edmon Low (January 4, 1902 – December 2, 1983)

2201-542: The American bison because it was their main food source. They also hunted antelope, deer, turkeys, and other wild game. Women collected varieties of wild berries and fruit and processed them with prepared meats to make pemmican . Dogs were used to pull travois and rawhide parfleche that contained camping goods for short moves. The Kiowa tended to stay in areas for long periods of time. When they adopted horse culture after acquiring horses from Spanish rancherias south of

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2272-810: The Great Plains of the United States. They migrated southward from western Montana into the Rocky Mountains in Colorado in the 17th and 18th centuries, and eventually into the Southern Plains by the early 19th century. In 1867, the Kiowa were moved to a reservation in southwestern Oklahoma . Today, they are federally recognized as Kiowa Indian Tribe of Oklahoma with headquarters in Carnegie, Oklahoma . As of 2011 , there were 12,000 members. The Kiowa language (Cáuijògà) , part of

2343-891: The Kiowa Casino in Carnegie , in Verden , and the Kiowa Casino and Hotel Red River in Devol (approximately 20 minutes north of Wichita Falls, Texas ). Originally from the Northern Plains and migrating to the Southern Plains, Kiowa society follows bilateral descent , where both maternal and paternal lines are significant. They do not have clans but have a complex kinship-based system and societies based on age and gender. Tipis , conical lodges made from hide or later canvas, provided lightweight, portable housing. They hunted and gathered wild foods and traded with neighboring agrarian tribes for produce. The Kiowa migrated seasonally with

2414-590: The Kiowa lived in a hunter-gatherer economy unlike the sedentary pueblo societies of the others. The Kiowa also had a complex ceremonial life and developed the ' Winter counts ' as calendars. The Kiowa recount their origins as near the Missouri River , and the Black Hills . They knew that they were driven south by pressure from the Sioux . For the earliest recorded — and recounted — history of

2485-574: The Kiowa were a warrior people. They fought frequently with enemies, both neighboring and far beyond their territory. The Kiowa were notable for their long-distance raids extending south into Mexico and north onto the Northern Plains. Almost all warfare took place on horseback. The Kiowa''s enemies included the Cheyenne , Arapaho , Navajo , Ute , and occasionally the Lakota to the north and west of Kiowa territory. East of Kiowa territory, they fought with

2556-729: The Kiowa would eat small animals such as lizards, waterfowl, skunks, snakes, and armadillos. They raided ranches for Longhorn cattle and horses to eat during difficult times. They also acquired horses for traveling, hunting, and fighting their enemies. Within Kiowa society, men did most of the hunting. Women were responsible for gathering wild edibles such as berries, tubers, seeds, nuts, vegetables, and wild fruit but could choose to hunt if they wanted to. Plants important to Kiowa cuisine include pecans , prickly pear , mulberries , persimmons , acorns, plums, and wild onions. They acquired cultivated crops, such as squash, maize , and pumpkin , by trading with and raiding various Indian peoples, such as

2627-551: The Kiowa, see further below. Following A'date, famous Kiowa leaders were Dohäsan (Tauhawsin, Over-Hanging Butte, alias Little Mountain, alias Little Bluff); Satank (Set-ankea, Sitting Bear), Guipago (Gui-pah-gho, Lone Wolf The Elder, alias Guibayhawgu, Rescued From Wolves), Satanta (Set-tainte, White Bear), Tene-angopte (Kicking Bird), Zepko-ete (Big Bow), Set-imkia (Stumbling Bear), Manyi-ten (Woman's Heart), Napawat (No Mocassin), Mamanti (Walking-above), Tsen-tainte (White Horse), Ado-ete (Big Tree). Dohasan, who

2698-477: The Library was completed. It was simply called the Library Building and was located south of what is now Gundersen Hall . President Henry G. Bennett came to campus in 1928 and developed his Twenty-Five Year Plan for campus development. The plan called for the campus to center around a new Library. President Bennett worked closely with then-Library Director Edmon Low to make the plans for the new Library

2769-541: The Library's 1.7 million volumes and became more comprehensive with the addition of new databases. Today, the Library provides Internet access to its users through an expanded web site and the new, web-based catalog. The Library will be the first academic library in North America to use the Aquabrowser search front-end. Aquabrowser allows the user to "Search, Discover, and Refine" through advanced features such as

2840-467: The Middle of Many Tracks), commonly known as Anko . Other Plains tribes kept pictorial records, known as "winter counts". The Kiowa calendar system is unique: they recorded two events each year, offering a finer-grained record and twice as many entries for any given period. Silver Horn (1860–1940), or Haungooah, was the most highly esteemed artist of the Kiowa tribe in the 19th and 20th centuries. He kept

2911-438: The Northern Plains. They had a yearly Sun Dance gathering and an elected head-chief who was considered to be a symbolic leader of the entire nation. Warrior societies and religious societies were important to Kiowa society and carried out specific roles. Chiefs were chosen based on bravery and courage shown in battle as well as intelligence, generosity, experience, communication skills, and kindness to others. The Kiowa believed that

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2982-610: The Red River, together with the Comanche allies, in the summer (June–September) 1874. They surrendered after the Palo Duro Canyon fight. Tene-angopte had to select 26 Kiowa chiefs and warriors to be deported; Satanta was sent to a prison in Huntsville, Alabama , while Guipago, Manyi-ten, Mamanti, Tsen-tainte, and others were sent to St. Augustine, Florida , at what was then known as Fort Marion . Tene-angopte, damned by

3053-528: The Rio Grande into Mexico, as well as by raiding other Indian peoples who already had horses, such as the Navajo and the various Pueblo people. With the horse, they could transport larger loads, hunt more game over a wider range and more easily, and travel longer and farther. The Kiowa became powerful and skilled mounted warriors who conducted long-distance raids against enemies. The Kiowa were considered among

3124-777: The Rio Grande, the Kiowa revolutionized their lifeways. They had much larger ranges for their seasonal hunting, and horses could carry some of their camping goods. The Kiowa and Plains Apache established a homeland in the Southern Plains , adjacent to the Arkansas River in southeastern Colorado and western Kansas and the Red River drainage of the Texas Panhandle and western Oklahoma. The Kiowa use Plantago virginica to make garlands or wreaths for old men to wear around their heads during ceremonial dances as

3195-508: The ancient Kiowa hairstyle cut horizontally from the lower outside edge of the eyes to the back of their ears. This was a practical way to prevent their hair from getting tangled while shooting an arrow from a bowstring. George Catlin painted Kiowa warriors with this hairstyle. The Kiowa language is a member of the Kiowa-Tanoan language family. The relationship was first proposed by Smithsonian linguist John P. Harrington in 1910 and

3266-455: The assistant librarian at East Central State College until 1929 when he enrolled at the University of Illinois . There he completed his degree in library sciences in a year. Post graduation, he returned to his job in Ada, OK and served in that position for seven years, during which he was married to Mayme Low and had three children: Frances, Marc, and Don. In 1937, after saving up enough money during

3337-446: The burial site. After the burial, most of the belongings of the dead were burned along with their tipi. If their tipi or house was shared with family, the surviving relatives moved into a new house. As members of the Kiowa-Tanoan language family, the Kiowa at some distant time likely shared an ethnic origin with the other Amerindian nations of this small language family: Tiwa , Tewa , Towa , and others. By historic times, however,

3408-519: The camp while the men were away. They gathered and prepared food for winter months, and participated in key ritual events. Kiowa men lived in the families of their wives' extended families. Local groups ( jōfàujōgáu or jōdáu ) were led by the jōfàujōqì , which merged to become a band ( topadoga ). These bands were led by a chief , the Topadok'i ('main chief'). The Kiowa had two political subdivisions (particularly with regard to their relationship with

3479-412: The community's reactions were instantaneous and vicious. Families and relatives were expected to demonstrate grief through reactions such as wailing, ripping off clothes and shaving of the head. There have also been accounts of self-induced body lacerations and finger joints being cut. In the process of grief, women and the widowed spouse were expected to be more expressive in their mourning. The body of

3550-402: The construction on hold yet again. During the war, Low put himself in charge of the "War information center," housed on campus. Oklahoma A. and M.'s information center was one of 140 centers kept on college campuses. After WWII, Quonset huts were erected to house certain parts of library collections as well as provide study space for 500 students. The final selected site for the construction of

3621-421: The corpse or its burial place, as well as haunt former living spaces and possessions. Lingering spirits were also believed to help encourage the dying to cross from the physical world to the afterlife. The fear of ghosts can be seen in the way skulls were treated, which was believed to be a source of negative spiritual contamination that invited danger to the living. Due to the fears and risks associated with death,

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3692-406: The deceased must be washed before burial. The washer, historically a woman, also combs the hair and paints the face of the dead. Once the body has been treated, a burial occurs promptly. When possible, the burial takes place on the same day, unless the death occurs at night. In this case the dead is buried the following morning. A quick burial was believed to reduce the risk of spirits remaining around

3763-640: The etymology of words and insights into how the Kiowa language changed to incorporate new items of material culture. McKenzie's letters on pronunciation and grammar of the Kiowa language are in the National Anthropological Archives. Kiowa /ˈkaɪ.əwə/ or Cáuijṑ̱gà / [Gáui[dò̱:gyà ("language of the Cáuigù (Kiowa)") is a Tanoan language spoken by Kiowa people, primarily in Caddo, Kiowa, and Comanche counties. Additionally, Kiowa were one of

3834-405: The finest horsemen on the Plains. A man's wealth was measured primarily by the size of his horse herd, with particularly wealthy individuals having herds numbering in the hundreds. Horses were targets of capture during raids. The Kiowa considered it an honor to steal horses from enemies, and such raids often served as a rite of passage for young warriors. They adorned their horses with body paint from

3905-421: The introduction of the horse to North America, the Kiowa and other plains peoples used domestic dogs to carry and pull their belongings. Tipis and belongings, as well as small children, were carried on travois, a frame structure using the tipi poles and pulled by dogs and later horses. The introduction of the horse to Kiowa society revolutionized their way of life. They acquired horses by raiding rancheros south of

3976-479: The library at New College of Florida in Sarasota, FL . The new larger library was planned as early as 1928, but suffered many financial setbacks. In 1941, the chairman of the senate appropriations committee called for funding for a new library building, referring to their current one as a "firetrap." Although money was allocated for the funding of a new library with the passing of a bill, wartime expenditures put

4047-465: The library brought with it its own adversity. The construction was set back another two years due to Stillwater merchant's efforts to prevent the college from ending a major city street that went through campus. After many years of frustration, the groundbreaking ceremony was held on May 28, 1950. The building's dedication took place in May 1953. Low was instrumental in many changes to the library system. He

4118-604: The library staff elevated to faculty status at OSU. One of Low's more notable contributions to the library system was his development of the open stack approach in library service. Edmon Low was born in 1902, before Oklahoma had been granted statehood , to Foster Lafayette Low & Katherine Horton Low in Kiowa Indian Territory. He had one brother, Lee, and graduated from high school in 1920 in Tishomingo, OK . Upon graduation from high school, Low worked at

4189-428: The numerous nations across the U.S., Canada, and Mexico that spoke Plains Sign Talk . Originally a trade language, it became a language in its own right that remained in use across North America. The Kiowa Indian Tribe of Oklahoma is headquartered in Carnegie, Oklahoma . Their tribal jurisdictional area includes Caddo , Comanche , Cotton , Jackson , Kiowa , Tillman , Greer and Harmon Counties . Enrollment in

4260-500: The speculated meaning "Principal People." In the early 18th century, the Plains Apache lived around the upper Missouri River and maintained close connections to the Kiowa. They were ethnically different and spoke different languages. The first part of the name is the element [kɔ́j] (spelled Kae-, Cáui-, Gáui-, or Gai-) which simply means 'Kiowa'. Its origin is lost. The second element -gua/gú [–gʷú] (or [–gʷúɔ̯] in older Kiowa)

4331-410: The target before shooting with arrows or using the long lance. Occasionally, they wore the skins of wolves or coyotes to hide their approach toward the bison herds. Hunting bison became far easier after the Kiowa acquired horses. Bison were hunted on horseback and the men used bows and arrows to take them down, as well as long lances to pierce the hearts of the animals. The women prepared bison meat in

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4402-408: The ten most elite warriors of all the Kiowa who were elected by the members of the other four adult warrior societies. Kiowa warriors used a combination of traditional and nontraditional weapons, including long lances, bows and arrows, tomahawks, knives, and war clubs, as well as the later acquired rifles, shotguns, revolvers, and cavalry swords. Shields were made from tough bison hide stretched over

4473-662: The tribe requires a minimum blood quantum of ¼ Kiowa descent. As of 2022 , the Kiowa Tribal Chairman is Lawrence SpottedBird, and the Vice-Chairman is Jacob Tsotigh. The Kiowa tribe issues its own vehicle tags. As of 2011 , the tribe owns one smoke shop, the Morningstar Steakhouse and Grill, Morningstar Buffet, The Winner's Circle restaurant in Devol, Oklahoma , and Kiowa Bingo near Carnegie, Oklahoma . The tribe owns three casinos,

4544-489: The war ceremonies during the Sun Dance. There were numerous famous families and leaders known for their military exploits and bravery, such as Ad-da-te ("Islandman"), Satanta (White Bear) , and Kicking Bird , and the war chiefs Big Bow (Zepko-ete) and Stumbling Bear (Set-imkia). The Kaigwu were the guardians of the Sacred or Medicine bundle (Tai-mé, Taimay) and the holy lance. Therefore, they were respected and enjoyed

4615-576: The warring faction of the Kiowa nation, while Tene-angopte and Napawat led the peaceful party. In 1871, Satank, Satanta and Big Tree (translated in some documents as Addo-etta ) helped lead the Warren Wagon Train Raid . They were arrested by United States soldiers and transported to Jacksboro, Texas. En route, near Fort Sill, Indian Territory, Satank killed a soldier with a knife and was shot by cavalry troops while trying to escape. Satanta and Big Tree were later convicted of murder by

4686-591: The warrior societies. In addition to warfare, the societies worked to keep peace within the camps and tribe as a whole. There were six warrior societies among the Kiowa. The Po-Lanh-Yope (Little Rabbits) was for boys; all young Kiowa boys were enrolled. The group mostly served social and education purposes, involving no violence or combat. The Adle-Tdow-Yope (Young Sheep), Tsain-Tanmo (Horse Headdresses), Tdien-Pei-Gah (Gourd Society), and Ton-Kon-Gah (Black Legs or Leggings) were adult warrior societies. The Koitsenko (Qkoie-Tsain-Gah, Principal Dogs or Real Dogs) consisted of

4757-521: The young fearless warrior was ideal. The entire tribe was structured around this individual. The warrior was the ideal to which young men aspired. Because of these factors, the Kiowa was of utmost importance in the history of the Southern Plains. The women gain prestige through the achievements of their husbands, sons, and fathers, or through their own achievements in the arts. Kiowa women tanned, skin-sewed, painted geometric designs on parfleche and later beaded and quilled hides. The Kiowa women took care of

4828-426: Was definitively established by Ken Hale in 1967. Parker McKenzie , born in 1897, was a noted authority on the Kiowa language, learning English only when he began school. He collaborated with John P. Harrington, who credited him as the first author of jointly published work at a time when Native consultants were seldom acknowledged. Later, he also worked with Laurel Watkins on the Kiowa language. He went on to discuss

4899-614: Was done in previous years. Low did not retire completely, but instead took up congressional lobbying while in his 70s living in Florida. He would commute to Washington D.C. for this purpose from his home in Sarasota. Some of that legislation included helping to pass a bill that gave federal money to libraries. Finally, Low was forced to retire due to health complications and the onset of Alzheimer's disease in Mayme. The class of 1972 at

4970-399: Was soon accepted. That fall when he began working at Oklahoma A.and M., Low directed a staff of 15 professional librarians. Befriending current university president Henry G. Bennett , the two men worked together to drastically improve the campus, specifically with discussion of a new library building. Bennett knew the importance of a library in one's education. When speaking at the opening of

5041-577: Was the head librarian of the Oklahoma State University Library from 1940–1967. His service in this position is the longest to date. During his time at Oklahoma State, Low was strongly involved with the construction of the present Edmon Low Library building, the main library of the Oklahoma State University System , named after his contributions to the university. Low was instrumental in having

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