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21-494: Its mission today is to provide agricultural education, training and consultancy, and to conduct research and experimentation with the aim of "promoting cultural and socio-economic growth in the agricultural sector and at developing the forestry and agro-alimentary systems, with particular regard for the environment and the safeguard of the territory of the Trentino region". There is also a farm, devoted to grape and apple production,

42-483: A four volume catalog of French wine grape varieties. In 1977 and 1982, his two volume work, Maladies et parasites de la vigne , on various ailments and grape diseases was released and followed by the fifth edition of his handbook Précis de viticulture in 1988. In 2000, Galet released Dictionnaire encyclopédique des cépages , a comprehensive catalog of grape varieties from across the globe including their international synonyms. His student, ampelographer Lucie Morton ,

63-469: A wine cellar and a distillery. The institute is home of Italy's most extensive ampelographic collection of grape specimens including both indigenous Italian varieties as well as grapes varieties from around the world. The academy conduct wide scale research into various areas of interest to Italian viticulture and winemaking including cataloging the DNA profile and genomic of grape varieties, studying

84-518: Is Victor Rendu's Ampélographie française of 1857, featuring hand-colored lithographs by Eugene Grobon. Until the Second World War, ampelography had been an art. Then Pierre Galet of the École nationale supérieure agronomique de Montpellier made a systematic assembly of criteria for the identification of vines. The Galet system was based on the shape and contours of the leaves, the characteristics of growing shoots, shoot tips, petioles,

105-420: Is the field of botany concerned with the identification and classification of grapevines, Vitis spp. Traditionally this has been done by comparing the shape and colour of the vine leaves and grape berries; more recently the study of vines has been revolutionised by DNA fingerprinting. The grape vine is an extremely variable species and some varieties , such as Pinot , mutate particularly frequently. At

126-722: The Ampelografia Italiana of the Italian Ministry of Agriculture. The book collects 551 color plates of grapes from all over the world, with texts in Italian and English, which describe the morphological and agricultural characteristics of each vine variety, as well as their synonyms and historical curiosities. Carole Meredith at the University of California, Davis , pioneered the use of genetic fingerprinting for vine identification. Famous successes with

147-595: The European Union regulations banning the use of American Vitis Labrusca vines, such as Isabella and Noah , in European vineyards. Galet has long been an advocate against forcing the mandatory uprooting of these vines, believing the ban is anachronistic . Through the course of his work, Galet has identified over 100 distinct grape varieties belonging to the Pinot family . He has also identified vines across

168-582: The German authorities at the University of Montpellier . There he spent extensive amounts of time among the Department of Viticulture 's Vitis collection which included samples of grapevines from across the globe. While there he was able to study the differences and learn about the different varieties. After the war, Galet would accept a teaching position at the University where from 1946-1989, he

189-623: The gene content and order into the 17 apple chromosomes . The apple genome decodification , published online by Nature Genetics , was coordinated by the Foundation E. Mach – Ist. Agrario San Michele all’Adige and is of worldwide interest. The data obtained will allow new varieties of apple to be developed more quickly than with classical breeding, resulting in plants with self-defence mechanisms against diseases and insects and which produce healthier and tastier fruits. Ampelographic Ampelography ( ἄμπελος , "vine" + γράφος, "writing")

210-651: The analysis of wine aromas and flavors as well the role of phenolic compounds in wine . In 2007 Velasco et al. completed a 6.5x draft genome of the Pinot Noir clone ENTAV 115 and uncovered a significant number of genes which they purport to encode disease resistance elements. Another major area of research for the Foundation, is the pheno-genetic improvement of apples (their organoleptic qualities: taste-color-shape- crunchiness - preservation , etc.) and apple trees’ architecture (such as output, columnarity, self-cleaning and pest / disease resistance in order to reduce

231-682: The differences between grape varieties, such as the VvMYBA1 and VvMYBA2 genes that control grape colour, or the VvGAI1 gene that is mutated in some cells of Pinot Meunier compared to Pinot noir . The original Galet Ampélographie Pratique is the definitive book, either in French or in English translation, but has long been out of print and does not include any DNA evidence. Pierre Galet Pierre Galet (28 January 1921 – 30 December 2019)

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252-783: The globe that were mistakenly thought to be Pinot, long before DNA fingerprinting was widely used. One such occurrence happened in California in the 1980s when Galet discovered that vines labeled Pinot blanc were actually Melon de Bourgogne , a grape commonly associated with the Muscadet wines of the Loire Valley . These so-called "Pinot blanc" cuttings were provided by the University of California at Davis who mislabeled them. For more on this error, see also "Melon de Bourgogne - History" at MelonDeBourgogne.com. Between 1956 and 1964, Galet published Cépages et vignoble de France ,

273-547: The grapes. The impact and comprehensiveness of his work earned him the consideration as the "father of modern ampelography". He started publishing within ampelography in the 1950s and his Ph.D. thesis was presented in 1967. He has also written popular science books on grape varieties. Galet was active at the École Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Montpellier . Pierre Galet was born in Monaco in 1921 and spent most his life in southern France. During World War II , Galet hid from

294-508: The same time, the wine and table grape industries have been important since ancient times, so large sums of money can depend on the correct identification of different varieties and clones of grapevines. The science of ampelography began seriously in the 19th century, when it became important to understand more about the different species of vine, as they had very different resistance to disease and pests such as phylloxera . Many vine identification books were published at this time, one of which

315-451: The sex of the flowers, the shape of the grape clusters and the colour, size and pips of the grapes themselves. The grapes are less affected by environmental factors than the leaves and the shoots, but are obviously not around for as long. He even included grape flavour as a criterion, but this is rather subjective. Galet then published the definitive book, Ampélographie pratique , in 1952, featuring 9,600 types of vine. Ampélographie pratique

336-425: The technique include proving the identity of Zinfandel , Primitivo, and Crljenak Kaštelanski, and identifying the parents of Sangiovese as Ciliegiolo and Calabrese Montenuovo. Such exercises are giving valuable insight into historical patterns of trade and migration. DNA fingerprinting uses segments of DNA that do not affect the look or taste of the grapes. More recent work has identified the genes responsible for

357-671: The use of pesticides ). All of this obtained by classical plant breeding supported by molecular breeding : DNA sequencing and analysis . In the early 21st century, DNA research by José Vouillamoz of the Istituto Agrario di San Michele all’Adige discovered that ancestors of Sangiovese are most likely the Tuscan grape Ciliegiolo and southern Italian grape Calabrese Montenuovo . During 2007 and 2008, apple DNA sequences (around 13 billion sequenced nucleotides ) were produced; and in 2009 researchers assembled and reconstructed

378-435: Was a French ampelographer and author who was an influential figure within ampelography in the 20th century and before DNA typing was widely introduced. Beginning in the 1950s, Pierre Galet introduced a system for identifying varieties based on the shape, contours and characteristics of the leaves of the vines, petioles , growing shoots , shoot tips, grape clusters, as well as the colour, size, seed content and flavour of

399-650: Was at the forefront of advances in ampelography and was the mentor to several of the leading ampelographers of the late 20th century. Among his students was Paul Truel , who would categorize and identify several wine grapes varieties in Australia and Portugal . In addition to teaching, Galet traveled to wine regions in the United States , South America , Cyprus , North Africa , Asia and throughout Europe identifying grape varieties and settling legal disputes involving them. One such legal dispute involved

420-410: Was influential in having much of Galet's work translated into English . Galet died on 31 December 2019 at the age of 98. For his work in the advancement of viticulture and ampelography, Galet was made an Officier de l' Ordre du Mérite Agricole . In 1983, he was given a prize of special recognition by the L'Office national interprofessionnel des vins (OIV), the association of French vintners, for

441-543: Was translated into English by Lucie Morton, published in 1979 and updated in 2000. In 2012, Italian publisher L'Artistica Editrice published Illustrated Historical Universal Ampelography , a three volume set which contains the most important books edited in France and Italy between 1800 and 1900: the Ampélographie of Pierre Viala and Victor Vermorel, the grapes section of Pomona Italiana by Count Giorgio Gallesio and

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