81-507: Edmund Bonner (also Boner; c. 1500 – 5 September 1569) was Bishop of London from 1539 to 1549 and again from 1553 to 1559. Initially an instrumental figure in the schism of Henry VIII from Rome , he was antagonised by the Protestant reforms introduced by the Duke of Somerset and reconciled himself to Catholicism . He became notorious as "Bloody Bonner" for his role in
162-459: A catechism , probably written by his chaplains, Nicholas Harpsfield and Henry Pendleton , entitled "A profitable and necessary doctrine" (1554, 2d ed. 1555). After the death of Mary, Elizabeth succeeded to the throne. The Council ordered him to resign the bishopric, which he refused to do, adding that he preferred death. He was sent again to the Marshalsea prison on 20 April 1560. During
243-664: A "papist", and the violence of his conduct led Francis I to threaten him with a hundred strokes of the halberd. He seems, however, to have pleased his patron, Cromwell, and perhaps Henry, by his energy in seeing the king's Great Bible in English through the press in Paris. He was already king's chaplain; his appointment at Paris had been accompanied by promotion to the See of Hereford (27 November 1538) but owing to his absence he could neither be consecrated nor take possession of his see, and he
324-549: A "sestet" with various rhyme schemes. Wyatt employs the Petrarchan octave, but his most common sestet scheme is cddc ee . Wyatt experimented in stanza forms including the rondeau , epigrams , terza rima , ottava rima songs, and satires, as well as with monorime, triplets with refrains, quatrains with different length of line and rhyme schemes, quatrains with codas, and the French forms of douzaine and treizaine. He introduced
405-621: A Privy Councillor of Henry VII and remained a trusted adviser when Henry VIII ascended the throne in 1509. Thomas followed his father to court after his education at St John's College, Cambridge . Entering the King's service, he was entrusted with many important diplomatic missions. In public life, his principal patron was Thomas Cromwell , after whose death he was recalled from abroad and imprisoned (1541). Though subsequently acquitted and released, shortly thereafter he died. His poems were circulated at court and may have been published anonymously in
486-503: A brother Henry, assumed to have died an infant, and a sister, Margaret who married Sir Anthony Lee (died 1549) and was the mother of Queen Elizabeth's champion, Sir Henry Lee . Wyatt was over six feet tall, reportedly both handsome and physically strong. In 1515, Wyatt entered Henry's service as 'Sewer Extraordinary' and the same year he began studying at St John's College, Cambridge . His father had been associated with Sir Thomas Boleyn as constable of Norwich Castle , and Wyatt
567-501: A fact-based canon of Wyatt’s poems. Later studies by other scholars (Helen Baron, 1989 and 1994, and Jason Powell, 2009) confirm the outlines and tenor of Harrier’s analysis. On the basis of Harrier’s analysis, 101 of the 285 poems included in Rebholz’s edition are demonstrated to be not Wyatt’s work. Harrier's researches establish that another 33 poems from other sources (besides The Egerton Manuscript and Tottel's) can be ascribed to Wyatt on
648-458: A large and ornate 4th-century church was discovered on Tower Hill , which seems to have mimicked St Ambrose 's cathedral in the imperial capital at Milan on a still-larger scale. This possible cathedral was built between 350 and 400 out of stone taken from other buildings, including its veneer of black marble. It is perfectly possible that the stone came from the London basilica and forum, which
729-532: A letter to Peter Martyr Vermigli , related that " Being confined to the tower of London upon accession of Queen Elizabeth, the highest punishment inflicted, he went to visit some of the criminals kept in that prison, and wishing to encourage them, called them his friends and neighbors ." Bonner died in the Marshalsea on 5 September 1569, and was buried in St George's, Southwark , secretly at midnight to avoid
810-551: A letter to Bonner on the express ground that he was not proceeding with sufficient severity. So completely had the state dominated the church that religious persecutions had become state persecutions, and Bonner was acting as an ecclesiastical sheriff in the most refractory district of the realm. Even John Foxe records instances in which Bonner failed to persecute those authorised for persecution. Bonner's detractors, beginning with his Protestant contemporaries John Foxe and John Bale and continuing through most English historiography of
891-400: A rare hatred which has followed him into the grave, so that in English history few names have been so execrated and vilified as his. A more charitable assessment of Bonner's character was made by an Anglican historian, S. R. Maitland , who considers him, "... a man, straightforward and hearty, familiar and humorous, sometimes rough, perhaps coarse, naturally hot tempered, but obviously (by
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#1732773190549972-432: A roar"—presumably Boleyn. Wyatt's grandson George Wyatt included in his Life of Queen Anne Boleigne a story that Thomas Wyatt obtained a jewel belonging to Anne, and that Henry VIII heard of this. The jewel was loose "hanging by a lace out of her pocket", a "tablet" (a kind of locket) which Wyatt took to wear at his neck. Henry VIII recognised the jewel when he played bowls with Wyatt. Anne said that Wyatt had obtained
1053-595: A surge in critical attention. His poems were found praiseworthy by numerous poets, including Ezra Pound , Marianne Moore , John Berryman , Yvor Winters , Basil Bunting , Louis Zukofsky and George Oppen . C. S. Lewis called him "the father of the Drab Age" (i.e. the unornate), from what he calls the "golden" age of the 16th century. Patricia Thomson describes Wyatt as "the Father of English Poetry". Many have conjectured that Wyatt fell in love with Anne Boleyn in
1134-573: Is an album containing Wyatt's personal selection of his poems and translations which preserves 123 texts, partly in his handwriting. Tottel's Miscellany (1557) is the Elizabethan anthology which created Wyatt's posthumous reputation; it ascribes 96 poems to him, 33 not in the Egerton Manuscript. These 156 poems can be ascribed to Wyatt with certainty on the basis of objective evidence. Another 129 poems have been ascribed to him purely on
1215-596: Is considered credible by modern historians. Following the establishment of the archdiocese of Canterbury by the Gregorian mission , its leader St Augustine consecrated Mellitus as the first bishop to the Saxon kingdom of Essex in 604. (The first bishop of Rochester was also consecrated the same year.) Bede records that Augustine's patron, King Æthelberht of Kent , built a cathedral for his nephew King Sæberht of Essex as part of this mission. This cathedral
1296-541: Is interesting that whilst four medieval churches were built around the same time on the foundations of the Roman Basilica and forum, the London city authorities in 1417 determined that St Peter's dated back to Roman times, and indeed was the original seat of English Christianity. This suggests there may have been something extra in St Peter's location and longevity which justifies it predating the others. In 1995,
1377-708: The Cornish language by John Tregear , and are now the largest single work of traditional Cornish prose . Bishop of London The bishop of London is the ordinary of the Church of England 's Diocese of London in the Province of Canterbury . By custom the Bishop is also Dean of the Chapel Royal since 1723. The diocese covers 458 km (177 sq mi) of 17 boroughs of Greater London north of
1458-594: The Emperor to dissuade him from attending the general council which the pope wished to summon at Vicenza . Towards the end of 1535 he was sent to further what he called "the cause of the Gospel" ( Letters and Papers , 1536, No. 469) in North Germany ; and in 1536 he wrote a preface to Stephen Gardiner 's De vera Obedientia , which asserted the royal and denied the papal supremacy, and was received with delight by
1539-670: The Lutherans . After a brief embassy to the Emperor in the spring of 1538, Bonner succeeded Gardiner as ambassador to the French Court in Paris . In this capacity he proved capable and successful, though irritation was frequently caused by his overbearing and dictatorial manner. He began his mission by sending Cromwell a long list of accusations against his predecessor. He was almost as bitter against Wyatt and Mason, whom he denounced as
1620-536: The Marshalsea . The fall of Somerset in the following month raised Bonner's hopes, and he appealed from Cranmer to the council. After a struggle the Protestant faction gained the upper hand, and on 7 February 1550 Bonner's deprivation was confirmed by the council sitting in the Star Chamber, and he was further condemned to perpetual imprisonment, where he remained until the accession of Mary in 1553. Bonner
1701-675: The River Thames (historically the City of London and the County of Middlesex ) and a small part of the County of Surrey (the district of Spelthorne , historically part of Middlesex). The see is in the City of London, where the seat is St Paul's Cathedral , which was founded as a cathedral in 604 and was rebuilt from 1675 following the Great Fire of London (1666). Third in seniority in
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#17327731905491782-701: The Tower of London and St. James's Palace , among others) which are geographically in the Diocese of London but, as royal peculiars , are officially outside the bishop's jurisdiction as bishop . The Bishop of London originally had responsibility for the church in the British colonies in North America , although after the American Revolution of 1776, all that remained under his jurisdiction were
1863-544: The bishop of Durham and the bishop of Winchester . The bishop's residence is The Old Deanery, Dean's Court, City of London . Previously, until 1973, Fulham Palace in West London was the residence for over 1300 years, and from the 18th century, the bishop also had chambers at London House next to the Bishop's Chapel in Aldersgate Street. The current (133rd) bishop of London is Sarah Mullally . She
1944-549: The poulter's measure form, rhyming couplets composed of a 12-syllable iambic line ( Alexandrine ) followed by a 14-syllable iambic line ( fourteener ), and he is considered a master of the iambic tetrameter . Wyatt's poetry reflects classical and Italian models, but he also admired the work of Geoffrey Chaucer , and his vocabulary reflects that of Chaucer; for example, he uses Chaucer's word newfangleness , meaning fickleness, in They Flee from Me . Many of his poems deal with
2025-496: The 1969 edition by Kenneth Muir and Patricia Thomson. This was the third edition of Wyatt issued by Muir (the first in 1949, the second in 1963), to each of which he added scores of poems derived principally from the several hundred anonymous poems included in the Devonshire Manuscript and then the newly discovered Blage Manuscript – poems ascribed to Wyatt on no other basis than Muir’s own judgment or whim. Already in
2106-509: The Church of England after the archbishops of Canterbury and York , the bishop is one of five senior bishops who sit as of right as one of the 26 Lords Spiritual in the House of Lords (for the remaining diocesan bishops of lesser rank, seats are attained upon vacancy, determined by chronological seniority). The other four senior bishops are the archbishop of Canterbury, the archbishop of York,
2187-464: The Tower, he may have witnessed Anne Boleyn's execution (which took place on 19 May 1536) from his cell window, as well as the executions of the five men with whom she was accused of adultery; he wrote a poem which might have been inspired by that experience. Around 1537, Elizabeth Darrell was Thomas's mistress, a former maid of honour to Catherine of Aragon . She bore Wyatt three sons. By 1540, he
2268-439: The anthology The Court of Venus (earliest edition c. 1537) during his lifetime, but were not published under his name until after his death; the first major book to feature and attribute his verse was Tottel's Miscellany (1557), printed 15 years after his death. Thomas Wyatt was born at Allington , Kent, in 1503, the son of Sir Henry Wyatt and Anne Skinner, the daughter of John Skinner of Reigate , Surrey. He had
2349-516: The basis of solid documentary evidence and plausible editorial judgment. A new edition of Wyatt’s poetry reflecting these established facts is needed. Critical opinions have varied widely regarding Wyatt's work. Eighteenth-century critic Thomas Warton considered Wyatt "confessedly an inferior" to his contemporary Henry Howard , and felt that Wyatt's "genius was of the moral and didactic species" but deemed him "the first polished English satirist". The 20th century saw an awakening in his popularity and
2430-574: The basis of subjective editorial judgment. They are mostly derived from the Devonshire Manuscript Collection and the Blage manuscript. Rebholz comments in his preface to Sir Thomas Wyatt, The Complete Poems , "The problem of determining which poems Wyatt wrote is as yet unsolved". However, a solution was already at hand and is now in place. Rebholz adopted the canon of 285 poems ascribed to Wyatt in his edition wholesale from
2511-494: The bishop's life was spent in prison. His demeanour during his long imprisonment was remarkable for his cheerfulness, and even John Jewel , the Bishop of Salisbury , describes him in a letter as "a most courteous man and gentlemanly both in his manners and appearance" ( Zurich Letters , I, 34). Bonner never tired of trying to convert others to Catholicism, and never expressed regret over his actions under Queen Mary. Bishop Jewel, in
Edmund Bonner - Misplaced Pages Continue
2592-605: The bishop, in which he speaks of him as among other things, "the bloody sheep-bite of London" and "bloody Bonner". Bonner's most important writings date from this time. They include Responsum et Exhortatio in laudem Sacerdotii (1553); Articles to be enquired of in the General Visitation of Edmund Bishop of London (1554); and Homelies sette forth by Eddmune Byshop of London, ... to be read within his diocese of London of all Parsons, vycars and curates, unto their parishioners upon Sondayes and holy days (1555), as well as
2673-542: The cases detailed by those who were no friends of Bonner, without seeing in him a judge who (even if we grant that he was dispensing bad laws badly) was obviously desirous to save the prisoner's life ." This verdict was generally followed by later historians. Lord Acton in the Cambridge Modern History (1904) argued: "The number of those put to death in his diocese of London was undoubtedly disproportionately large, but this would seem to have been more
2754-467: The cathedral following the Great Fire of 1666, Christopher Wren reported discovering no trace of such a structure. Surrey was at times a part of the Kingdom of Essex , and with it the Diocese of London, a situation that changed following a synod at Brentford around 705, reflecting the growing strength of Mercia at the expense of Essex. Because the bishop's diocese includes the royal palaces and
2835-417: The doctrines of the old religion. Therefore, from the first he put himself in opposition to the religious changes introduced by Protector Somerset and Archbishop Cranmer . Bonner began to doubt that supremacy when he saw to what uses it could be put by a Protestant council, and either he or Gardiner evolved the theory that the royal supremacy was in abeyance (undetermined) during a royal minority. The ground
2916-493: The early 1970s Joost Daalder produced an edition (Oxford 1975) which attempts and partly succeeds in renovating the Wyatt canon to accord with documentary facts, and also in that year Richard Harrier published his magisterial philological study of the manuscript evidence, The Canon of Sir Thomas Wyatt’s Poetry (Harvard University Press 1975). On the basis of a meticulous scientific study of the documentary evidence Harrier establishes
2997-524: The early 200s, but the first mention of an implied church in London relates to a Bishop of London, either Restitus or Aldephius, attending the Council of Arles in 314 AD . The location of Londinium's original cathedral is uncertain. The present structure of St Peter upon Cornhill was designed by Christopher Wren following the Great Fire in 1666 and stands upon the highest point in the area of old Londinium, but possibly more significantly directly above
3078-516: The early- to mid-1520s. Their acquaintance is certain, but it is not certain whether the two shared a romantic relationship. George Gilfillan implies that Wyatt and Boleyn were romantically involved. In his verse, Wyatt calls his mistress Anna and might allude to events in her life: And now I follow the coals that be quent, From Dover to Calais against my mind Gilfillan argues that these lines could refer to Anne's trip to France in 1532 prior to her marriage to Henry VIII and could imply that Wyatt
3159-570: The execution of Catherine Howard, there were rumours that Wyatt's wife Elizabeth was a possibility to become Henry VIII's next wife despite the fact that she was still married to Wyatt. He became ill not long after and died on 11 October 1542 around age 39. He is buried in Sherborne Abbey . Long after Wyatt's death, his only legitimate son Sir Thomas Wyatt the Younger led a thwarted rebellion against Henry's daughter Mary I , for which he
3240-557: The fate of the accused "once they were declared to be irreclaimable heretics and handed over to the secular power; but he always strove by gentle suasion first to reconcile them to the Church"; the Catholic Encyclopedia asserts the number of persons executed as heretics in his jurisdiction as about 120, rather than 300. Many of his victims were forced upon him by the king and queen in Council, which at one point addressed
3321-444: The first in English. Ten of them were translations from Petrarch, while all were written in the Petrarchan form, apart from the couplet ending which Wyatt introduced. Serious and reflective in tone, the sonnets show some stiffness of construction and a metrical uncertainty indicative of the difficulty Wyatt found in the new form. Yet their conciseness represents a great advance on the prolixity and uncouthness of much earlier poetry. Wyatt
Edmund Bonner - Misplaced Pages Continue
3402-486: The future bishop's birth. This account was disputed by Strype's contemporary, Sir Edmund Lechmere, who asserted that Bonner was of legitimate birth. He was educated at Broadgates Hall, now Pembroke College, Oxford , graduating bachelor of civil and canon law in June 1519. He was ordained about the same time and admitted doctor of civil law (DCL) in 1525. In 1529 he was Cardinal Thomas Wolsey 's chaplain, which brought him to
3483-1115: The islands of the British West Indies . The diocese was further reduced in 1846, when the counties of Essex and Hertfordshire were ceded to the Diocese of Rochester . The Report of the Commissioners appointed by his Majesty to inquire into the Ecclesiastical Revenues of England and Wales (1835), noted the annual net income for the London see was £13,929. The dates and names of these early bishops are very uncertain. Translated from Guildford . Nominated on 10 January and confirmed on 25 January 1956. Resigned on 31 July 1961 and died on 26 December 1970. Among those who called Assistant Bishop of London, or coadjutor bishop , were: Honorary assistant bishops – retired bishops taking on occasional duties voluntarily – have included: Thomas Wyatt (poet) Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503 – 11 October 1542)
3564-403: The jewel without her permission. However, the details of the story seem incompatible with courtly behaviour and are unconvincing. In May 1536, Wyatt was imprisoned in the Tower of London for allegedly committing adultery with Anne Boleyn. He was released later that year thanks to his friendship or his father's friendship with Thomas Cromwell , and he returned to his duties. During his stay in
3645-442: The judicial proceedings against Henry in the papal curia . In October 1533 he was entrusted with the task of suggesting to Clement VII (while he was the guest of Francis I at Marseille ) Henry's appeal from the pope to a general council; but there seems to be no good authority for Gilbert Burnet 's story that Clement threatened to have him burnt alive. For these and other services Bonner had been rewarded by successive grants of
3726-474: The late sixth century onwards. Historians seem to be more confident that early English Christian churches met in private homes, and that some Roman villas also installed places of Christian worship. Whether the Lucius story is a fiction, or whether there was actually a church deliberately erected over the shrine room is unclear and could only be settled by archaeological exploration under St Peter's. However, it
3807-501: The latter's lifetime. Wyatt was elected knight of the shire (MP) for Kent in December 1541. In 1520, Wyatt married Elizabeth Brooke (1503–1560). A year later, they had a son Thomas (1521–1554) who led Wyatt's rebellion some 12 years after his father's death. In 1524, Henry VIII assigned Wyatt to be an ambassador at home and abroad, and he separated from his wife soon after on grounds of adultery. Wyatt's professed object
3888-518: The legality of Horne's consecration, and a special act of Parliament, the Bishops Act 1566 ( 8 Eliz. 1 . c. 1), was passed to meet the point, while the charge against Bonner was withdrawn. Four times a year for three years he was forced to appear in the courts at Westminster only to be further remanded. The last of these appearances took place in the Michaelmas term of 1568, so the last year of
3969-484: The livings of Cherry Burton ( Yorkshire ), Ripple ( Worcestershire ), Blaydon ( County Durham ), and East Dereham ( Norfolk ). He was rector of Uppingham ( Rutland ), 1528–1541 and, in 1535, he was made Archdeacon of Leicester . During the following years he was much employed on important embassies in the king's interests, first to the pope to appeal against the excommunication pronounced in July 1533, afterwards to
4050-809: The location of a pagan shrine room ( aedes ) within the great Roman London basilica . There is a medieval tradition which maintains the church was founded by King Lucius in AD 199. If St Peter's was built in the Roman era, it would make the church contemporaneous to the Romano-British church at Silchester , similarly built adjacent to the Roman Basilica and most likely pre-Constantine in age. Some caution may be exercised in this respect however, as other research suggests it very rare for early English Christian churches to be founded in pagan temples, and that when temples were turned into churches, this occurred later, in
4131-573: The next two years representatives of the Protestant party frequently clamoured for the execution of Bonner and the other imprisoned bishops. When the Parliament of 1563 met, a new act of Parliament, the Supremacy of the Crown Act 1562 ( 5 Eliz. 1 . c. 1), was passed by which the first refusal of the oath of royal supremacy was praemunire , the second, high treason . The bishops had refused
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#17327731905494212-484: The notice of the king and Thomas Cromwell . After the fall of Wolsey he remained faithful to him and was with him at the time of his arrest at Cawood and death at Leicester in 1530. Subsequently, he was transferred, perhaps through Cromwell's influence, to the service of the king, and in January 1532 he was sent to Rome as the king's agent when the question of the king's divorce was raised. There he sought to obstruct
4293-468: The oath once, so that by this act, which became law on 10 April 1563, their next refusal of the oath might be followed by their death. Thanks to the intervention of the Spanish ambassador, action against the bishops was delayed; but a year later, on 29 April 1564, Bonner was indicted on a charge of praemunire on refusing the oath when tendered him by his diocesan, Bishop Horne of Winchester . He challenged
4374-401: The period, paint a different picture. Bonner, they point out, was one of those who brought it to pass that the condemnation of heretics to the fire should be part of his ordinary official duties, and he was represented as hounding men and women to death with merciless vindictiveness. Bale, formerly a friar and ex- Bishop of Ossory , published from his place of exile at Basel in 1554 an attack on
4455-686: The persecution of heretics under the Catholic government of Mary I of England , and ended his life as a prisoner under Queen Elizabeth I . Bonner was the son of Elizabeth Frodsham, who was married to Edmund Bonner, a sawyer of Hanley , Worcestershire. John Strype printed an account, with many circumstantial details, stating that Bonner was the natural son of George Savage (and therefore grandson of Sir John Savage and great-nephew of Thomas Savage who had also served as Bishop of London , before he became Archbishop of York ), rector of Davenham , Cheshire, and that his mother married Bonner only after
4536-565: The persecution to which he owes his notoriety among his detractors as "Bloody Bonner." He was appointed to degrade Cranmer at Oxford in February 1556. The part he took in these affairs gave rise to intense hatred on the part of the rebels. John Foxe in his Book of Martyrs summed up this view in two lines: His apologists, including defenders of Catholicism in England, claim his actions were merely "official", and that "he had no control" over
4617-455: The queen. He was knighted in 1535 and appointed High Sheriff of Kent for 1536. At this time, he was sent to Spain as ambassador to Charles V, who was offended by the declaration of Princess Mary 's illegitimacy ; he was her cousin and they had once been briefly betrothed. Although Wyatt was unsuccessful in his endeavours, and was accused of disloyalty by some of his colleagues, he was protected by his relationship with Cromwell, at least during
4698-603: The result of the strength of the reforming element in the capital and in Essex than of the employment of exceptional rigour; while the evidence also shows that he himself patiently dealt with many of the Protestants, and did his best to induce them to renounce what he conscientiously believed to be their errors." Twelve of Bonner's Homelies to be read within his diocese of London of all Parsons, vycars and curates (1555; nine of these were by John Harpsfield ) were translated into
4779-464: The risk of a hostile demonstration. Contemporary Catholic writers attributed to Bonner and the other bishops who died in prison the honour of martyrdom: in vinculis obierunt martyres . On the walls of the English College, Rome , an inscription recording the deaths of eleven bishops, but without naming them, found a place among the paintings of the martyrs. Bonner was attacked during life with
4860-482: The seat of government at Westminster , they have been regarded as the "King's bishop" and have historically had considerable influence with members of the Royal Family and leading politicians of the day. Since 1748 it has been customary to appoint the Bishop of London to the post of Dean of His Majesty's Chapels Royal , which has the effect of putting under the bishop's jurisdiction, as dean , several chapels (at
4941-445: The testimony of his enemies) placable and easily entreated, capable of bearing most patiently much intemperate and insolent language, much reviling and low abuse directed against himself personally, against his order, and against those peculiar doctrines and practices of his church for maintaining which he had himself suffered the loss of all things, and borne long imprisonment. [...] In short, we can scarcely read with attention any one of
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#17327731905495022-473: The trials of romantic love and the devotion of the suitor to an unavailable or cruel mistress. Other poems are scathing, satirical indictments of the hypocrisies and pandering required of courtiers who are ambitious to advance at the Tudor court. Wyatt's poems are short but fairly numerous. His 96 love poems appeared posthumously (1557) in a compendium called Tottel's Miscellany . The noteworthy are 31 sonnets,
5103-532: The turning point in Bonner's career. Hitherto he had shown himself entirely subservient to the sovereign, supporting him in the matter of the divorce, approving of the suppression of the religious houses and taking the oath of Supremacy which John Fisher and Thomas More refused at the cost of their lives. However, while accepting the schism from Rome, he had always resisted the Reformers' innovations and held to
5184-485: The visitation of August 1547, and was committed to the Fleet Prison ; but he withdrew his opposition, and was released in time to take an active part against the government in the parliament of November 1547. In the next session, November 1548-March 1549, he was a leading opponent of the first Act of Uniformity and Book of Common Prayer . When these became law, he neglected to enforce them, and on 1 September 1549 he
5265-420: The work, Bonner published a list of thirty-seven "Articles to be enquired of", but these led to such disturbances that they were temporarily withdrawn. Mary's administration thought that religious dissidents would best be dealt with by ecclesiastical tribunals rather than by the civil power. As Bonner was Bishop of London, the chief burden of stamping out religious dissent fell to him. Therefore, in 1555, he began
5346-469: Was confirmed on 8 March 2018 after acting in post immediately after her canonical election on 25 January 2018. The diocesan bishop of London has had direct episcopal oversight in the Two Cities area (the City of London and the City of Westminster ) since the institution of the London area scheme in 1979. The first mention of Christianity in England comes from Tertullian , possibly writing in
5427-646: Was a 16th-century English politician, ambassador, and lyric poet credited with introducing the sonnet to English literature. He was born at Allington Castle near Maidstone in Kent, though the family was originally from Yorkshire . His family adopted the Lancastrian side in the Wars of the Roses. His mother was Anne Skinner, and his father Henry , who had earlier been imprisoned and tortured by Richard III , had been
5508-414: Was again in the king's favour, as he was granted the site and many of the manorial estates of the dissolved Boxley Abbey . However, he was charged once more with treason in 1541; the charges were again lifted, but only thanks to the intervention of Queen Catherine Howard and on the condition of reconciling with his wife. He was granted a full pardon and restored once again to his duties as ambassador. After
5589-500: Was also responsible for the important introduction of the personal note into English poetry, for although he followed his models closely, he wrote of his own experiences. His epigrams, songs, and rondeaux are lighter than the sonnets, and they reveal the care and the elegance typical of the new romanticism. His satires are composed in the Italian terza rima, again showing the direction of the innovating tendencies. The Egerton Manuscript
5670-497: Was at once restored to his see, his deprivation being regarded as invalid and Ridley as an intruder. He vigorously restored Catholicism in his diocese, made no difficulty about submitting to the papal jurisdiction which he had foresworn. During 1554 Bonner carried out a visitation of his diocese, restoring the Mass and the manifold practices and emblems of Catholic life, but the work was carried out slowly and with difficulty. To help in
5751-401: Was captured by the armies of Emperor Charles V when they captured Rome and imprisoned the pope in 1527, but he managed to escape and make it back to England. From 1528 to 1530, Wyatt acted as high marshal at Calais . In the years following he continued in Henry's service; he was, however, imprisoned in the Tower of London for a month in 1536, perhaps because Henry hoped he would incriminate
5832-432: Was constructed in "London" and dedicated to St Paul. Although it is not clear whether Lundenwic or Lundenburh was intended, it is generally assumed the church was located in the same place occupied by the present St Paul's Cathedral on Ludgate Hill in London. Renaissance rumours that the cathedral had been erected over a Roman temple of the goddess Diana are no longer credited: during his rebuilding of
5913-433: Was demolished and levelled around the same time. The 4th-century church was burnt down in the early 5th century. According to a 12th-century list, which may be recorded by Jocelyne of Furness , there had been 14 "archbishops" of London, claiming London's Christian community was founded in the 2nd century under the legendary King Lucius and his missionary saints Fagan , Deruvian , Elvanus , and Medwin . None of that
5994-580: Was in the habit, when asked technical questions, to refer his interrogators to the theologians. He had graduated in law, and not in theology. There was nothing in the Reformation to appeal to him, except the repudiation of papal control; and he was one of those numerous Englishmen whose views were faithfully reflected in Henry's Act of the Six Articles . Indeed, almost his first duty as Bishop of London
6075-526: Was present, although his name is not included among those who accompanied the royal party to France. Wyatt's sonnet "Whoso List To Hunt" may also allude to Anne's relationship with the King: Graven in diamonds with letters plain, There is written her fair neck round about, "Noli me tangere [Do not touch me], for Caesar's I am". In still plainer terms, Wyatt's late sonnet "If waker care" describes his first "love" for "Brunette that set our country in
6156-406: Was required by the council to maintain at St Paul's Cross that the royal authority was as great as if the king were forty years of age. He did so, but with such significant omissions in the matter which had been prescribed touching the king's authority, that after a seven days' trial he was deprived of his bishopric by an ecclesiastical court over which Cranmer presided, and sent as a prisoner to
6237-456: Was skillfully chosen, but it was not legally nor constitutionally tenable. Both he and Gardiner had in fact sought fresh licences to exercise their ecclesiastical jurisdiction from the young king Edward VI ; and, if he was supreme enough to confer jurisdiction, he was supreme enough to issue the injunctions and order the visitation to which Bonner objected. It was on this question that he came into conflict with Edward's government. Bonner resisted
6318-479: Was still abroad when he was translated to the Bishopric of London (October 1539). Bonner returned to England and was consecrated 4 April 1540. Hitherto Bonner had possessed a reputation as a somewhat coarse and unscrupulous tool of Cromwell – a sort of ecclesiastical Thomas Wriothesley , he is not known to have protested against any of the changes effected by his masters; he professed to be no theologian, and
6399-472: Was thus acquainted with Anne Boleyn. Following a diplomatic mission to Spain, in 1526, he accompanied Sir John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford , to Rome to help petition Pope Clement VII to annul Henry VIII 's marriage to Catherine of Aragon , in hopes of freeing him to marry Anne Boleyn . Russell being incapacitated, Wyatt was also sent to negotiate with the Republic of Venice . According to some, Wyatt
6480-680: Was to experiment with the English language, to civilise it, to raise its powers to equal those of other European languages. His poetry may be considered as a part of the Petrarchism movement within Renaissance literature . A significant amount of his literary output consists of translations and imitations of sonnets by Italian poet Petrarch ; he also wrote sonnets of his own. He took subject matter from Petrarch's sonnets, but his rhyme schemes are significantly different. Petrarch's sonnets consist of an " octave " rhyming abba abba , followed by
6561-485: Was to try heretics under these articles; accusations of excessive cruelty and bias against the accused were spread broadcast by his enemies, and from the first he seems to have been unpopular in London. He became a staunch conservative. During the years 1542-43 he was again abroad in Spain and Germany as ambassador to the emperor, at the end of which time he returned to London. The death of the king on 28 January 1547, proved
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