The Edsel Bermuda is a station wagon that was produced and sold by Edsel in 1958. Like the Edsel Villager and Edsel Roundup station wagons, the Bermuda was built on a 116-inch (2,946 mm) wheelbase shared with Ford's station wagons, as well as core body stampings.
111-535: The Bermuda represented the highest trim level available within the Edsel brand for a station wagon, and was only available during Edsel's introductory year of 1958. In addition to deluxe interior appointments, the Bermuda also was outfitted with simulated wood panels and frames, a hallmark of premium station wagon models produced by Ford and Mercury . The Bermuda came in six and nine-passenger configurations. To separate
222-742: A manorial lordship can be noted on request in British passports through an official observation worded, 'The Holder is the Lord of the Manor of ................'. The issues of land claims were raised in the UK Parliament in 2004 and were debated with a reply on the subject from the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs acknowledging 'need for reform of the remnants of feudal and manorial law' as
333-468: A 250 hp 352 cubic-inch V8, and a 300 hp 390 cubic-inch V8. For 1966, two versions of the 390 were introduced, producing 275 hp (2-bbl) or 315 hp (4-bbl). For the first time, a 428 cubic-inch V8 was offered on the Country Squire, producing 345 hp. For 1967, the 352 FE V8 was dropped, largely replaced by the 2-bbl version of the 390 (producing 270 hp). For 1968, the 289
444-409: A 352 cubic-inch V8 (235 hp with 2-barrel; 300 hp with 4-barrel). For 1961, the engines were detuned, with the six making 135 hp, the 292 175 hp, and the 352 220 hp (the 300 hp V8 remained). For 1962, the engines were retuned to 138 hp for the inline-6 and 170 hp for the 292; while the 220 hp version of the 352 remained, the 300 hp version was replaced by
555-548: A 390 cubic-inch V8 producing 300 hp (the only version of the 390 offered with the Country Squire). For 1963, the 292 V8 was discontinued, replaced by a 164 hp 260 cubic-inch V8. For 1964, the 260 V8 was expanded to 289 cubic inches (producing 195 hp); the 352 was retuned to 250 hp. As with the previous generation, three and four-speed (overdrive) manual transmissions were offered, along with three-speed Fordomatic or Cruise-O-Matic automatics. For 1964,
666-653: A case was highlighted in Peterstone Wentloog , Wales , where villagers were being charged excessive fees to cross manorial land to access their homes. In 2007, a caution against first registration caused houses to stop selling in Alstonefield after Mark Roberts , a businessman from Wales also previously involved in the Peterstone Wentloog case, registered a caution against first registration for 25,000 acres (100 km ) after purchasing
777-535: A central part of the redesign was lower body height, requiring an all-new chassis to accommodate a lower floor. The only station wagon with standard-equipment wood paneling (of any type) from 1954 to 1956, the Country Squire was joined by the Mercury Colony Park in 1957 and briefly with the Edsel Bermuda in 1958. Coinciding with the use of a lower body and interior floor, the fourth generation
888-654: A change that would last through 1968, the Country Squire was the flagship Ford station wagon, with the four-door (non-wood) Country Sedan and the two-door Ranch Wagon. In 1956, the two-door Parklane was introduced; intended to compete with the Chevrolet Nomad , the Parklane combined the body of the Ranch Wagon with the trim of the Fairlane (similar to the Country Squire interior). Largely carryover from 1954,
999-467: A fee). Under King Henry II, the Dialogus de Scaccario already distinguished between greater barons (who held their baronies per baroniam by knight-service), and lesser barons (who owned the manor without knight-service). As they held their title due to ownership of manors, and not per baroniam knights service, Lords of the Manor were in the group of lesser barons. The entitlement or "title" to attend
1110-473: A historic legal jurisdiction in the form of the court baron . The journal Justice of the Peace & Local Government Law advises that the position is unclear as to whether a lordship of a manor is a title of honour or a dignity, as this is yet to be tested by the courts. Technically, lords of manors are barons , or freemen ; however, they do not use the term as a title. Unlike titled barons, they did not have
1221-1083: A legally recognised form of property that can be held independently of its historical rights. It may belong entirely to one person or be a moiety shared with other people. The title is known as Breyr in Welsh . In the British Crown Dependencies of Jersey and Guernsey the equivalent title is Seigneur . A similar concept of such a lordship is known in French as Sieur or Seigneur du Manoir , Gutsherr in German , Kaleağası (Kaleagasi) in Turkish , Godsherre in Norwegian and Swedish , Ambachtsheer in Dutch , and Signore or Vassallo in Italian . The manor formed
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#17327794981541332-805: A lord of the manor could either be a tenant-in-chief if he held a capital manor directly from the Crown , or a mesne lord if he was the vassal of another lord. The origins of the lordship of manors arose in the Anglo-Saxon system of manorialism . Following the Norman conquest , land at the manorial level was recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 (the Normans' registry in Sicily was called, in Latin ,
1443-534: A major shift, for 1957, Ford station wagons no longer shared a body with a Mercury counterpart; instead, the body was developed for the Edsel line of station wagons, with the Country Squire becoming the counterpart of the Edsel Bermuda (distinguished by its combination of woodgrain sides and two-tone paint). While based on the shorter wheelbase of the Ford Custom, the Country Squire still shared trim with
1554-406: A noble title, historically holders of manorial titles were seen as people of rank. They are a semi-extinct form of hereditary landed title that grants the holder the rank of Esquire by prescription and are considered high gentry or lower, non- peerage nobility by contemporary heralds and students of nobiliary. Lordship in this sense is a synonym for ownership, although this ownership involved
1665-446: A one-piece tailgate with a roll-down window which had been previously offered on Mercury station wagons as standard equipment beginning in 1957. As part of the tailgate design, a safety lockout required the rear window to be fully lowered before the tailgate could be lowered; the window was lowered either manually or electrically. On both tailgate designs, the tailgate used a torsion bar spring to counterbalance its hinge. Coinciding with
1776-652: A power-adjusted front seat introduced for 1954. For the 1952 and 1953 model years, the Country Squire was offered with a 110 hp 239 cubic-inch V8 (inline-sixes were offered only for the Ranch Wagon). For 1954, in line with all Fords, the Flathead V8 was replaced by the overhead-valve Y-block V8. While built with the same displacement as the Flathead V8, the Y-block increased output from 110 to 130 hp (82 to 97 kW; 112 to 132 PS). The inline-six
1887-480: A residence, known as the manor house and demesne ) as well as seignory , the right to grant or draw benefit from the estate (for example, as a landlord ). The title is not a peerage or title of upper nobility (although the holder of could also be peer) but was a relationship to land and how it could be used and those living on the land (tenants) may be deployed, and the broad estate and its inhabitants administered. The title continues in modern England and Wales as
1998-462: A right to sit in the House of Lords , which was the case for all noble peers until the House of Lords Act 1999 . John Selden in his esteemed work Titles of Honour (1672) writes, "The word Baro (Latin for Baron ) hath been also so much communicated, that not only all Lords of Manors have been from ancient time, and are at this day called sometimes Barons (as in the stile of their Court Barons, which
2109-440: A single summons as a group through the sheriff, and representatives from their number would be elected to attend on behalf of the group (this would later evolve into the House of Commons ). This meant the official political importance of ownership of manors declined, eventually resulting in baronial status becoming a "personal" title rather than one linked to ownership of territory. The lesser Baronial titles, including Lordships of
2220-437: A sub-tenant. Further sub-infeudation could occur down to the level of a lord of a single manor, which in itself might represent only a fraction of a knight's fee. A mesne lord was the level of lord in the middle holding several manors, between the lords of a manor and the superior lord. The sub-tenant might have to provide knight-service, or finance just a portion of it, or pay something purely nominal. Any further sub-infeudation
2331-483: A time when manorial rights were being sold to larger city corporations . In 1854, the lords of the manor of Leeds had "sold" these acts of ownership to the "corporation of Leeds" which would become the City of Leeds . Other town corporations bought their manorial titles in the 19th century, including Manchester , where the corporation paid £200,000 for the title in 1846. By 1925, copyhold tenure had formally ended with
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#17327794981542442-766: A title of lord of the manor may not have any land or rights, and in such cases the title is known as an 'incorporeal hereditament'. Before the Land Registration Act 2002 it was possible to volunteer to register lordship titles with the Land Registry; most did not seek to register. Dealings in previously registered Manors are subject to compulsory registration; however, lords of manors may opt to de-register their titles and they will continue to exist unregistered. Manorial rights such as mineral rights ceased to be registerable after midnight on 12 October 2013. There were fears in 2014 and earlier, that holders of
2553-592: Is Curia Baronis, &c . And I have read hors de son Barony in a barr to an Avowry for hors de son fee ) But also the Judges of the Exchequer have it from antient time fixed on them." Since 1965 lords of the manor have been entitled to compensation in the event of compulsory purchase. Before the Land Registration Act 2002 it was possible for manors to be registered with HM Land Registry . No manorial rights could be created after 1925, following entry into force of
2664-464: Is a double wishbone configuration, with ball-jointed A-arms. Shared with the F-Series, the Country Squire used 11-inch drum brakes on all four wheels. At its launch, the fifth-generation retained several engines from the previous generation. A 145 hp 223 cubic-inch inline-six was standard, with three optional V8 engines. A 292 cubic-inch V8 (retuned to 185 hp) made its return, along with
2775-403: Is arranged under parishes, the other is arranged under manors and shows the last-known whereabouts of the manorial records, the records are often very limited. The National Archives at Kew, London , and county record offices maintain many documents that mention manors or manorial rights, in some cases manorial court rolls have survived, such documents are now protected by law. Ownership of
2886-429: Is called 'overriding interest', or in other words the ability to affect land even if the interests or rights are not registered against that land, as of 12 October 2013. Manorial incidents can still be recorded for either registered or unregistered manors; however, proof of existence of the rights may need to be submitted to the Land Registry before they will be noted and they may not be registered at all after affected land
2997-562: Is debated as to whether the title forms part of the "titled" strata of the British nobility which is these days predominantly linked to titles of peerage, but the title has historically been associated with the English landed gentry and squirearchy within the context of the class structure of the United Kingdom . The status of lord of the manor is today often associated with the rank of esquire by prescription. Many Lordships of
3108-537: Is one of the largest holders of manorial titles in the UK. The Dukes of Westminster owe their fortune to the marriage of heiress Mary Davies, Lady of the Manor of Ebury , to Sir Thomas Grosvenor, 3rd Baronet , with the Manor of Ebury today forming the Grosvenor Estate . As a feudal title 'Lord of the Manor', unlike titles of peerage, can be inherited by whomever the title holder chooses (including females), and it
3219-484: Is sold after 12 October 2013. This issue does not affect the existence of the title of lord of the manor. There have been cases where manors have been sold and the seller has unknowingly parted with rights to unregistered land in England and Wales. A manorial lordship or ladyship is not connected to the English or British Peerage system , but rather is a remnant of the feudal or Baronial system that pre-dates it. It
3330-664: Is the only English title that can be sold (though they rarely are), as Lordships of the manor are considered non-physical property in England and are fully enforceable in the English court system. Feudal lordships of the manor therefore still exist today (2023) in English property law , being legal titles historically dating back to the Norman invasion of England in 1066. Being incorporated into property law (whether physical or non-physical) they can be bought and sold, as historic artifacts. The title itself as stated below can be separated from
3441-403: Is to date still in production. The term squire is a British term that refers to a village leader or a lord of the manor , which is also called a "squire", and the term was applied to members of the landed gentry . Although all Ford Country Squires feature wood-grain body trim, only the first-generation 1950-1951 versions are true " Woodies" . The genuine wood body panels were manufactured at
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3552-604: The Catalogus Baronum , compiled a few years later). The title cannot nowadays be subdivided. This has been prohibited since 1290 by the statute of Quia Emptores that prevents tenants from alienating their lands to others by subinfeudation , instead requiring all tenants wishing to alienate their land to do so by substitution . Lord Denning , in Corpus Christi College Oxford v Gloucestershire County Council [1983] QB 360, described
3663-567: The C6 was developed for large V8s; the FMX was introduced for medium-size engines in 1968. Lord of the manor Lord of the manor is a title that, in Anglo-Saxon England and Norman England , referred to the landholder of a rural estate. The titles date to the English feudal (specifically Baronial ) system. The lord enjoyed manorial rights (the rights to establish and occupy
3774-733: The Ford Iron Mountain Plant in the Michigan Upper Peninsula from lumber owned by Ford Motor Company. For 1952, all-steel bodies replaced wooden body structures to reduce production costs. Subsequently, exterior body trim consisted of simulated woodgrain (with varying degrees of coverage on the body). During the 1960s, 1970s, and early 1980s, Ford would use the Squire nameplate on intermediate, mid-size, compact, and subcompact vehicles, denoting station wagons with woodgrain exterior trim. Alongside full-size Fords,
3885-538: The King's Council in parliament began to be granted exclusively by decree in the form of a writ of Summons from 1265 entrenching the status of the Greater Barons and effectively founding the House of Lords . Magna Carta (which had been first issued in 1215) had declared that "No free man shall be seized, imprisoned, dispossessed, outlawed, exiled or ruined in any way, nor in any way proceeded against, except by
3996-584: The full-size Ford model range, the Country Squire was the top trim package station wagon counterpart of several model lines. For its first two generations, the Country Squire was based upon the Ford Custom Deluxe and the Ford Crestline that replaced it, along with the more modestly equipped Ford Country Sedan which was identical in dimensions except for the woodgrain appearance and minimal standard equipment. For its next three generations,
4107-596: The 118-inch wheelbase was exclusive to the Fairlane, with Ford (and Edsel) station wagons sharing a 116-inch wheelbase with the Ford Custom . To allow for a lower floor, the frame layout changed from a truck-style ladder frame to a perimeter frame . A configuration used until the 2011 discontinuation of the Ford Crown Victoria, the perimeter frame allowed the floorpan to sit between the frame rails (instead of above them). To further reduce vehicle height,
4218-507: The 1949 Ford chassis abandoned several design elements retained by Ford since the Model T, including a torque tube driveshaft and transverse leaf springs. In a major change, Ford sought to change the marketing of station wagons, transitioning their use from a commercial vehicle to a premium family vehicle. The listed retail price was US$ 2,119 ($ 27,135 in 2023 dollars ) and 31,412 were manufactured. Designed by Eugene Gregorie and Ross Cousins,
4329-527: The 1991 model years, eight generations of the Country Squire were produced. Following the discontinuation of Edsel Bermuda , Mercury marketed the Mercury Colony Park as a divisional counterpart of the Country Squire, sharing bodywork and trim while the Mercury was not available with a six cylinder engine and was more expensive due to the optional equipment on the Ford that was standard on the Mercury. As part of
4440-464: The 272 was replaced by the 292, increased to 202 hp (151 kW; 205 PS). A 312 cu in (5.1 L) Y-block (shared with the Thunderbird and Mercury) offered up to 225 hp (168 kW; 228 PS) was optional only by special order. For 1957, the Ford model line underwent its first complete redesign for the first time since 1952. In line with other American manufacturers,
4551-519: The 3-speed column-shifted manual made its return, along with the 4-speed overdrive manual. For 1967 only, a floor-shifted 4-speed manual was offered for the Country Squire (only with the 390 and 428 V8s). The Fordomatic 3-speed automatic was retired, with Cruise-O-Matic replaced by several 3-speed automatic designs marketed under the SelectShift name; the C4 was developed for inline-6 and small V8s, while
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4662-425: The 3-speed manual was redesigned, becoming synchronized in all three gears. In contrast to the fourth generation Country Squire, the fifth generation largely abandoned yearly body updates. The body design was more conservative, integrating the headlights into the grille and fairing the bumper more closely into the fenders. For 1961, the rear tailgate underwent a complete redesign, abandoning the two-piece tailgate for
4773-449: The 50th anniversary of Ford), the Country Squire featured a commemorative steering wheel center and rear-door armrests became standard. For 1954, the range of color choices were expanded from six to twelve (remaining single-color exteriors), with red, blue/white, or green/white interiors replacing the previous tan/brown interior. Several power-assisted features became introduced; in 1953, power steering became an option, with power brakes and
4884-505: The Bermuda from Ford models, the Bermuda received Edsel's front fascia and vertical grille assembly as well as unique boomerang-shaped taillights. The shape of the taillights posed a problem when used as turn indicators – the left hand taillight appeared as an arrow pointing right and vice versa from a distance. All station wagons shared the Edsel Ranger's engine availability with a 361 cu in (5.9 L) V8 as standard, as
4995-454: The Country Squire also received heavier-duty rear-suspension, wider tires, and a larger fuel tank over Ford sedans. Following its introduction, the Country Squire underwent several revisions distinct from Ford sedans. For 1950, the spare-tire cover was deleted; in April 1950, the lower tailgate was redesigned, changing from all-wood construction to steel construction (with wood trim). For 1951,
5106-450: The Country Squire carried over all three engines from the 1956 model year, with revised power outputs. A 144 hp 223 cubic-inch Mileage Maker inline-6 was the standard engine. The 292 cubic-inch V8 returned (with a two-barrel carburetor), producing 212 hp. Three versions of the 312 cubic-inch V8 were offered: 245 hp (four-barrel), 270 hp (dual four-barrel), and 300 hp (dual four-barrel, supercharger). For 1958, while
5217-558: The Country Squire chassis retained its 115.5 inch wheelbase and chassis underpinnings. While the roofline from the B-pillar rearward was essentially identical from the previous generation, a panoramic windshield (with a vertical A-pillar) was introduced. The wood trim was revised, with the DI-NOC transfers adopting the style of a wood-bodied motorboat ; the fiberglass trim was extended into the front fenders (the simulated " ponton fender "
5328-558: The Country Squire grew over five inches in length. Adopting styling elements of the Mercury Country Cruiser Colony Park and the Edsel Villager, the Country Squire had a less angled front fascia with a wider grille, two large round taillamps, and redesigned tailfins (with turn signal lenses). In a major change, the simulated wood trim around the roof pillars was replaced by stainless steel, leaving
5439-545: The Country Squire retained the dashboard of the 1950 Ford (with the 1951 steering column). As a true "woodie", assembly of the Country Squire was labor-intensive, requiring completion at three assembly plants. Initial assembly of the steel body was completed at the Dearborn Assembly Plant , with the incomplete body shipped to the Iron Mountain plant for the fitment of wood paneling; upon completion,
5550-685: The Country Squire was a distinct model range; initially sharing its trim with the Ford Fairlane , the Country Squire later adopted trim of the Ford Galaxie . For its final two generations, the Country Squire became a counterpart of Ford LTD and the Ford LTD Crown Victoria after its downsizing for the last generation, while sharing multiple passenger accommodation duties with the Ford Aerostar . The Country Squire
5661-502: The Country Squire. The 1960 version with the V8 was listed at US$ 3,080 ($ 31,722 in 2023 dollars ) before optional equipment was added. Starting with 1962, the Galaxie became the senior, full-size model series when the Ford Fairlane became the intermediate model series on a shorter wheelbase, and was also offered as a station wagon with optionally available woodgrained appearance. Retaining
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#17327794981545772-402: The Country Squire; and the only exterior colors offered were Alpine Blue, Carnival Red metallic, Meadowbrook Green, Sungate Ivory and Glenmist Green, and they were color-keyed to the wood exterior trim. Matching the wood trim, the interior was offered in a single tan/brown color scheme. As with the previous generation, the second-generation Country Squire used a two-piece tailgate. The spare tire
5883-454: The Fairlane. Along with Ford sedans, the Country Squire adopted several design elements of the 1957 Ford Thunderbird , including its wraparound windshield (restyled with a forward-slanted A-pillar), short tailfins , and large round taillamps. To further expand load capacity, the folding mechanism of the middle seat was redesigned, allowing for a completely flat load floor when stowed (the rear seat still had to be removed). To improve loading,
5994-418: The Ford station wagon marked the first transition away from the full " woodie ". In place of a complete wooden body aft of the firewall, the 1949 Ford station wagon was designed with a steel roof, rear fenders, and tailgate frame. Wood construction remained for the side bodywork and upper and lower tailgate (using mahogany plywood trimmed by maple or birch). Sharing its body with Mercury, the Ford station wagon
6105-567: The LTD became a full model line for the 1968 model year, the Country Squire became its station wagon counterpart, with Ford adding "LTD" badging to the hood. The 1968 LTD 9-passenger version with the V8 was listed at US$ 3,619 ($ 31,709 in 2023 dollars ) before optional equipment installed. To comply with the implementation of safety regulations in the United States, many running changes were made during this generation, effectively standardizing
6216-466: The Law of Property Act 1922. Manorial incidents, which are the rights that a lord of the manor may exercise over other people's land, lapsed on 12 October 2013 if not registered by then with the Land Registry. This is a separate issue to the registration of lordships of manors, since both registered and unregistered lordships will continue to exist after that date. It is only their practical rights that lost what
6327-420: The Manor ) is not a title of nobility, as in a peerage title . The holder of a lordship of the manor can be referred to as Lord or Lady of the manor of [ Placename ], or Lord or Lady of [ Placename ], for example Lord or Lady of Little Bromwich, this shortening is permitted as long as "of" is not omitted and the name of the holder is included before as not to imply a peerage. It has been argued that Lords of
6438-517: The Manor are 'held' via Grand Serjeanty - a duty to carry out certain functions when required - which places them in close proximity to the monarch, often during the Coronation . An example would be the Manor of Scrivelsby , where the owner of the Manor is required to serve as King's Champion . Additionally, many peers also hold Lordships of the manor, and the sovereign via the Duchy of Lancaster
6549-603: The Manor, therefore were not incorporated into the peerage. It is understood that all English Feudal Baronies that were not Lordships of the Manor and had not been upgraded into a peerage, were abolished by the Tenures Abolition Act 1660 , passed after the Restoration, which took away knight-service and other legal rights. This left Lordships of the Manor as the sole vestige of the English feudal system. Like their English counterparts, by 1600 manorial titles in
6660-550: The Squire name was used for the Falcon , Fairlane , Torino , Pinto , Granada , Gran Torino , LTD II , Fairmont , Escort , and mid-size LTD (the last model range to use the name). The Squire name was also used on woodgrain-trim versions of the Ranchero ; in 1976, Ford offered a Pinto Squire two-door hatchback. For the 1949 model year, Ford introduced its first post-war model line. While retaining body-on-frame construction,
6771-407: The basic unit of land ownership within the baronial system. Initially in England the feudal "baronial" system considered all those who held land directly from the king by knight-service , from earls downwards, as "barons". Others forms of land tenure under the feudal system included serjeanty (a form of tenure in return for a specified duty other than standard knight-service) and socage (payment of
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#17327794981546882-424: The bodies were shipped back to various Ford assembly facilities for final assembly (mounting to frames, fitment of interiors). For 1951, Ford outsourced final assembly of the Country Squire, contracting Ionia Body Company (an assembler of wood-bodied station wagons for General Motors). During its production, the first-generation Country Squire was available with engines shared with Ford sedans. The standard engine
6993-428: The body underwent several styling revisions, along with multiple functional upgrades. The Crestline was discontinued, with the Country Squire becoming the counterpart of the all-new top level Fairlane sedan line. The listed retail price was $ 2,392 ($ 27,206 in 2023 dollars ) and production increased to 19,011. For 1955, Ford consolidated its three station wagons into a distinct model line separate from its sedans. In
7104-484: The enactment of Law of Property Acts , Law of Property Act 1922 and Law of Property (Amendment) Act 1924, converting copyhold to fee simple . Although copyhold was abolished, the title of Lord of the Manor remains, and certain rights attached to it will also remain if they are registered under the Land Registration Act 2002 . This Act ended manorial incidents unprotected by registration at the Land Registry after October 2013. The Land Registration Act 2002 does not affect
7215-613: The end of the 1960s. For 1966, Chrysler reintroduced wood trim for the Town & Country station wagon (and for the first Dodge Monaco station wagon). General Motors introduced wood trim for the 1966 Chevrolet Caprice Estate and in 1967 for the Buick Sport Wagon and Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser . As part of the 1968 introduction of the intermediate Ford Torino and Mercury Montego , a Torino Squire and Montego Villager station wagon were introduced with woodgrain exterior trim. As
7326-515: The equipment introduced by the Lifeguard option package. For 1966, Ford standardized front and rear seat belts, a padded dashboard and sun visors, a deep-dish steering wheel, reinforced door latches, and emergency flashers. For 1967, as part of federal regulations, the steering wheel was fitted with a padded center and fitted to an energy-absorbing (collapsible) steering column; other requirements included padded interior surfaces, recessed controls on
7437-404: The existence of unregistered lordships after October 2013, only the rights that would have previously been attached to the same. During the latter part of the 20th century, many of these titles were sold to wealthy individuals seeking a distinction. However, certain purchasers, such as Mark Roberts , controversially exploited the right to claim unregistered land. A manorial title (i.e. Lord of
7548-432: The fall of 1957, Edsels were a marketing disaster for Ford. Total Bermuda station wagon was 2,235 units, of which 1,456 were six-passenger models with a base price of $ 3,155 ($ 34,227 in 2023 dollars ) and 779 were nine-passenger versions priced at $ 3,212 ($ 34,845 in 2023 dollars ). This made the nine-passenger Bermuda the rarest 1958 Edsel model. For the 1959 model year, the Bermuda and Roundup station wagons were dropped (as
7659-543: The first element being the title may be held in moieties and may not be subdivided , this is prohibited by the statute of Quia Emptores preventing subinfeudation whereas the second and third elements can be subdivided. Although manorial lordship titles today no longer have rights attached to them, historically the lordship title itself had the power to collect fealty (i.e. services) and taxes. The Historical Manuscripts Commission maintains two Manorial Document Registers that cover southern England . One register
7770-419: The first time, the Country Squire was available with several optional V8 engines with multiple power outputs. Shared with the Fairlane, a 272 cu in (4.5 L) Y-block V8 produced 162 hp (121 kW; 164 PS) (2-barrel carburetor) or 182 hp (136 kW; 185 PS) (4-barrel carburetor). Shared with the Thunderbird, a 292 cu in (4.8 L) V8 produced 198 hp. For 1956,
7881-408: The formerly Norman territories in France and Italy did not ennoble their holders in the same way as did, for example, a barony in these territories. Lordships of the Manor often have certain feudal era rights associated with them. The exact rights that each manor holds will be different: the right to hold a market, a right over certain waterways or mineral deposits are all within scope. Historically
7992-444: The frame rails became fully-boxed; the perimeter frame configuration was retained. While again using a double-wishbone, ball-jointed A-arm configuration for the front suspension, the front track width was widened to improve handling. The rear leaf springs were discontinued, replaced with a three-link coil-sprung solid rear axle; in various forms, Ford would use this suspension configuration on rear-wheel drive full-size vehicles through
8103-463: The inline-6 returned, the Y-block engines were replaced with an all-new set of V8 engines, named the FE-series (Ford/Edsel). Two displacements were available, a 332 cubic-inch V8 (240 hp with a 2-barrel carburetor; 265 hp with a 4-barrel carburetor) or 352 cubic inches (300 horsepower, four-barrel carburetor). For 1959, the engine line was revised further, with a 200 hp 292 V8 becoming
8214-493: The instrument panel, and front outboard shoulder belt anchors. As an added degree of redundancy, a dual-chamber brake master cylinder was added for the 1968 model year (on the Country Squire, alongside all other vehicles sold in the United States). The rear-wheel drive 1965 Ford chassis used by the sixth-generation Country Squire retained the 119-inch wheelbase of the previous generation. For higher strength and rigidity,
8325-638: The introduction of the Ford LTD , the Country Squire was a counterpart of the Galaxie 500 model line alongside the non-woodgrain Country Sedan (alongside the standard Galaxie). The 1965 version with the V8 was listed at US$ 3,216 ($ 37,668 in 2023 dollars ). During the production of the sixth-generation Country Squire, wood-trimmed station wagons (in simulated form) underwent a revival in production. Previously exclusive to Ford and Mercury from 1954 to 1965, counterpart station wagons entered production during
8436-412: The lawful judgement of his peers", and thus this body of greater Barons with a right to attend parliament were deemed to be "peers" of one another, and it became the norm to refer to these magnates collectively as the "peerage" during the reign of Edward II . Meanwhile the holders of smaller fiefdoms per baroniam ceased to be summoned to parliament, and instead lesser barons of each county would receive
8547-512: The liftgate redesign for 1961, the front and rear fascias were redesigned, marking the return of (small) tailfins and large round taillamps, in line with the Ford Thunderbird . For 1964, the Country Squire underwent a facelift of its rear fascia (deleting the tailfins) and its side trim, with a redesign of the wood trim. For the 1965 model year, the full-size Ford model line underwent a complete redesign with an all-new chassis. Alongside
8658-530: The lordship of the manor of Alstonefield for £10,000 in 1999. Judith Bray, land law expert from Buckingham University , speaking to BBC about the case, said that "the legal situation is very confusing because a piece of legislation in the 1920s separated manorial rights from the ownership of land." In reports about the Alstonefield case, the BBC stated, "Scores of titles are bought and sold every year, some like
8769-508: The manor can have the prefix "The Much Honoured" as using Mr, Miss or Mrs would be incorrect. The style 'Lord of the Manor of X' or 'Lord of X' is, in a sense, more of a description than a title, somewhat similar to the term Laird in Scotland. King's College, Cambridge has given the view that the term 'indicated wealth and privilege, and it carried rights and responsibilities'. It is debated whether manorial lordships can be classed as
8880-410: The manor thus: In medieval times the manor was the nucleus of English rural life. It was an administrative unit of an extensive area of land. The whole of it was owned originally by the lord of the manor. He lived in the big house called the manor house. Attached to it were many acres of grassland and woodlands called the park. These were the "demesne lands" which were for the personal use of the lord of
8991-464: The manor. Dotted all round were the enclosed homes and land occupied by the "tenants of the manor". In England in the Middle Ages , land was held on behalf of the English monarch or ruler by a powerful local supporter, who gave protection in return. The people who had sworn homage to the lord were known as vassals . Vassals were nobles who served loyalty for the king, in return for being given
9102-482: The newly introduced Mercury Monterey , only the Country Squire featured wood paneling as standard. In a wider revision for 1952, Ford introduced station wagon counterparts for each of its sedan lines; the Country Squire was the equivalent of the Crestline sedan. Slotted below the Country Squire were the four-door Country Sedan ( Customline ) and the two-door Ranch Wagon ( Mainline ). Designed by Gordon Buehrig ,
9213-495: The one Chris Eubank bought for fun, others seen as a business opportunity. It is entirely lawful, and there is no doubt the titles can be valuable. As well as rights to land like wastes and commons, they can also give the holder rights over land." The report goes on to say that the Law Commission in England and Wales were considering a project to abolish feudal land law but would not review manorial rights. In many cases,
9324-452: The physical property just as any other right can. Rights like the lordship, mineral and sporting can all be separate from the physical property. The title since 1290 cannot be sub-divided ( Subinfeudation ). Land, sporting rights, and mineral rights can be separated. Property lawyers usually handle such transactions. There are three elements to a manor (collectively called an honour ): These three elements may exist separately or be combined,
9435-489: The possession of the manor by only one resident as "giving him too great a superiority over his fellow townsmen, and exposing him to considerable odium". Thus, the Manor of Leeds was divided between several people ( shares ). This situation could create legal problems. In January 1872, as a group, the "lords of the manor of Leeds" applied to the Law Courts to ascertain if they could "exercise acts of ownership" over land at
9546-416: The production of the final Ford Crown Victoria in 2011. For the sixth generation, the Country Squire (alongside Ford full-size Country Sedan and F-Series trucks) received a new standard engine, with a 240 cubic-inch "Big Six" inline-6 (producing 150 hp) replacing the 223 cubic-inch "Mileage Maker" six. The three V8 engines were retained from the previous generations, with a 200 hp 289 cubic-inch V8,
9657-412: The rear leaf springs were moved outboard of the frame rails and the wheels were decreased in diameter from 15 to 14 inches. For 1958, rear air suspension became an option for the first time; intended to keep the load floor at a constant height, the system saw few buyers. In line with all Ford sedans, the 1959 Country Squire adopted the 118-inch wheelbase previously exclusive to the Fairlane. For 1957,
9768-416: The removal of the lower cushion to fold flat, access was improved as one-third of the second-row seat folded separately. The 1960 Ford chassis, used by the fifth-generation Country Squire with a 119-inch wheelbase, shared with all other full-size Ford models. To improve handling, the rear leaf suspension was redesigned with longer springs, as part of anti-dive and anti-squat control . The front suspension
9879-419: The royal courts also began to protect these customary tenants, who became known as copyholders . The name arises because the tenant was given a copy of the court's record of the fact as a title deed. During the 19th century, traditional manor courts were phased out. This was largely because by the mid 17th century, large English cities had leading residents such as John Harrison (died 1656) of Leeds , who saw
9990-464: The second-generation Country Squire was developed under a goal to maximize parts commonality between sedan and station wagon model lines. While gaining an inch in wheelbase, the second-generation Country Squire was reduced approximately 10 inches in length over its predecessor while adding two more doors for rear passengers. In contrast to the Country Sedan , two-tone paint was not offered for
10101-586: The standard V8, the two-barrel 332 detuned to 225 hp (the four-barrel version discontinued); the 300-hp 352 V8 remained. Alongside the 3-speed and 4-speed manual transmissions, Ford offered the 3-speed Fordomatic automatic. Coinciding with the 1958 introduction of the FE-series V8s, the 3-speed Cruise-O-Matic automatic was introduced. Designed to make better use of all three gears, Cruise-O-Matic started in first gear (Fordomatic started in second, with first gear selected by downshifting into "L"). In
10212-460: The status of a court leet , and so they elected constables and other officials and were effectively magistrates' courts for minor offences. The tenure of the freeholders was protected by the royal courts. After the Black Death , labour was in demand and so it became difficult for the lords of manors to impose duties on serfs. However their customary tenure continued and in the 16th century
10323-476: The top half of the liftgate was widened, extending into the D-pillars. For 1958, the front and rear fascias underwent a revision; while largely to accommodate quad headlamps, the taillamp design was revised (replacing two round taillamps with four oval ones) alongside the design of the wood trim. In a functional change, the liftgate mechanism was redesigned. For 1959, coinciding with the wheelbase extension,
10434-489: The upgrade, air conditioning was introduced as an option. The Lifeguard option package was introduced, offering a deep-dish steering wheel, upgraded door latches (to prevent ejection); as an option, seat belts and a padded dashboard were offered. Carried over from the previous generation, the standard engine of the third-generation Country Squire was the 223 cu in (3.7 L) " Mileage Maker " inline-6, increasing output to 120 hp (89 kW; 122 PS). For
10545-427: The use of a perimeter frame, the Country Squire grew in size over its predecessor, five inches wider and five inches longer than its predecessor. The wood exterior trim returned to the appearance of boat decking, with a simpler border trim design. To improve entry and exit, the forward-sloping A-pillar was replaced by a rearward-sloping design, allowing for wider front door opening. While the third-row seat still required
10656-641: The use of land. After the Norman conquest of England , however, all land in England was owned by the monarch who then granted the use of it by means of a transaction known as enfeoffment , to earls, barons, and others, in return for military service. The person who held feudal land directly from the king was known as a tenant-in-chief (see also Land tenure ). Military service was based upon units of ten knights (see knight-service ). An important tenant-in-chief might be expected to provide all ten knights, and lesser tenants-in-chief, half of one. Some tenants-in-chief " sub-infeuded ", that is, granted, some land to
10767-405: The wood trim below the window line. The third seat was redesigned, allowing it to fold flat (after seat cushions were removed and stowed). For the 1960 model year, in place of a yearly update, the Ford model line underwent a complete redesign. Coinciding with the introduction of the compact Falcon , full-size Fords grew in size, adopting a 119-inch wheelbase. As part of a model shift, the Galaxie
10878-454: Was a 226 cubic-inch 95 hp H-series inline-6, with a 239 cubic-inch 100 hp Flathead V8. For 1950, a 3-speed manual was standard, with a 3-speed Ford-O-Matic automatic becoming an option in 1951. Following a redesign of the Ford model line for the 1952 model year, the second generation of the Country Squire was introduced, marking several major changes to the model line. While sharing much of its body (though not its wheelbase) with
10989-400: Was a three-speed manual transmission . Buyers also had the option of a three-speed automatic transmission with a standard column-mounted gear selector, or could choose Edsel's highly promoted but trouble-prone Teletouch automatic, which placed its drive-selection buttons in a stationary steering wheel hub that the steering wheel rotated around. While their roll-out was highly publicized in
11100-614: Was discontinued as part of the development of the 1992 Ford Crown Victoria and passenger carrying duties were given to the Ford Windstar . The decline in full-size station wagon sales meant the Crown Victoria was exclusively a four-door sedan. The 41-year production run of the Country Squire is the third-longest of a Ford car nameplate in North America, surpassed only by the Ford Thunderbird and Ford Mustang which
11211-460: Was expanded to 302 cu in (4.9 L), producing 210 hp. The 2-bbl 390 and 428 were retuned, making 265 and 340 hp, respectively. While maintaining powertrain commonality with the Ford Galaxie, on an official basis, Ford did not offer the Country Squire with any version of the 428 V8 producing over 345 hp, nor any 427 V8. For the sixth-generation Country Squire,
11322-603: Was offered in Custom trim. To reduce noise and improve sealing, the station wagon was offered with two doors instead of four; however, three seats were used, allowing eight-passenger seating. For the 1950 model year, Ford renamed its model lines; initially, the station wagon was a Custom Deluxe with the all new "Country Squire" name introduced in early 1950. Several revisions were made for 1950 to improve functionality and capability. The second and third-row seats were redesigned, allowing their removal without tools. In another change,
11433-476: Was prohibited by the Statute of Quia Emptores in 1290. Knight-service was abolished by the Tenures Abolition Act 1660 . Manors were defined as an area of land and became closely associated to the advowson of the church; often by default the advowson was appended to the rights of the Manor, sometimes separated into moieties. Many lords of the manor were known as squires , at a time when land ownership
11544-444: Was redesigned, with a 223 cu in (3.7 L) version becoming the standard engine, producing 115 hp (86 kW; 117 PS). Marketed as premium vehicles, wood-bodied station wagons were labor-intensive to assemble (and maintain ). To reduce assembly and ownership costs, the Country Squire abandoned wood-paneled construction for a full-steel body. To distinguish itself from the Country Sedan, DI-NOC (vinyl transfers)
11655-464: Was relocated under the load floor, with the upper half of the tailgate opened by counterbalanced hinges. The listed retail price was US$ 2,384 ($ 27,353 in 2023 dollars ) and production numbers dropped significantly with the introduction of the all steel bodied Country Sedan and the more upscale Mercury Monterey wood-bodied station wagon, having only built 5,426. Over its production, the second generation received several minor revisions. For 1953 (marking
11766-438: Was removed). For the first time, power windows were offered as an option, at the time considered a luxury feature. For 1956, alongside all Fords, the Country Squire received a new grille, distinguished by rectangular turn signals/parking lights and wider openings. In a functional change, Ford upgraded to a 12-volt electrical system , allowing additional starting power and capability with electrical-power options. Coinciding with
11877-544: Was slotted above the Fairlane as the flagship Ford model range, with the Country Squire becoming its station wagon counterpart for 1960. For 1961, Mercury revised its model range following the discontinuation of Edsel, with the Monterey becoming a longer-wheelbase version of the Galaxie; in a change that would last until their 1991 discontinuation, the Colony Park became the more exclusive and upscale Mercury counterpart to
11988-465: Was the basis of power. While some inhabitants were serfs who were bound to the land, others were freeholders, often known as franklins , who were free from customary services. Periodically all the tenants met at a 'manorial court', with the lord of the manor (or squire), or a steward, as chairman. These courts, known as courts baron , dealt with the tenants' rights and duties, changes of occupancy, and disputes between tenants. Some manorial courts also had
12099-459: Was the trouble-prone Teletouch system), leaving only the Villager as Edsel's sole station wagon model. Ford Country Squire The Ford Country Squire is a series of full-size station wagons that were assembled by American automaker Ford . Positioned as the top-level station wagon of the Ford division, the Country Squire was distinguished by woodgrain bodyside trim. From 1950 through
12210-406: Was used to simulate the mahogany paneling, accented by birch or maple. To further simulate the "woodie" look, woodgrain transfers were applied to the window frames and upper liftgate. For 1954, the wood trim was replaced by fiberglass, colored with a woodgrain finish. For the 1955 model year, the third generation of the Country Squire was introduced. Functionally an update of the second generation,
12321-423: Was wider than its predecessor, increasing from eight passenger-seating to nine for the first time. For the fourth-generation Country Squire, Ford returned to extensive annual model revisions, with only the roofline and doors shared between all three model years. For 1957 27,690 were manufactured with a listed retail price of $ 2,556 ($ 27,728 in 2023 dollars ). The 1957 Ford chassis was a split-wheelbase platform;
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