101-663: The Eighteenth Amendment may refer to: Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , which established Prohibition Eighteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India , 1966 amendment which clarified the meaning of "state" Eighteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland , which permitted the state to ratify the Amsterdam Treaty Eighteenth Amendment to
202-558: A front porch campaign , but Roosevelt and the leaders in the western United States instead supported an active campaign. Roosevelt gave twenty-seven major speeches during the campaign while Hoover initially planned on giving three major speeches during the campaign, but it was later increased to ten and Hoover traveled over 10,000 miles. Simeon D. Fess , who had become chair of the Republican National Committee with Hoover's support, resigned from his position and
303-408: A cautious campaign strategy, focused on minimizing gaffes and keeping public attention directed towards his opponent. As governor of New York, Roosevelt had garnered a reputation for promoting government help for the impoverished, providing a welcome contrast for many who saw Hoover as a do-nothing president. Roosevelt emphasized working collectively through an expanded federal government to confront
404-579: A compromise candidate if neither Smith nor Roosevelt could win the nomination at the convention balloting. J. Hamilton Lewis won the presidential primary in Illinois on April 12, 1932, and the state's fifty-eight member delegation was instructed to vote for him, but he withdrew before the convention on June 25. The majority of the Illinois delegation supported Melvin Alvah Traylor for the first three ballots before giving their support to Roosevelt on
505-601: A deadline in the case of Dillon v. Gloss (1921). The Supreme Court also upheld the ratification by the Ohio legislature in Hawke v. Smith (1920), despite a petition requiring that the matter proceed to ballot. This was not the only controversy around the amendment. The phrase "intoxicating liquor " was widely understood to exclude beer and wine (as they are not distilled), and their inclusion in Prohibition surprised many in
606-515: A decline in alcohol consumption in the United States, nationwide enforcement of Prohibition proved difficult, particularly in cities. Alcohol smuggling (known as rum-running or bootlegging) and illicit bars ( speakeasies ) became popular in many areas. Public sentiment began to turn against Prohibition during the 1920s, and 1932 Democratic presidential nominee Franklin D. Roosevelt called for its repeal. Section 1. After one year from
707-462: A feat last accomplished by Franklin Pierce in 1852 , as well as the first Democrat in 56 years to win a majority of the popular vote, which was last achieved by Samuel J. Tilden in 1876 . Roosevelt was the last sitting governor to be elected president until Bill Clinton in 1992 . Hoover became the first incumbent president to lose an election to another term since William Howard Taft in 1912 ,
808-423: A frequent location for smuggling operations because of a shipping point nearly three miles offshore that officials could not investigate, further complicating enforcement. The Coast Guard was not well-equipped to chase down bootlegging vessels but began searching ships at sea instead of when they arrived at port, and upgraded its boats to facilitate more efficient and consistent arrests. One complication that plagued
909-535: A household name for her militancy, such as vandalizing saloon property. Many state legislatures had already enacted statewide prohibition prior to the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment but did not ban the consumption of alcohol in most households. By 1916, 23 of 48 states had already passed laws against saloons, some even banning the manufacture of alcohol. On August 1, 1917, the Senate passed
1010-552: A massive increase in organized crime. The act defined the terms and enforcement methods of Prohibition until the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment repealed it in 1933. The proposed amendment was the first to contain a provision setting a deadline for its ratification. That clause of the amendment was challenged, with the case reaching the Supreme Court , which upheld the constitutionality of such
1111-537: A poll of the delegates to the 1928 Democratic National Convention which showed that the majority supported Roosevelt and additional polling showed Roosevelt winning in the primary and general election. Representative Edgar Howard stated that "Nine out of ten men in nine out of ten states are for Roosevelt, and he will be the Democratic choice." Roosevelt announced his campaign on January 23, 1932. William H. Murray ran in multiple primaries and won one delegate in
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#17327656611211212-561: A resolution containing the language of the amendment to be presented to the states for ratification. The vote was 65 to 20, with the Democrats voting 36 in favor and 12 in opposition and the Republicans voting 29 in favor and 8 in opposition. The House of Representatives passed a revised resolution on December 17, 1917. This was the first amendment to impose a deadline date for ratification. If ratification did not occur before
1313-549: A speech in support of it. James Farley , the chair of the New York State Democratic Committee and later Roosevelt's presidential campaign manager, had the New York committee pass a resolution opposing declarations before the national convention was held. Other state parties supported this resolution causing the vote to not happen. Raskob proposed the declaration again on January 9, 1932, but had
1414-581: A sweeping victory over Hoover, but Democrats significantly extended their control over the U.S. House, gaining 101 seats, and also gained 12 seats in the U.S. Senate to gain control of the chamber. Twelve years of Republican leadership came to an end, and 20 consecutive years of Democratic control of the White House began. Until 1932, the Republicans had controlled the presidency for 52 of the previous 72 years, dating back to Abraham Lincoln being elected president in 1860 . After 1932, Democrats would control
1515-477: The 1928 presidential election , but his share of the popular vote declined to 39.6% in 1932. Socialist Party nominee Norman Thomas won 2.2% of the popular vote. Subsequent Democratic landslides in the 1934 midterm elections and the 1936 presidential election confirmed the commencement of the Fifth Party System , which was dominated by Roosevelt's New Deal Coalition . Roosevelt's election ended
1616-486: The 1932 Republican National Convention . Roosevelt was widely considered the front-runner at the start of the 1932 Democratic National Convention , but was not able to clinch the nomination until the fourth ballot of the convention. The Democratic convention chose a leading Southern Democrat , Speaker of the House John Nance Garner of Texas, as the party's vice presidential nominee. Roosevelt united
1717-504: The Anti-Saloon League (ASL) started in 1906 a campaign to ban the sale of alcohol at the state level. Their speeches, advertisements, and public demonstrations claimed that prohibition of alcohol would eliminate poverty and ameliorate social problems such as immoral sexual behavior and violence. The ASL argued that prohibition would inspire new forms of sociability, create happier families, reduce workplace accidents, and improve
1818-788: The Communist Party USA 's presidential nominee in the 1928 election, was given the presidential nomination at the national convention held from May 28–29 in Chicago , and James W. Ford was given the vice-presidential nomination. Frank Webb and Jacob S. Coxey Sr. , former mayor of Massillon, Ohio , were given the presidential and vice-presidential nominations of the Farmer–Labor Party at its convention on April 28 in Omaha, Nebraska . John R. Brinkley , Thomas Mooney , and Arthur C. Townley had also been proposed as candidates for
1919-594: The Great Depression only hastened its demise, as opponents argued that the ban on alcohol denied jobs to the unemployed and much-needed revenue to the government. The efforts of the nonpartisan Association Against the Prohibition Amendment (AAPA) added to public disillusionment. In 1932, the platform of Democratic presidential candidate Franklin D. Roosevelt included a plank for repealing the 18th Amendment, and his victory that November led to
2020-603: The National Prohibition Act was conceived and introduced by Wayne Wheeler , a leader of the Anti-Saloon League , a group that found alcohol responsible for almost all of society's problems and that also ran many campaigns against the sale of alcohol. The law was strongly supported by the powerful Minnesota Republican congressman Andrew Volstead , chairman of the House Judiciary Committee , whose name came to be informally associated with
2121-550: The Reconstruction Finance Corporation took him out of consideration. Progressive Republicans considered forming a third party, but William Borah , Johnson, George W. Norris , and Gifford Pinchot declined to lead such a movement. An attempt to have progressive leaders in multiple states run against Hoover failed and Borah stated that Hoover could not be defeated. Hoover formally started his campaign by having Robert H. Lucas, executive director of
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#17327656611212222-544: The Republican National Committee , send out letters to precinct leaders in January 1931. Postmaster General Walter Folger Brown and Treasury Secretary Ogden L. Mills helped manage Hoover's campaign. Theodore Joslin started a publicity campaign to improve Hoover's image. Joseph I. France , a member of the conservative faction, ran against Hoover in the primary, but only won in states where he
2323-498: The United States on November 8, 1932. Against the backdrop of the Great Depression , incumbent Republican President Herbert Hoover was defeated in a landslide by Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt , the governor of New York and the vice presidential nominee of the 1920 presidential election . Roosevelt was the first Democrat in 80 years to simultaneously win an outright majority of the electoral college and popular vote,
2424-442: The 18th Amendment. In contrast, Hoover was not supported by many of the more prominent Republicans and violently opposed by others, in particular by a number of senators who had fought him throughout his administration and whose national reputation made their opposition of considerable importance. Many prominent Republicans even went so far as to espouse the cause of the Democratic candidate openly. Making matters worse for Hoover
2525-478: The 1912 election with most elections costing around $ 0.19–0.20 per voter and the 1924 presidential election costing $ 0.15 per voter. Both parties spent large amounts on radio campaigns with 17–18% of Democratic and over 20% of the Republican national committees spending being towards radio. During the 1928 election the Republicans paid $ 420,000 to radio companies and increased their spending to $ 437,000 during
2626-418: The 1920s. Chicago's Al Capone emerged as the most notorious example, earning an estimated $ 60 million annually from his bootlegging and speakeasy operations. Gambling and prostitution also reached new heights, and a growing number of Americans came to blame Prohibition and to condemn it as a dangerous infringement of individual freedom. Public sentiment turned against Prohibition by the late 1920s, and
2727-493: The 1932 election was preceded by Smith's increased vote totals in urban areas. Democratic candidates: Smith, who announced his candidacy on February 6, 1932, was a leading candidate as he had remained active in the party and retained his support from the 1928 campaign. Joseph Taylor Robinson , who had been Smith's vice-presidential running mate, announced that he would not be a candidate on March 31, 1932, and gave his support to Franklin D. Roosevelt . Jesse I. Straus conducted
2828-513: The 1932 election. The Democrats reduced their spending with their amount falling from $ 550,000 during the 1928 election to $ 343,415 during the 1932 election. During the campaign NBC and CBS aired 203 programs of paid time that took up 116 hours and 15 minutes. One hundred thirty-six of those programs were for the Republicans, seventy-one for the Democrats, and three for the Socialists. The Republicans had seventy hours and thirty-two minutes,
2929-567: The Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress. The Eighteenth Amendment was the result of decades of effort by the temperance movement in the United States and at the time was generally considered a progressive amendment. Founded in 1893 in Saratoga, New York,
3030-470: The Constitution of Pakistan , which reduced the powers of the President of Pakistan Eighteenth Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa , which made South African Sign Language an official language Homer vs. the Eighteenth Amendment , an episode of the television series The Simpsons Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
3131-573: The Democratic primary and in the general election with the Republican nomination in the 1938 election . Smith's strategy against Roosevelt was to use favorite son candidates to control the delegations of their states in places that would have otherwise gone for Roosevelt. The majority of Smith's support came from the northeast while Roosevelt's support came from the south and west. Wilbur Lucius Cross , Joseph B. Ely , Frank Hague , J. Howard McGrath , Moore, Raskob, and Jouett Shouse were among Smith's campaign leaders. Roosevelt attempted to have some of
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3232-494: The Democrats had forty-nine hours and thirty-two minutes, and the Socialists had forty-five minutes of air time. Roosevelt made gains with voters compared to Smith's 1928 campaign. The southerners who had supported Hoover in the 1928 campaign returned to the Democratic Party and progressive Republicans under the leadership of Bronson M. Cutting , Johnson, Robert M. La Follette Jr. , Norris, and Henry A. Wallace left
3333-554: The Eighteenth Amendment repealed, which was done by adoption of the Twenty-first Amendment on December 5, 1933. Following ratification in 1919, the amendment's effects were long-lasting, leading to increases in crime in many large cities, such as Chicago, New York and Los Angeles. Along with this came many separate forms of illegal alcohol distribution, such as speakeasies, bootlegging and illegal distilling operations. Bootlegging started in towns bordering Mexico and Canada as well as in areas with multiple ports and harbors. The alcohol
3434-544: The Eighteenth Amendment's adoption, there was a significant reduction in alcohol consumption among the general public and particularly among low-income groups. There were fewer hospitalizations for alcoholism and likewise fewer liver-related medical problems. However, consumption soon climbed as underworld entrepreneurs began producing dangerous "rotgut" alcohol. With the rise of home-distilled alcohol, careless distilling led to as many as 10,000 deaths attributed to wood alcohol ( methanol ) poisoning. However, during Prohibition,
3535-668: The National Prohibition Act, better known as the Volstead Act , on October 28, 1919. President Woodrow Wilson vetoed that bill, but the House of Representatives immediately voted to override the veto and the Senate followed suit the next day. The Volstead Act set the starting date for nationwide prohibition as January 17, 1920, the earliest date allowed by the Eighteenth Amendment. This legislation that would become
3636-544: The North Dakota primary, but failed to win in the Florida, Nebraska, Oregon, and West Virginia primaries. He won in the Ohio primary as he was the only candidate on the ballot, but the delegates were instructed by the convention and not the primary. The Oklahoma convention selected to give him control of its twenty-two member delegation. Newton D. Baker declined to run in the primaries and instead planned on serving as
3737-459: The Republican percentage sank to 16.21%, but in no other section did the party poll less than 30% of the vote cast. However, the relative appeal of the two candidates in 1932 and the decline of the appeal of Hoover as compared with 1928 are shown in the fact that the Republican vote increased in 1932 in only 87 counties, while the Democratic vote increased in 3,003 counties. Herbert Hoover also failed to flip any counties. The vote cast for Hoover, and
3838-416: The Republicans to support Roosevelt. Farley predicted that Roosevelt would win in forty-four states and later congratulated Sanders on his imagination and courage when Sanders predicted that Hoover would win 338 electoral votes. After their divisive convention, Democrats united around Roosevelt, who was able to draw more universal support than Al Smith had in 1928. Roosevelt's Protestant background prevented
3939-560: The Socialist candidate who had polled 75% of the "other" vote (as well as the highest raw vote total of his campaigns). This election marks the last time as of 2024 that a Republican presidential candidate won a majority of black and African-American votes: as New Deal policies took effect, the strong support of black voters for these programs began a transition from their traditional support for Republicans to providing solid majorities for Democrats. The Roosevelt ticket swept every region of
4040-461: The U.S. Senate from New Jersey in 1930, but died on October 5, 1931. On July 31, 1931, an article by James F. Coupal, Coolidge's former White House physician, was published by the St. Paul Dispatch in which Coupal stated that Coolidge would run "if the people of this country evince an unmistakable and unquestionable desire to draft him to pull the country out of this period of depression, and if he can have
4141-602: The United States Constitution The Eighteenth Amendment ( Amendment XVIII ) to the United States Constitution established the prohibition of alcohol in the United States . The amendment was proposed by Congress on December 18, 1917, and ratified by the requisite number of states on January 16, 1919. The Eighteenth Amendment was repealed by the Twenty-first Amendment on December 5, 1933, making it
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4242-405: The act. The act laid the groundwork for Prohibition, defining the procedures for banning the distribution of alcohol, including production and distribution. Volstead had previously introduced an early version of the law to Congress. It was first brought to the floor on May 27, 1919, but met heavy resistance from Democratic senators. Instead, the so-called "wet law" was introduced, an attempt to end
4343-412: The amendment was ratified, Congress passed the Volstead Act to provide for the federal enforcement of Prohibition. The Volstead Act declared that liquor , wine and beer qualified as intoxicating liquors, and were therefore prohibited. Under the terms of the Eighteenth Amendment, Prohibition began on January 17, 1920, one year after the amendment was ratified. Although the Eighteenth Amendment led to
4444-543: The anti-Catholic attacks Smith faced in 1928, and the Depression seemed to be of much greater concern among the American public than previous cultural battles. Prohibition was increasingly unpopular, and wets offered the argument that states and localities needed the tax money. Hoover proposed a new constitutional amendment that was vague on particulars and satisfied neither side. Roosevelt's platform promised repeal of
4545-508: The committee not take action on it. Tammany Hall and Roosevelt had a truce during his governorship, but the organization came to openly oppose him for his role in Mayor Jimmy Walker 's resignation. Tammany Hall supported Smith for the nomination at the convention causing Roosevelt to refuse to support their mayoral candidate in the 1933 election and to support Fiorello La Guardia in the 1937 election . Tammany Hall's power
4646-555: The convention and Hearst created a compromise with Roosevelt. Roosevelt, who needed the support of the Californian and Texan delegations to gain a two-thirds majority, would receive the support of Garner's delegates in exchange for Garner being given the vice-presidential nomination. With this agreement, Garner's supporters in California and Texas were released by Sam Rayburn , Garner's campaign manager, and voted for Roosevelt on
4747-549: The country except the Northeast , and carried many reliable Republican states that had not been carried by the Democrats since their electoral landslide of 1912 , when the Republican vote was split in two. Michigan voted Democratic for the first time since the emergence of the Republican Party in 1854, and Minnesota was carried by a Democrat for the first time since its admission to statehood in 1858, leaving Vermont as
4848-416: The deadline date, the amendment would be discarded. In the House, the vote was 282 to 128, with the Democrats voting 141 in favor and 64 in opposition and the Republicans voting 137 in favor and 62 in opposition. Four independents in the House voted in favor and two voted against the amendment. It was officially proposed by the Congress to the states when the Senate passed the resolution by a vote of 47 to 8
4949-542: The delegation of his home state New Jersey voted for Smith. Both Smith and Roosevelt were against Prohibition , but Smith supported making it a main issue during the campaign while Roosevelt did not. John J. Raskob , who had become the chair of the Democratic National Committee with Smith's support, attempted to have the committee make a statement against prohibition in March 1931, and Smith gave
5050-513: The distribution of alcohol, as well as those arrested being charged with small fines rather than prison time. The murder rate fell for two years, but then rose to record highs due to gangland killings, a trend that reversed the very year prohibition ended. The homicide rate increased from six per 100,000 population in the pre-Prohibition period to nearly ten. Overall, crime rose 24%, including increases in assault and battery, theft, and burglary. Anti-prohibition groups were formed and worked to have
5151-526: The distribution process, such as concealed brewing and storage, operation of speakeasys, and selling alcohol in restaurants and nightclubs run by crime syndicates. With organized crime becoming a rising problem, control of specific territories was a key objective among gangs, leading to many violent confrontations such as the Saint Valentine's Day Massacre ; as a result, murder rates and burglaries dramatically increased between 1920 and 1933. Bootlegging
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#17327656611215252-503: The economic crisis, a contrast to Hoover's emphasis on individualism. During the campaign, Roosevelt ran on many of the programs that would later become part of the New Deal during his presidency. It was said that "even a vaguely talented dog-catcher could have been elected president against the Republicans." Hoover even received a letter from an Illinois man that advised, "Vote for Roosevelt and make it unanimous." Roosevelt employed
5353-415: The effects of the disease from voters, instituting a "gentleman's agreement" with the press that he not be photographed in ways that would highlight his disability. In the final days of the campaign, Hoover denounced Roosevelt’s “nonsense … tirades … glittering generalizations … ignorance” and “defamation”, calling him a “chameleon on plaid,” while Roosevelt called Hoover a “fat, timid capon.” The election
5454-519: The end of Prohibition. In February 1933, Congress adopted a resolution proposing the Twenty-first Amendment , which repealed the 18th Amendment and modified the Volstead Act to permit the sale of beer. The resolution required state conventions, rather than the state legislatures, to approve the amendment, effectively reducing the process to a one-state, one-vote referendum rather than a popular vote. A few states continued statewide prohibition after 1933, but by 1966 they all had abandoned it. Just after
5555-540: The era of Republican dominance in presidential politics that had lasted since the beginning of the Civil War and the election of 1860. Republican nominee Herbert Hoover had won in the 1928 presidential election against Democratic nominee Al Smith . Smith had lost the support of the Solid South during the campaign likely due to anti-Catholic sentiment. Hoover had won in a landslide with him winning forty of
5656-453: The fact that in only one section of the nation (West South Central) did he have less than 500,000 votes and in only three states outside of the South less than 50,000 votes, made it clear that the nation remained a two-party electorate, and that everywhere, despite the overwhelming triumph of the Democrats, there was a party membership devoted to neither the new administration nor the proposals of
5757-432: The favorite son candidates withdraw using Homer Stille Cummings as a mediator, but he was unsuccessful. Seventeen states used primaries to select their delegates to the national conventions while the rest used a convention system. Roosevelt controlled the delegations from thirty states and additional delegations from Arkansas, Indiana, Kansas, and South Carolina had supporters of Roosevelt, but were uninstructed. Roosevelt
5858-513: The first ballot against Matthew A. Tinley and his nomination was made unanimous. Republican candidates: In November 1931, Senator Hiram Johnson called for Hoover to retire as it would increase the chances of the Republicans winning in the 1932 election. Hoover's opponents in the Republican Party supported giving either former President Calvin Coolidge or Senator Dwight Morrow the party's presidential nomination. Morrow had been elected to
5959-609: The forty-eight states giving him 444 electoral votes against Smith's 87. However, the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the Great Depression weakened the power of the Republicans. In the 1930 elections, the Democrats gained control of the United States House of Representatives , reduced the Republican majority in the United States Senate to one, and won a majority of the governorships. Smith
6060-542: The fourth ballot, giving him the presidential nomination. Members of the Texas delegation who opposed Roosevelt were led by Amon G. Carter , but the Roosevelt supporters led by Thomas Whitfield Davidson won by a vote of 54 to 51. Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, and Rhode Island were the only states whose delegations did not support Roosevelt on the final ballot. Garner won the vice-presidential nomination on
6161-490: The fourth ballot. Tom Pendergast , a political boss in Missouri, had the state's delegation instructed to vote for James A. Reed , who had run for the nomination in the 1928 election, and the delegation supported Reed for the first three ballots before switching to Roosevelt. Harry F. Byrd and George White were favorite son candidates from their states. A. Harry Moore was a favorite son candidate supported by Lewis, but
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#17327656611216262-465: The general public as well as producers of wine and beer. This controversy caused many Northern states to refuse to abide by the amendment. Under Prohibition, illegal importation and production of alcoholic beverages (such as rum-running and bootlegging) occurred on a large scale nationwide. In urban areas, where the majority of the population tended to oppose Prohibition, enforcement was generally much weaker than in rural areas and smaller towns. Perhaps
6363-467: The government's enforcement efforts involved forged prescriptions for alcoholic beverages. Many forms of alcohol were sold over the counter purportedly for medical purposes, but some manufacturers falsified evidence that their products were of medicinal value. Bootlegging was the leading factor in the development of organized-crime rings in large cities, as controlling and distributing liquor was very difficult. Many profitable gangs controlled every aspect of
6464-537: The larger Liberty Party gave its nomination to William Hope Harvey . Samuel Harden Church, who had formed the Liberal Party in Pennsylvania which received 366,572 votes on its ballot line in the 1930 gubernatorial election , unsuccessfully tried to form a national anti-prohibitionist Liberal Party. Nicholas Murray Butler proposed the creation of a new party on May 19, 1932, which would be composed of
6565-459: The largest national swing of the electorate between presidential elections in the history of the United States. The largest swing since came for the Democrats in 1976, when the swing from George McGovern in 1972 to Jimmy Carter was 12.61%. The 0.09% difference between the tipping point state (Iowa) and the national popular vote is tied as the smallest in history (along with 1892). 1932 was a political realignment election: not only did Roosevelt win
6666-513: The last to do so until Gerald Ford lost 44 years later , and the last elected incumbent president to do so until Jimmy Carter lost 48 years later . The election marked the effective end of the Fourth Party System , which had been dominated by Republicans. It was the first time since 1916 that a Democrat was elected president. Despite disastrous economic conditions due to the Great Depression , Hoover faced little opposition at
6767-402: The moderate wings of both existing Democratic and Republican parties. After making an airplane trip to the Democratic convention, Roosevelt accepted the nomination in person. In his speech, he stated, "ours must be a party of liberal thought, of planned action, of the enlightened international outlook, and of the greatest good to the greatest number of our citizens." Roosevelt's trip to Chicago
6868-490: The most dramatic consequence of Prohibition was its effect on organized crime . As the production and sale of alcohol went further underground, it began to be controlled by the Mafia and other gangs that transformed into sophisticated criminal enterprises that reaped huge profits from the illicit liquor trade. Organized-crime syndicates became skilled at bribing police and politicians to overlook violations of Prohibition during
6969-486: The national swing of 17.59% to the Democrats impressed all who considered the distribution of the vote: more than one-sixth of the electorate had switched from supporting the Republicans to the Democrats. Only once before had there been a comparable shift, in 1920, when there was a 14.65% swing to the Republicans (while there had been a swing to the Democrats of 13.6% in 1912, this was from a three-candidate election). Roosevelt improved on Smith's net vote total performance in
7070-409: The next day, December 18. The amendment and its enabling legislation did not ban the consumption of alcohol outright but prohibited the sale, manufacture and distribution of alcohol in the United States. Those caught selling, manufacturing or distributing alcoholic beverages would be subject to arrest. The amendment superseded the many state and regional restrictions already in place. Ratification
7171-576: The nomination. However, Webb was removed from the ticket with the party stating that he was "a tool of the Hoover administration," and Coxey was given the presidential nomination. The Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party did not support the national party's ticket. After the Farmer-Labor presidential nomination was taken from him Webb formed the Liberty Party with him as its presidential nominee while
7272-441: The only constitutional amendment in American history to be repealed. The Eighteenth Amendment was the product of decades of efforts by the temperance movement , which held that a ban on the sale of alcohol would ameliorate poverty and other societal problems. The Eighteenth Amendment declared the production, transport and sale of intoxicating liquors illegal, although it did not outlaw the actual consumption of alcohol. Shortly after
7373-399: The only remaining state never to be carried by a Democratic candidate (which it would not be until 1964 ). In contrast to the state's solid support of Republicans prior to this election, Minnesota has continued supporting Democrats in every presidential election but three since 1932 (the exceptions were in 1952 , 1956 , and 1972 ). Roosevelt's victory with 472 electoral votes stood until
7474-403: The party, campaigning on the failures of the Hoover administration. He promised recovery with a " New Deal " for the American people. Roosevelt won by a landslide in both the electoral and popular votes, carrying every state outside of the Northeast and receiving the highest percentage of the popular vote of any Democratic nominee up to that time. Hoover had won over 58% of the popular vote in
7575-481: The presidency for 32 of the next 48 years. Roosevelt led the poll in 2,722 counties, the greatest number ever carried by a candidate up until that time. Of these, 282 had never before been Democratic. Only 374 remained loyally Republican. Half of the total vote of the nation was cast in just eight states (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin); in these states, Hoover polled 8,592,163 votes. In one section (West South Central),
7676-463: The presidency without any political or other obligations attached to it". Coolidge did not run for the nomination and an article written by him was published by The Saturday Evening Post on October 3, 1932, in which he gave his support to Hoover and was critical of those who had wanted him to run. Charles G. Dawes was suggested as a candidate following Morrow's death and the unsuccessful attempt to draft Coolidge, but his selection as president of
7777-560: The radio to great effect during the campaign. He was able to outline his platform while also improving the perception of his personality. In March 1932, The New York Times quoted radio producer John Carlile, who said that Roosevelt had a "tone of perfect sincerity", while for Hoover, "the microphone betrays deliberate effort in his radio voice." The technology not only allowed Roosevelt to reach far more voters than he could via in-person campaigning, but also drew attention away from his paralysis due to polio . Roosevelt took great pains to hide
7878-599: The rate of use and abuse of alcohol remained significantly lower than before enactment. Though Prohibition created a new category of crimes involving the production and distribution of alcohol, there was an initial reduction in crime associated with drunkenness. Those who continued to drink alcohol tended to turn to organized criminal syndicates. Law enforcement could not stop much illicit liquor; however, they used "sting" operations, such as Prohibition agent Eliot Ness famously using wiretapping to uncover secret breweries. The prisons became crowded, which led to fewer arrests for
7979-517: The ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. Section 2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to
8080-480: The title Eighteenth Amendment . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eighteenth_Amendment&oldid=1166290303 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Eighteenth Amendment to
8181-475: The twelve largest cities. Smith had won those areas by 210,000 votes in the 1928 election while Roosevelt won by 1,791,000 votes. Roosevelt's worst performance in the country was in the eastern United States where all six of the states that voted for Hoover came from. Hoover only won in forty-five counties west of the Mississippi. As of 2024, the swing for the Democrats from Smith in 1928 to Roosevelt remains
8282-465: The vice-presidential balloting. Curtis initially fell 19.25 votes short of winning on the first ballot, but the Pennsylvania delegation changed its support to Curtis causing him to win. Norman Thomas , who had been the Socialist Party of America 's presidential nominee in the 1928 election and ran for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in the 1930 election, and James H. Maurer , who
8383-552: The wartime prohibition laws put into effect much earlier. The debate over prohibition persisted for that entire session, as the House was divided among groups who become known as the "bone-drys" and the "wets." The Volstead Act finally passed the Republican-led House of Representatives on July 22, 1919, with 287 in favor and 100 opposed. However, the act was largely a failure, proving unable to prevent mass distribution of alcoholic beverages and also inadvertently causing
8484-587: The world overall. (Following the repeal of Prohibition, the group merged into the National Temperance League. ) Other groups, such as the Woman's Christian Temperance Union , also launched efforts to ban the sale, manufacture, and distribution of alcoholic beverages. Churches were also highly influential in gaining new members and support, garnering 6,000 local societies in several different states. The well-known reformer Carrie Nation became
8585-415: Was achieved on January 16, 1919, when Nebraska became the 36th of the 48 states to ratify the amendment. On January 29, acting secretary of state Frank L. Polk certified the ratification. By 1922, 46 states had ratified the amendment. The following states ratified the amendment: Two states rejected the amendment: To define the language used in the amendment, Congress enacted enabling legislation called
8686-426: Was also found to be a gateway crime for many gangs who would then expand into crimes such as prostitution, gambling rackets, narcotics, loan sharking, extortion and labor rackets, thus causing problems that persisted long after the amendment was repealed. 1932 United States presidential election Herbert Hoover Republican Franklin D. Roosevelt Democratic Presidential elections were held in
8787-711: Was also reduced by the adoption of proportional representation for the New York City Council . Roosevelt also gave support to the American Labor Party in order for Democratic voters to support the New Deal without giving support to Tammany Hall candidates. Representative John J. O'Connor , who represented one of the districts with the strongest Tammany influence and was the chair of the House Rules Committee , lost renomination in
8888-495: Was elected to chair the convention against Shouse by a vote of 626 to 528. Roosevelt received the most votes on the first three ballots, but he still did not have a two-thirds majority. John Nance Garner , who had the support of William Randolph Hearst , won in the California primary due to the support of the Texas State Society of California which had 100,000 members. Garner had the support of ninety delegates at
8989-409: Was endorsed at the state convention in Mississippi, but the delegates were left uninstructed. Roosevelt also claimed that he had the support of the twenty-eight delegates from all of the territories. Smith controlled the delegates from four states. The remaining delegations were either uninstructed or under the control of favorite sons. Roosevelt failed to gain control of two-thirds of the delegates which
9090-526: Was held on November 8, 1932. Roosevelt defeated Hoover in the election. Hoover became the seventh president to lose reelection after John Adams , John Quincy Adams , Martin Van Buren , Grover Cleveland , Benjamin Harrison , and William Howard Taft . Another president would not lose an election to another term until Gerald Ford was defeated by Jimmy Carter in the 1976 presidential election . This
9191-553: Was not a delegate. Hoover, who was nominated by Joseph Scott , won renomination on the first ballot while France only received four delegates. Dawes was proposed as a replacement for Vice President Charles Curtis , who faced opposition due to his age and prohibitionist stances, and delegations from over twenty states opposed the renomination of Curtis. However, Dawes declined to seek the vice-presidential nomination. Curtis, Alvan T. Fuller , James Harbord , Hanford MacNider , J. Leonard Replogle , and Bertrand Snell were nominated for
9292-516: Was often supplied by foreign distributors from nations such as Cuba and the Bahamas, and some even came from Newfoundland and islands under French rule. In response, the government employed the Coast Guard to search and detain ships transporting alcohol into the country, but caused several complications such as disputes over national jurisdiction areas at sea. Atlantic City, New Jersey became
9393-503: Was replaced by Everett Sanders with Hoover's support. Raskob, who became the chair of the Democratic National Convention with Smith's support, was replaced by Farley. Campaign expenditures for both parties fell from the 1928 election to the 1932 election. The combined expenditures of both national committees would be $ 5,146,027 which was less than $ 0.13 per voter. This was the lowest amount spent per voter since
9494-409: Was required for him to gain the nomination. The convention was held in Chicago between June 27 and July 2. The first vote was taken at 4:28 on the morning of July 2, after ten hours of speeches that had begun at 5:00 on the previous afternoon. The Roosevelt delegations from Louisiana and Minnesota were seated giving Roosevelt an additional thirty-two votes. Thomas J. Walsh , an ally of Roosevelt,
9595-614: Was that many Americans blamed him for the Great Depression. The outrage caused by the deaths of veterans in the Bonus Army incident in the summer of 1932, combined with the catastrophic economic effects of Hoover's domestic policies, reduced his chances of a second term from slim to none. His attempts to campaign in public were a disaster, as he often had objects thrown at him or his vehicle as he rode through city streets. Hoover's unpopularity resulted in Roosevelt's adoption of
9696-463: Was the first Democratic nominee in the 20th century to win a majority of the twelve largest cities in the country. The net vote totals in the twelve largest cities shifted from Republican to Democratic with Harding having won 1,540,000 in 1920, Coolidge by 1,308,000 in 1924, while Smith won by 210,000. Samuel Lubell wrote in The Future of American Politics that Franklin D. Roosevelt 's victory in
9797-431: Was the first election since 1916 (16 years earlier) in which the Democratic candidate won. Although the "other" vote (the combined vote total for candidates other than the nominees of the two major parties ) of 1932 was three times that of 1928, it was considerably less than what had been recorded in 1920, the time of the greatest "other" vote, with the exception of the unusual conditions prevailing in 1912 and 1924. This
9898-457: Was the first of several successful, precedent-making moves designed to make him appear to be the candidate of change in the election. Large crowds greeted Roosevelt as he traveled around the nation; his campaign song " Happy Days Are Here Again " became one of the most popular in American political history – and, indeed, the unofficial anthem of the Democratic Party. Democratic leaders in the eastern United States supported having Roosevelt conduct
9999-428: Was the last election where a Socialist Party presidential candidate received over 500,000 votes as of 2024. Roosevelt, the Democratic candidate, received 22,817,883 votes (57.41%), the largest vote ever cast for a candidate for the presidency up until that time, and over 1,425,000 more than that cast for Hoover four years earlier. While Hoover had won a greater percentage of the vote in 1928 (as did Harding in 1920),
10100-570: Was the party's vice-presidential nominee in the 1928 election, were given the Socialist Party presidential and vice-presidential nominations at the national convention held May 21–24 in Milwaukee . Thomas and his faction unsuccessfully tried to have Morris Hillquit replaced as chair of the party by Daniel Hoan . The Literary Digest ' s polling predicted that Thomas would receive over two million votes. William Z. Foster , who had been
10201-402: Was unopposed. These states also had no delegates bounded to their primaries leading to them sending pro-Hoover delegations. At the national convention Lawritz Bernhard Sandblast, a delegate from Oregon, nominated France, but France attempted to address the convention to withdraw his candidacy and instead nominate Coolidge. Hoover had him removed citing that he could not address the convention as he
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