Misplaced Pages

#611388

27-469: Christiaan Eijkman was born on 11 August 1858, at Nijkerk , Netherlands as the seventh child of Christiaan Eijkman, the headmaster of a local school, and Johanna Alida Pool. His elder brother Johann Frederik Eijkman (1851–1915) was also a chemist. A year later, in 1859, the Eijkman family moved to Zaandam , where his father was appointed head of a newly founded school for advanced elementary education. It

54-414: A few months. During that time, chickens in the laboratory had been fed leftover rice from military rations, until a new cook refused to allow military rice to be fed to civilian animals. Rice was then purchased from another source, and the birds soon recovered. During the months that the chickens developed beriberi, the feed had been polished rice, and when the birds' diet was switched back to unpolished rice,

81-556: A new church, the Grote-of-Sint-Catharinakerk ; was built in the 18th century. It still stands today. The organ in this church was built in 1756 by Mathijs van Deventer . In the 18th century Nijkerk was a flourishing merchant city. Several inhabitants traveled to the New World , including Arent van Curler and Kiliaen van Rensselaer and founded new cities. Since World War II , Nijkerk has grown rapidly. It

108-479: A number of speculations on the acclimatization of Europeans in the tropics which had hitherto necessitated the taking of various precautions. Eijkman had been sent to the Dutch East Indies to study beriberi , a disease of the peripheral nerves, but his discovery of the cause was accidental . He noticed the symptoms of beriberi in some chickens used in his laboratory when their feed had been altered for

135-456: A staple of a well-balanced diet, particularly when fortified with micronutrients in infant rice cereal. Cooking brown rice in hot water can reduce the content of inorganic arsenic by 40-60%, although this cooking method also diminishes the content of micronutrients. Brown rice is widely cultivated in Vietnam , mainly in the northern and central provinces. According to statistics from

162-492: Is broken or flour blasted (which perforates the bran without removing it). Studies in 2003 estimated a cooking time between 35 and 51 minutes. A shorter cooking time is necessary for "converted" or parboiled rice . Brown rice has a shelf life of approximately 6 months, but hermetic storage , refrigeration or freezing can significantly extend its lifetime. Freezing, even periodically, can also help control infestations of Indian meal moths . Cooked, long-grain brown rice

189-584: Is 70% water, 26% carbohydrates , 3% protein , and 1% fat . In a reference amount of 100 grams (3.5 oz), cooked brown rice supplies 123 calories of food energy , and is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value , DV) of manganese (36% DV) and moderate source (11-17% DV) of magnesium , phosphorus , niacin , and thiamine . Arsenic is in the natural environment and may be present in common grains, such as brown rice. Although rice may absorb arsenic more readily than other crops, rice remains as

216-466: Is a municipality and a city located in the middle of the Netherlands , in the province of Gelderland . Some people state that Groot Corlaer is a population centre on its own, but it is officially part of Nijkerk. Railway station: Nijkerk The name Nijkerk stems from Nieuwe Kerk (Dutch for New Church). This new church was built after the old chapel had been destroyed by fire in 1221. Nijkerk

243-519: Is situated on the (former) shore of the IJsselmeer , which allows for transportation of goods via ships, and in the proximity of two major motorways, the E30 (A1) and E232 (A28). This allowed local industries to grow, and also encouraged people who work in the nearby Randstad to move to the more rural and peaceful town of Nijkerk. In 2000, the municipalities of Nijkerk and Hoevelaken merged to form

270-547: Is twinned with Brown rice Brown rice is a whole grain rice with the inedible outer hull removed. This kind of rice sheds its outer hull or husk but the bran and germ layer remain on, constituting the brown or tan colour of rice. White rice is the same grain without the hull, the bran layer , and the cereal germ . Red rice , gold rice , and black rice (also called purple rice) are all whole rices with differently pigmented outer layers. Brown rice generally needs longer cooking times than white rice , unless it

297-758: The Dutch Government to conduct investigations into Beriberi , a disease which at that time was causing havoc in that region. In 1887, Pekelharing and Winkler were recalled, but before their departure Pekelharing proposed to the Governor General that the laboratory which had been temporarily set up for the Commission in the Military Hospital in Batavia should be made permanent. This proposal was readily accepted, and Christiaan Eijkman

SECTION 10

#1732800775612

324-671: The Nerves , which gained him his doctoral degree, with honours, on 13 July 1883. In 1883, Eijkman left the Netherlands for The Dutch East Indies , where he was made medical officer of health, first in Semarang , then later at Tjilatjap , a small village on the south coast of Java , and at Padang Sidempoean in Northern Sumatra . It was at Tjilatjap that he caught malaria , which later so impaired his health that in 1885 he had to return to Europe on sick-leave. For Eijkman this

351-426: The birds recovered in a few days. Eijkman surmised that polished rice lacked a dietary component found in unpolished rice , and that beriberi was caused by depriving the body of this component, which he called "the anti-beriberi factor". Subsequently, Eijkman was able to prove that the disease was not caused by blood contamination, respiratory metabolism, perspiration, or seasonal or temperature variation. He suspected

378-604: The blood of Europeans living in the tropics the number of red corpuscles, the specific gravity, the serum, and the water content, undergo no change, at least when the blood is not affected by disease which will ultimately lead to anaemia. Comparing the metabolism of the European with that of the native, he found that in the tropics as well in the temperate zone, this is entirely governed by the work carried out. Neither could he find any disparity in respiratory metabolism, perspiration, and temperature regulation. Thus Eijkman put an end to

405-498: The discovery of antineuritic vitamins, Eijkman won the 1929 Nobel Prize for Medicine , sharing the prize with Sir Frederick Hopkins . Funk, perhaps unfairly, was never given full credit for his work. In addition to his work on beriberi, he occupied himself with other problems such as arach fermentation , and indeed still had time to write two textbooks for his students at the Java Medical School, one on physiology and

432-438: The disease was caused by an unknown bacterium. Eijkman was unable to continue his research due to ill health, but a study by his friend Adolphe Vorderman confirmed the link between polished rice and the disease. Eventually it was determined the missing compound that was causing beriberi was vitamin B 1 , thiamine . Chemist Casimir Funk shortened the term "vital amine" to coin a new word, vitamin . For his contributions to

459-622: The government of Indonesia named his research center on pathology and bacteriology the Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology . In 1883, before his departure to the Indies, Eijkman married Aaltje Wigeri van Edema, who died in 1886. In Batavia, Professor Eijkman married Bertha Julie Louise van der Kemp in 1888; a son, Pieter Hendrik, who became a physician, was born in 1890. Nijkerk Nijkerk ( Dutch pronunciation: [ˈnɛikɛr(ə)k] ; Dutch Low Saxon : Niekark )

486-522: The new municipality of Nijkerk. On August 24, 2011, the municipality announced that Nijkerk had passed the mark of 40,000 inhabitants. The city council was consequently expanded to 27 seats from the 2014 election. After the 2022 municipal elections the seats divided as follows: Progressief 21 is a local party combining the local branches of Democrats 66 , GroenLinks and the Labour Party . The Lokale Partij has no national connection. Nijkerk

513-877: The occasion of the 25th anniversary of his professorship a fund was established to enable the awarding of the Eijkman Medal. But the crown of all his work was the award of the Nobel Prize in 1929. Eijkman was holder of the John Scott Medal, Philadelphia, and foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences in Washington. He was also honorary fellow of the Royal Sanitary Institute in London. To honor his dedication,

540-662: The other on organic chemistry. In 1898 he became successor to G. van Overbeek de Meyer, as Professor in Hygiene and Forensic Medicine at Utrecht. His inaugural speech was entitled Over Gezondheid en Ziekten in Tropische Gewesten (On health and diseases in tropical regions). At Utrecht, Eijkman turned to the study of bacteriology , and carried out his well-known fermentation test, by means of which it can be readily established if water has been polluted by human and animal defecation containing coli bacilli . Another research

567-629: The secretion of enzymes which break down casein or bring about haemolysis , whereby he could demonstrate the hydrolysis of fats under the influence of lipases. Eijkman did not confine himself to the University. He also engaged himself in problems of water supply, housing, school hygiene, physical education. As a member of the Gezondheidsraad (Health Council) and the Gezondheidscommissie (Health Commission), he participated in

SECTION 20

#1732800775612

594-661: The struggle against alcoholism and tuberculosis . He was the founder of the Vereeniging tot Bestrijding van de Tuberculose (Society for the struggle against tuberculosis ). He died in Utrecht, on 5 November 1930, after a protracted illness. In 1907, Eijkman was appointed Member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences , after having been Correspondent since 1895. The Dutch Government conferred upon him several orders of knighthood, whereas on

621-461: Was appointed its first director. Now he was able to devote himself entirely to science. Eijkman was Director of the "Geneeskundig Laboratorium" (Medical Laboratory) from 15 January 1888 to 4 March 1896, and during that time he made a number of his most important researches. These dealt first of all with the physiology of people living in tropical regions. He was able to demonstrate that a number of theories had no factual basis. Firstly he proved that in

648-690: Was here that Christiaan and his brothers received their early education. In 1875, after taking his preliminary examinations, Eijkman became a student at the Military Medical School of the University of Amsterdam , where he was trained as a medical officer for the Netherlands Indies Army, passing through all his examinations with honours. From 1879 to 1881, he was an assistant of T. Place, Professor of Physiology , during which time he wrote his thesis On Polarization of

675-434: Was into the rate of mortality of bacteria as a result of various external factors, whereby he was able to show that this process could not be represented by a logarithmic curve. This was followed by his investigation of the phenomenon that the rate of growth of bacteria on solid substratum often decreases, finally coming to a halt. Beyerinck's auxanographic method was applied on several occasions by Eijkman, as for example during

702-518: Was strategically located between the Duchy of Guelders (Dutch: Hertogdom Gelre) and the Bishopric of Utrecht . Because of this strategic location Nijkerk regularly was the scene of war, and in 1412 the village was completely destroyed. It was restored and Nijkerk received city rights in 1413. In 1421 the church that gave Nijkerk its name burnt down and was replaced; this happened several times, until

729-781: Was to prove a lucky event, as it enabled him to work in E. Forster's laboratory in Amsterdam , and also in Robert Koch's bacteriological laboratory in Berlin ; here he came into contact with C. A. Pekelharing and C. Winkler, who were visiting the German capital before their departure to the Indies. In this way medical officer Christiaan Eijkman was seconded as assistant to the Pekelharing-Winkler mission, together with his colleague M. B. Romeny. This mission had been sent out by

#611388