Belgium
77-517: Eijsden ( Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɛizdə(n)] ; Limburgish : Èèsjde [ˈɛːʒdə] ) is a village situated in the very south of the European country the Netherlands . It is located in the southwestern part of the province of Limburg . Until 1 January 2011, Eijsden was the main village in a municipality with the same name. On that date this municipality merged with
154-616: A regional language (Dutch: streektaal ) in the Netherlands . As such, it receives moderate protection under chapter 2 of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages . However, some linguists have argued that this recognition was highly politically motivated and done more on sociolinguistic than purely linguistic grounds. In 1999, the Dutch Language Union , the de facto language authority which asserted that it had not been asked for advice, opposed
231-459: A High German variety as one that has taken part in any of the first three phases of the High German consonant shift. It is nevertheless most common in linguistics to consider Limburgish as Low Franconian. The traditional terminology can be confusing as the differences between the historical groupings Old West Franconian and Old East Franconian (which mainly concern certain vowel variations and
308-598: A Limburgian-Ripuarian context. Regardless of the exact definition used, the term Limburgish itself is specific to the Netherlands and Belgium, where it used by linguists and speakers alike and is strongly connected to the cultural and regional identity of the inhabitants of both Belgian and Dutch Limburg. This regional identity is notably absent from the speakers of closely related Low Franconian dialects in adjacent parts of Germany, who do not refer to their local dialects as Limburgish . In German linguistic discourse too,
385-559: A Middle Limburgish dialect. Especially in the Netherlands, the cultural meaning of the language is also important. Many song texts are written in a Limburgish dialect, for example during Carnival . Jack Poels writes most of his texts for Rowwen Hèze in Sevenums, a local dialect. To what degree Limburgish actually is spoken in Germany today remains a matter of debate. Not depending on the city in these parts of Germany, less than 50% of
462-532: A distinct subarea with tone rules that slightly differ from those in Ripuarian and Moselle Franconian, although a few Ripuarian dialects follow the South Low Franconian pattern (e.g. the dialect of Kerkrade ) and vice versa (e.g. the dialect of Eupen ). Other distinctive features of South Low Franconian that set it off from other Low Franconian varieties have a more limited scope, especially in
539-703: A distinct subgroup, viz. the Bergish dialects . South Low Franconian is the northernmost dialect group in the Rhenish fan . Being located between the Benrath and Uerdingen lines, it generally has not taken part in the High German consonant shift, but at the same time, a few lexical items have /x/ for *k in final position, most iconically ich /ix/ 'I' against ik in West Low Franconian varieties (including Standard Dutch). However, this single feature
616-593: A homogeneous language, but a retrofit definition based on the region where Dutch is currently an official language. German and French dialectology considers Limburgish part of the Rhenish Fan . Sometimes it is also called a variety of Meuse-Rhenish , especially among German dialectologists. Belgian/Dutch linguistics considers it in the context of Limburgian-Ripuarian, together with the Ripuarian varieties. The early medieval Limburgish writer Heinrich von Veldeke
693-609: A little south of the area between the villages of 's-Gravenvoeren and Sint-Martens-Voeren in the Belgian municipality of Voeren . Limburgish is spoken in a considerable part of the German Lower Rhine area. This area extends from the border regions of Cleves , Viersen and Heinsberg , stretching out to the Rhine river. Modern linguists, both in the Netherlands and in Germany, now often combine these distinct varieties with
770-450: A marked Brabantian influence, first among the western (i.e. spoken up to Genk ) Limburgish dialects and then also among the eastern variants. Currently Limburgish – although being essentially a variety of Low Franconian – still has a considerable distance from Standard Dutch with regards to phonology, morphology and lexicon. Standard Dutch, which developed mostly from West Low Franconian dialects such as Flemish and Brabantic , serves as
847-792: A more refined classification. Dutch linguists use the term Oost-Limburgs ( East Limburgish ) for the form of Limburgish spoken in an area from Belgian Voeren south of Maastricht in the Netherlands to the German border. For them, West-Limburgs ( West Limburgish ) is the variety of Limburgish spoken in Belgium in the area east of the Uerdingen line, for example in and around Hasselt and Tongeren . It includes areas in Dutch Limburg (like Ool , Maria Hoop and Montfort ) and Dutch Brabant. The border of West-Limburgs and Oost-Limburgs starts
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#1732773264602924-547: A third possibility. In this case, it means "bye-bye" ["good day"]). In the preceding example, the difference is grammatical, but not lexical. An example of a lexical difference caused only by tone is the word [biː˦˨] biè which is articulated with a push tone and means "bee", which forms a tonal minimal pair with [biː˦˨˧] biẽ , which is articulated with a dragging tone and means "at". This contrastive pitch accent also occurs in Central Franconian dialects spoken to
1001-546: Is Southern Meuse-Rhenish as spoken in Belgium, the Netherlands and the German Lower Rhine. The Northern Meuse-Rhenish dialects as spoken in the Netherlands and in Germany (a little eastward along the Rhine) are unambiguously Low Franconian. As discussed above, Limburgish straddles the borderline between "Low Franconian" and "Middle Franconian" varieties. These Southern Meuse-Rhenish dialects are more-or-less mutually intelligible with
1078-472: Is also found in High German. In East Limburgish and the East Limburgish–Ripuarian transitional area, *s has further shifted to /ʃ/ before the consonants /p, t, m, n, l, w/. The dialects of the transitional area show many points of agreement with neighboring Ripuarian dialects, such as the form /zɑːɣə/ 'to say' (against /zɛgə/ or /zɛɣə/ in the other South Low Franconian varieties). West Limburgish and
1155-515: Is claimed by the tradition of both Dutch and German dialectology. From the end of the 20th century on, Limburgish has developed a sense of autonomy from the traditional Dutch-German dipole as Limburgish linguists and functionaries consider it explicitly distinct from Dutch and German, as affirmed by the Covenant of the Limburgish language which politically decouples Limburgish from Dutch in
1232-655: Is commonly classified as a branch of Low Franconian next to the West Low Franconian dialect groups (including West Flemish , Brabantian , and Hollandic among others). It shares several characteristics with other Low Franconian varieties; for instance, all Low Franconian varieties did not take part in the High German consonant shift , a conservative feature shared with Low German , nor in the North Sea Germanic levelling of plural verb endings (also retained in High German ). Nevertheless, South Low Franconian
1309-467: Is especially in the Dutch province of Limburg that Limburgish is used not only in everyday speech, but also often in more formal situations and on the local and regional radio. According to a study by Geert Driessen, in 2011 Limburgish was spoken by 54 percent of the adults and 31 percent of the children. Limburgish has no real written tradition, except for its early beginnings. Hendrik van Veldeke wrote in
1386-574: Is in turn divided by the "Gete line", a bundle of multiple isoglosses. In the dialects to the west of the Gete line (called Westgetelands or simply Getelands ), Brabantian features dominate over Limburgish features; consequently, these dialects are generally considered Brabantian in modern classifications. The easternmost varieties spoken in the Bergisches Land region east of the Rhine river form
1463-712: Is largely residential. In the municipality of Eijsden two military bands are based, 'the blue' and 'the red', of which the former in competition contests competes in the second highest international division and the latter in the highest. In 2009 and 2013, the 'red', the Koninklijke Harmonie Sainte Cécile, was the winner in the World Concert Division of the four-yearly World Music Contest, a competition for professional, amateur and military bands, held in Kerkrade . The 'blue',
1540-561: Is only one of many characteristics of the South Low Franconian varieties, and the role of the Uerdingen line as the major western and northern boundary of South Low Franconian has long been challenged by many scholars. Another characteristic of South Low Franconian dialects that is easily identified even by non-specialists is the suprasegmental phonological feature of the Franconian tone accent , which also occurs in Central Franconian (= Ripuarian and Moselle Franconian ). The extent of
1617-462: Is realized as [oə] before alveolar consonants. /eɪ/ can be realized as [eə] or [ejə] . In the dialect of Geleen , /eː/ is realized as [iɛ] and /oː/ as [ɔː] . In many dialects such as that of Maastricht and Sittard, the long vowel /aː/ in Dutch cognates is most of the time realized as [ɒː] , as in nao ("after", "to, towards"). The Standard Dutch equivalents are na [naː] and naar [naːr] . In about 50 Belgian Limburgish dialects,
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#17327732646021694-417: Is set apart from other Low Franconian dialect groups by several points of agreement with High German, especially the Ripuarian dialect group. For this reason, South Low Franconian has been called "Ripuarian–Low Franconian transitional area" ( ripuarisch-niederfränkisches Übergangsgebiet ) in German dialectology by some scholars such as Theodor Frings [ de ] and Peter Wiesinger . Based on
1771-520: Is the occurrence of a lexical pitch accent ( Franconian tone accent ), which is shared with the adjacent Central Franconian dialects of German. The name Limburgish (and variants of it) derives only indirectly from the now Belgian town of Limbourg ( Laeboer in Limburgish, IPA: /ˈlæːbuʁ/), which was the capital of the Duchy of Limburg during the Middle Ages . More directly it is derived from
1848-408: Is the only one with both forms ik and mich/dich . All dialects in the Dutch province of Limburg spoken north of the tonality border are Kleverlandish in linguistic respect. The dialects spoken in the most southeastern part of the Dutch province of North Brabant (i.e. in and around Budel and Maarheeze ) also have many Limburgish characteristics. An important difference between these dialects and
1925-485: The Netherlands , characterized by their distance to, and limited participation in the formation of, Standard Dutch . In the Dutch province of Limburg , all dialects have been given regional language status, including those comprising ″Limburgish″ as used in this article. Limburgish shares many vocabulary and grammatical characteristics with both German and Dutch . A characteristic feature of many dialects of Limburgish
2002-421: The accent and some grammatical and pronunciation tendencies derived from Limburgish. This "Limburgish Dutch" is confusingly also often referred to simply as "Limburgish", although in Belgium such intermediate languages tend to be called tussentaal ("in-between language"), no matter the exact dialect/language with which standard Dutch is combined. In March 1997 the Dutch government recognised Limburgish as
2079-528: The platteland (Dutch: "countryside") and can in effect sometimes mean simply "slang" in the sense of any very informal, rustic or locally unique words or expressions. The term Limburgish can refer to all varieties spoken within either the Belgian or Dutch province of Limburg, the South-East of Flemish Brabant , the North-East of Liège as well as in combination with the adjacent Rhineland region in
2156-500: The "Koninklijke Oude Harmonie Sainte Cécile", finished second in the First Concert Division. Limburgish language Germany Limburgish ( Limburgish : Limburgs [ˈlɪm˦bʏʀ(ə)xs] or Lèmburgs [ˈlɛm˦-] ; Dutch : Limburgs [ˈlɪmbʏr(ə)xs] ; also Limburgian , Limburgic or Limburgan ) refers to a group of South Low Franconian varieties spoken in Belgium and
2233-477: The Belgian Limburgish dialect of Borgloon , the dragging tone itself is bitonal, while it has also been proved that this is not the case in the adjacent Limburgish dialects of Tongeren and Hasselt . Other research has indicated that the push tone has a steeper fall in the eastern dialects of Limburgish (e.g. those of Venlo, Roermond and Maasbracht) than it has in western dialects. In addition, both
2310-583: The Cleves dialects ( Kleverländisch ). This superordinating group of Low Franconian varieties (between the rivers Meuse and Rhine) is called Meuse-Rhenish ( Rheinmaasländisch ). Both Limburgish and Low Rhenish belong to this greater Meuse - Rhine area, building a large group of Low Franconian dialects, including areas in Belgium, the Netherlands and the German Northern Rhineland . The northwestern part of this triangle came under
2387-900: The Continental West Germanic dialect continuum . As usual inside dialect continua, neighboring languages have a maximum of similarities, and speakers being used to the rather small individual lingual differences in their immediate neighborhood perceive them as close, and familiar, while more distant ones become gradually harder to understand with distance. That ends, in the Dutch–German continuum at least, most often with incomprehensible dialects. Isoglosses are so dense in this area that practically every village or town has its own distinct dialect of Limburgish. Large cities such as Mönchengladbach , Krefeld , and Düsseldorf have several local dialect varieties. The named cities have in common, that they are large enough to in part extend outside
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2464-603: The Dutch border to the Bergisches Land Region near Düsseldorf east of the Rhine ). Goossens (1965) distinguished the following subdialects: There is no standardized form of Limburgish, nor is there an official standard spelling for the individual Limburgish dialects. The dialect association Veldeke Limburg developed an advisory spelling in 2003 that is endorsed by the Limburgish Language Council and aims at uniformly representing all
2541-628: The Limburgish Language Council adopted a standard orthography for Limburgish. On the basis of this standard orthography the Limburgish Academy Foundation ( Stiechting Limbörgse Academie ) is creating Limburgish-Dutch, Limburgish-English, Dutch-Limburgish and English-Limburgish dictionaries. Limburgish is spoken by approximately 1.6 million people in the Low Countries and by many hundreds of thousands in Germany . It
2618-451: The Limburgish dialects are generally considered to be more endangered than in the Netherlands. Since Limburgish is still the mother tongue of many inhabitants in Dutch and Belgian Limburg, Limburgish grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation can have a significant impact on the way locals speak Dutch in public life. Within the modern communities of these provinces, intermediate idiolects are also very common, which combine standard Dutch with
2695-650: The Meuse river in this place. Eijsden is one of the older places in the country. Its name is supposed to be derived of the Germanic word for aspen forest. Excavations have revealed a Roman settlement. In the Middle Ages, this settlement developed to a village. After the (feudal) Middle Ages, in the seventeenth century Eijsden gained in economic strength because of its position near the Dutch-Belgian frontier on
2772-521: The Meuse river. Its function as a trading and shipping centre attracted settlement of well-to-do merchants from Holland . This period of prosperity ended in the Napoleonic era when, for a time, the area ceased to be a frontier. The former Eijsden municipality was composed of several population centres, of which the one named Eijsden was the largest, with 7000 inhabitants. The other population centres (now all part of "Eijsden-Margraten") were: Nowadays
2849-541: The Netherlands and are commonly referred to as " Limburgish " in Belgium and the Netherlands. Its varieties have been traditionally considered dialects of Dutch in the Low Countries and dialects of German in Germany, nevertheless they form a distinct dialect group. In the Netherlands, Limburgish has gained recognition as a regional language. Usage of the name "South Low Franconian" (German: Südniederfränkisch , Dutch: Zuidnederfrankisch ) for this dialect group
2926-518: The Netherlands, failed in the Belgian parliament due to Flemish opposition. Because in Belgium political power is divided according to linguistic lines, recognizing Limburgish as an official language would have had considerable constitutional implications and undermine the small majority Flemish speakers hold over Walloon speakers in the Belgian State. Subdialects of Limburgish in Dutch and Belgian Limburg are: The Limburgish group belongs to
3003-653: The Netherlands. From here on its name in Dutch is Maas . Running northward to Eijsden's west it locally forms the westerly frontier of the last mentioned country with Belgium. Its Belgian border across the Meuse is Lanaye , a village of Liège Province in Wallonia , whereas its border to the south is the Voerstreek exclave of Limburg province in Flanders . A smaller stream, the Voer , coming from Belgium, drains into
3080-528: The North in the Dutch province of Limburg . These dialects share many features with both the Kleverlandish and Brabantian dialects and are closer to Standard Dutch than the more southern language varieties (see e.g. Hoppenbrouwers 2001). The term Noord-Limburgs is used by Jo Daan for the entire province north of the Uerdingen line, whereas other linguists use it only for the part that has tonality,
3157-581: The Ripuarian dialects, but have not been influenced by the High German consonant shift except in isolated words (R. Hahn 2001). South Low Franconian ( Südniederfränkisch , Zuidnederfrankisch ) is the term used by dialectologists in Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands to describe the dialect group that encompasses the Limburgish varieties of Belgian and Dutch Limburg, and also the closely related dialects in adjacent areas in Belgium (e.g. Eupen in Liège Province ) and Germany (stretching from
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3234-634: The South Low Franconian dialect area stretches from the districts of Heinsberg and Viersen at the Dutch-German border to the Bergisches Land region and includes the cities of Mönchengladbach , Viersen , Düsseldorf , Krefeld , Remscheid , Solingen . Neighboring dialect groups are Brabantian to the west, Kleverlandish to the north, Westphalian to the east, and Ripuarian to the southeast. The vitality of local South Low Fraconian dialects in everyday usage contrasts sharply between
3311-465: The adjacent ones in the Dutch province of Limburg is, however, that the second-person pronoun gij is here used instead of doe , as in "purely" Brabantian dialects. Centraal-Limburgs ( Central Limburgish ) includes the area around Maastricht , Sittard , Roermond , the eastern half of Belgian Limburg, and the Belgian Voeren area, and stretches further Northeast. Belgian linguists use
3388-465: The administrative population centre of Eijsden in the municipality of Eijsden-Margraten is formed by several neighbourhoods of which most are more or less separately situated and have their own history: Apart from trading and shipping, the Eijsden economy traditionally has had an agricultural character, with a focus on fruit growing. At one time, in Eijsden the Netherlands' largest local fruit tree area
3465-1185: The area of the dialect group. Thus each has one or more quarters outside, having vernacular languages belonging to adjacent groups, such as Kleverlandish or Ripuarian. A few sample dialects are: Dremmener Platt of Dremmen near Heinsberg , Breyellsch Platt of Breyell in Nettetal , Jlabbacher Platt of central Mönchengladbach , Jriefrother Platt of Grefrath , Viersener Platt of Viersen , Föschelner Platt of Fischeln in Krefeld, Krieewelsch of central Krefeld , Ödingsch of Uerdingen in Krefeld , Düsseldorver Platt of northern and central Düsseldorf , Rotinger Platt of Ratingen , Wülfrother Platt of Wülfrath , Metmannsch Platt of Mettmann , Solinger Platt of Solingen , Remscheder Platt of Remscheid , and many more. The group combines Low Franconian properties with some Ripuarian properties, such as tonal accents,
3542-594: The area where pitch accent occurs does not fully overlap with the area defined by the Uerdingen line. In the west, it has a narrower scope and only reaches to the border between West Limburgish and the West Limburgish–South Brabantian transitional area, whereas to the north and northeast, it goes beyond the Uerdingen line and includes the dialects of Venlo , Duisburg and Mülheim . Within the Rhenish pitch accent area, South Low Franconian dialects form
3619-420: The city of Cologne , resulting in certain High German features being absorbed by these varieties. It is the adoption of these phonological traits that resulted in Limburgish being classified as East Low Franconian. In the past, all Limburgish varieties were therefore sometimes seen as West Central German , part of High German. This difference is caused by a difference in definition: the latter stance defines
3696-404: The close of the 19th century. People from Limburg usually call their language plat , similar as Low German speakers do. This plat refers simply to the fact that the language is spoken in the low plains country, as opposed to the use of "High" in " High German ", which are derived from dialects spoken in the more mountainous southerly regions. The word "plat" is therefore associated both with
3773-495: The consonant clusters sp , st , sl , sm , sn and zw . The same sound is realized as [ s ] elsewhere (e.g. sjtraot / straot , "street"). This is not the case, however, in the dialects of for example Venlo, Weert, Maastricht, Echt, Montfort and Posterholt. The diphthongs /iə ø eɪ æɪ uɪ ɔɪ aɪ ou/ occur, as well as combinations of /uː ɔː ɑː/ + /j/ . /aɪ/ only occurs in French loanwords and interjections . /ou/
3850-515: The dialect of Maasbracht no diphthongization takes place, so keze means the same here. This difference has been examined in particular by Ben Hermans and Marc van Oostendorp. Other examples include plural South Low Franconian South Low Franconian (also: East Low Franconian ) is a subgroup of the Continental West Germanic dialect continuum. South Low Franconian varieties are spoken in Belgium, Germany and
3927-525: The eyes of the Dutch government. Limburgish developed from Old East Low Franconian , which had evolved itself from earlier Weser–Rhine Germanic , a language which had been spoken in the Low Countries on both sides of the Roman limes since at least the 4th century . During the High Middle Ages , the dialects which would result in Limburgish were influenced by the High German dialects spoken around
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#17327732646024004-543: The historical developments of their vowels, Wiesinger in fact classified the South Low Franconian varieties of Germany as Ripuarian dialects that were mainly distinguished from Ripuarian proper by their consonantism that has not been affected by the High German consonant shift. The scope of South Low Franconian is demarcated by the Benrath line to the southeast and the divide between the Germanic and Romance languages to
4081-600: The influence of the Dutch standard language, especially since the founding of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815. At the same time, the southeastern portion became part of the Kingdom of Prussia , and was subject to High German language domination. At the dialectal level however, mutual understanding is still possible far beyond both sides of the national borders. The Meuse-Rhenish dialects can be divided into Northern and Southern varieties. Hence, Limburgish
4158-456: The language north of this region then being considered Kleverlandish . The north border of the Limburgish tonality zone lies a little north of Arcen and Horst aan de Maas and just above the meej/mich isogloss, also known as the "mich-kwartier". This makes this Limburgish isogloss the northernmost of all. Venlo lies between the meej/mich isogloss and the Uerdingen line, so the Venlo dialect
4235-860: The last decades, "South Low Franconian" has also been used by Dutch scholars in reference to the entire dialect area (including Germany). In the Low Countries, South Low Franconian varieties are predominantly spoken in Belgian Limburg and Dutch Limburg provinces. However, not all regional dialects of Limburg belong to the South Low Franconian group (especially in the northern part of Dutch Limburg north of Horst where Kleverlandish dialects are spoken, and also in Meijel with its local dialect that can be classified as Brabantian ), while Limburgish varieties are also spoken outside of Limburg in small stretches of Brabant (e.g. in Cranendonck ). In Germany,
4312-460: The more modern name of the Province of Limburg (1815–39) in the Kingdom of the Netherlands , which has been split today into a Belgian Limburg and a Dutch Limburg . In the area around the old Duchy of Limburg the main language today is French, but there is also a particular cluster of Limburgish (or Limburgish-like, depending on definitions) dialects. The use of Limburgish is first attested at
4389-428: The neighbouring one of Margraten , resulting in nowadays Eijsden-Margraten municipality, in which Eijsden again is the biggest place. This village is one of the most southerly places in the Netherlands, for in its south it is extending up to the most southerly part of the border between the Netherlands and Belgium . The Meuse river , coming from France and Belgium, here enters its third and final flowing country,
4466-402: The other. With specific regards to Limburgish, these two accents are traditionally known as sjtoettoen ("push tone") and sjleiptoen ("dragging tone"). For example, [daːx˦˨˧] daãg with a dragging tone means "day" in Limburgish, while in many Limburgish dialects [daːx˦˨] daàg with a push tone is the plural form, "days" (in addition, [daːx] can also be articulated in a neutral tone as
4543-439: The phonetic realisation and the syllable-based distribution of the contrasts between push and dragging tone seem to be mora -bound in the eastern dialects only. This has been examined especially by Jörg Peters. Moreover, in some dialects such as that of Sittard and Maastricht, especially the mid and high vowels tend to diphthongize when they have a push tone. So in the dialect of Sittard keize means "to choose" while in
4620-449: The population speak a local or regional form of Limburgish. Depending on the city in these parts of Belgium, according to A, Schuck (2001) 50% to 90% of the population speak a local or regional form of Limburgish, which seems to be a clear overestimation. Moreover, research into some specific variants seems to indicate a gradual process of development towards the national standardised Dutch, especially amongst younger generations. In Belgium,
4697-558: The presence of Ingvaeonic features ) is different from the modern modern dialectal dichotomy between Western and Eastern Low Franconian, which is based on the presence or absence of High German features in Low Franconian, which did not occur until the advent of the Middle Dutch period. The period of High German influence lasted until the 13th century, after which the Duchy of Brabant extended its power, which resulted in
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#17327732646024774-495: The pronoun "I" translates as ech or iech , the word "but" most often as awwer , all like Ripuarian. Contrasting, "time" is translated as tied , "to have" mostly as hebbe , "today" as vandag , all typical for Low Franconian. Noord-Limburgs (also called ik-Limburgs ) is the Dutch term for a group of dialects spoken north of the Uerdingen line , i.e. from just south of Venlo upward to
4851-443: The recognition. From the Limburgish side it has been argued that the arguments put forth against the recognition of Limburgish were not based on linguistic considerations, but rather a concern for maintaining the dominance of the Dutch language. On the other hand, Limburgish is not recognised by the German and Belgian national governments as an official language. An attempt at recognition, made after Limburgish had been recognised in
4928-426: The rounded front vowels /y, yː, ø, øː, œ, œː, œy/ are unrounded to /i, iː, ɪ, eː, ɛ ~ æ, ɛː, ɛi/ in most native words. They are retained in French loanwords such as dzjuus /dʒys/ . The pitch accent means having two different accents used in stressed syllables. The difference between these two accents is used for differentiating both various grammatical forms of a single lexeme and minimal tone pairs one from
5005-512: The sounds that occur within the Limburgish dialects in writing. Although this spelling also does not have official status, it is used within this dialect association as well as for the spelling of bilingual place name signs. The sound inventory below is based on the variety of West-Limburgs spoken in Montfort. Overall, Limburgish dialects tend to have more consonants than Dutch. They also tend to have more vowels. According to Peter Ladefoged ,
5082-448: The south. Its western and northern extent is traditionally defined by the arc-shaped Uerdingen line that stretches from the eastern part of Flemish Brabant to Wermelskirchen . Within the South Low Franconian area, Goossens identified the following dialect groups: The first four groups are characterized by the phonemic contrast between /s/ and /ʃ/ as a result of the sound shift *sk- > /ʃ/ (e.g. *skrîƀan > /ʃriːvə/ 'to write') that
5159-806: The southeast of Limburgish. Other Indo-European pitch accent languages that use tone contours to distinguish the meaning of words that are otherwise phonetically identical include Lithuanian , Latvian , Swedish , Norwegian , Standard Slovene (only some speakers), and Serbo-Croatian . This feature is comparable to tone systems as found e.g. in Chinese or many languages of Africa and Central America, although such "classical" tone languages make much more use of tone distinctions when compared to Limburgish. Historically, pitch accent in Limburgish and Central Franconian developed independently from accent systems in other Indo-European languages. While contrastive accent can be reconstructed for Proto Indo-European , it
5236-507: The speech of the oldest generation, or even had entirely disappeared. In the Netherlands, all local dialects in the province of Limburg gained recognition as regional language ( streektaal ) in 1997. These are for the most part Limburgish (i.e. South Low Franconian) varieties, but also include Kleverlandish and Ripuarian dialects. South Low Fraconian has no special status in Germany. An initiative for official recognition as regional language in Belgium failed in 2009. South Low Franconian
5313-537: The standard language (or Dachsprache ) for the Limburgish varieties spoken in the Netherlands and Belgium. The speakers of Limburgish or South Low Franconian dialects in Germany use Standard German as their Dachsprache. Limburgish is far from being homogeneous. In other words, it has numerous varieties instead of one single standard form . Between 1995 and 1999, a uniform standard form called AGL ( Algemein Gesjreve Limburgs , "Generally written Limburgish")
5390-407: The term is uncommon with German linguists instead tending to use Southern Low Franconian (German: Südniederfränkisch ) to refer to the same dialect grouping. The classification of Limburgish is contended by different national traditions. Within the context of historical linguistics, Limburgish is regarded as one of the five main dialects of Middle Dutch , although this is not considered to be
5467-596: The three countries where they are spoken. A sociolinguistic study of three varieties spoken in close proximity in Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands at the turn of the century found that dialect usage coupled with a positive language attitude ranked highest in the Netherlands and lowest in Germany. For the Bergish area as the easternmost part of the South Low Fraconian dialect area, Peter Wiesinger already noted in 1970 that many dialects were only retained in
5544-438: The transitional area to the west of it do not have phonemic /ʃ/. The Central Limburgish–West Limburgish transitional area is characterized by a number of isoglosses that spread from Genk to the south in a fan-like manner. West Limburgish is separated from the West Limburgish–South Brabantian transitional area by the "accent line", i.e. the westermost limit of the area where Franconian tone accent occurs. This transitional area
5621-413: The vowel inventory of the dialect of Weert is perhaps the richest in the world. It has 28 vowels, among which there are 12 long monophthongs (three of which surface as centering diphthongs), 10 short monophthongs and 6 diphthongs. In most of the Limburgish dialects spoken to the southeast of Panningen —for example those of Roermond, Sittard and Heerlen— [ ʃ ] appears at the beginning of words in
5698-578: Was completely lost in Proto-Germanic . Its reemergence in Limburgish (and Central Franconian ) was phonetically triggered by vowel height , vowel length , and voicing of a following consonant, and became phonemic with sound changes that must have occurred after 1100 CE such as lengthening of short vowels in open syllables, loss of schwa in final syllables, devoicing of consonants in final position, and merger of vowels that had been distinct before. It has been proven by speech analysis that in
5775-511: Was developed and proposed, but found too little support. Today the so-called "Veldeke-spelling" which was first applied in the 1940s is most of the time used to write in a specific Limburgish dialect. In 2000 the parliament of the province of Dutch Limburg enacted a measure establishing the Limburgish Language Council (Raod veur 't Limburgs), a committee which advises the Parliament of Dutch Limburg on measures in relation to Limburgish. In 2003
5852-522: Was originally restricted to German dialectology, while Dutch dialectologists generally employ the terms Limburgish (or Limburgian, Limburgs ) or "East Low Franconian" ( Oostnederfrankisch ). The latter is especially used for earlier forms of this dialect group, as documented in the language of the Wachtendonck Psalms , which is generally held to be a predecessor of the modern South Low Franconian varieties of both Limburg provinces. For
5929-404: Was situated. In the second half of the 20th century, many orchards were replaced by housing, dairy farming and industry. In 1870, a zinc white factory brought industrial activity to the municipality, along with jobs and air pollution. The number of jobs originally was about 700; by now some 300 are left. As a result of the relatively vast housing projects in the northern part, Eijsden nowadays
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