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43-815: Ekwari is a village in the Sahar Block of the Bhojpur district in the Indian state of Bihar . Bhojpur district is a part of the Patna division . Ekwari is on the district border and adjacent to Arwal district to the southeast and Patna district to the northeast. It is 35 km south of the district headquarters in Arrah , 7 km from Sahar and the Sone River. It is 76 km southwest of state capital Patna . Villages near Ekwari include Baruna (3 km) to

86-462: A bank with an ATM , as well as the only agricultural credit society in the sub-district. There was a mandi, or regular market open daily, as well as a weekly haat market. The village had newspaper distribution but it did not have a public library or any sort of electricity. The Sahar block contains 51 inhabited villages and 5 uninhabited ones, a total of 56 villages: (GP = Gram Panchayat ) Dust storms The arid regions of North Africa ,

129-415: A dry cold front, convective instability resulting from cooler air riding over heated ground can maintain the dust storm initiated at the front. In desert areas, dust and sand storms are most commonly caused by either thunderstorm outflows, or by strong pressure gradients which cause an increase in wind velocity over a wide area. The vertical extent of the dust or sand that is raised is largely determined by

172-481: A location in Bihar is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Sahar, Bihar Sahār ( Hindi : सहार) is Gram Panchayat and community development block in Bhojpur district of Bihar , India. The sub-district contains 51 inhabited villages, including that of Sahar itself, with a total district population of 110,276 as of 2011. The village of Sahar has a population of 5,674, in 931 households. Sahar

215-478: A lower proportion of villages with electricity. Additionally, only two villages (Ekwari and Fatehpur) had Internet access in Sahar block in 2011. The village of Sahar covered an area of 355 hectares and had a population of 5,674 in 2011. It had one each of a pre-primary school , primary school, middle school, secondary school, and senior secondary school , but did not have any form of post-secondary school . There

258-468: A prolonged drought or arid conditions, and high wind speeds. Gust fronts may be produced by the outflow of rain-cooled air from an intense thunderstorm . Or, the wind gusts may be produced by a dry cold front : that is, a cold front that is moving into a dry air mass and is producing no precipitation —the type of dust storm which was common during the Dust Bowl years in the U.S. Following the passage of

301-450: A range of mechanisms: suspension, saltation and creep . A study from 2008 finds that the initial saltation of sand particles induces a static electric field by friction. Saltating sand acquires a negative charge relative to the ground which in turn loosens more sand particles which then begin saltating. This process has been found to double the number of particles predicted by previous theories. Particles become loosely held mainly due to

344-500: A report on their findings, and included a list of proposed reforms for the district's peasants:. The items included distribution of gairmazarua (common) land among landless peasants, distribution of surplus land according to the Ceilings Act , peaceful resolution of wage disputes, establishment of local industries to supplement incomes for agricultural labourers, lifting of restrictions preventing Harijans from entering temples, and

387-581: A year in the early 1960s; there are about 80 a year since 2007, according to English geographer Andrew Goudie , professor at the University of Oxford . Levels of Saharan dust coming off the east coast of Africa in June 2007 were five times those observed in June 2006, and were the highest observed since at least 1999, which may have cooled Atlantic waters enough to slightly reduce hurricane activity in late 2007. Dust storms have also been shown to increase

430-737: Is 18.26% of the population. In 2011, the literacy rate was 72.98% compared to 61.80% of the state. Literacy varies by gender, as the male literacy rate is 81.63%, while the female rate is 63.64%. This is above standard in the Bihar state. As per constitution of India and Panchyati Raj Act , the village is administrated by the Sarpanch (Head of Village), the elected representative of village. Scheduled Castes (SC) constitute 15.14%, while Scheduled Tribes (ST) made up 0.01%. Budhiya mai temple. Mosque in Chika. Bramhsthan.Natural scenery at Amolabagh.this

473-590: Is one of the biggest Lake in ara district ( largest), Nagraaj water reservoir ( during July-Oct). Forest at the west bank of Nagraaj water reservoir. 3,959 of the population are engaged in work activities. 59.61% of the labor force describes their employment as having lasted more than 6 months. 40.39% describe their work as marginal activities that last less than 6 months. Of the 3,959 workers engaged in work lasting more than 6 months, 831 were cultivators (owner or co-owner) while 963 were agricultural laborers. Source : Census of India 2011 This article related to

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516-504: The Ahir community who were seen as collaborators with Bhumihar and Rajput landlords in the village of Newada , in Sahar block. Indian intelligence personnel viewed this as an important indicator of the class-based nature of the unrest in Bhojpur at the time. In 2001, the population of Sahar block was 99,585; this increased to 110,276 in 2011, an increase of 10.7%. This percent increase

559-670: The Bodélé Depression and an area covering the confluence of Mauritania , Mali , and Algeria . Sahara dust is frequently emitted into the Mediterranean atmosphere and transported by the winds sometimes as far north as central Europe and Great Britain. Saharan dust storms have increased approximately 10-fold during the half-century since the 1950s, causing topsoil loss in Niger , Chad , northern Nigeria , and Burkina Faso . In Mauritania there were just two dust storms

602-425: The monsoon rains arrive, marking the end of summer and the beginning of the rainy season, which lasts through September. Although temperatures fall during these months, the accompanying rise in humidity often makes the heat feel more unpleasant than the raw temperature would otherwise suggest. By mid-October, after the end of the rainy season, a cool and pleasant winter begins, and temperatures continue to drop until

645-467: The Middle East , Central Asia and China are the main terrestrial sources of airborne dust. It has been argued that poor management of Earth's drylands , such as neglecting the fallow system, are increasing the size and frequency of dust storms from desert margins and changing both the local and global climate, as well as impacting local economies. The term sandstorm is used most often in

688-667: The Sahara; iron-poor ocean regions get iron; and dust in Hawaii increases plantain growth. In northern China as well as the mid-western U.S., ancient dust storm deposits known as loess are highly fertile soils, but they are also a significant source of contemporary dust storms when soil-securing vegetation is disturbed. Iranian cities existence are challenged by dust storms. Dust storms are not limited to Earth and have also been known to form on Mars . These dust storms can extend over larger areas than those on Earth, sometimes encircling

731-467: The block, or 0.07% of the population, which was slightly lower than the 0.51% in all of Bhojpur district. In 2011, the total literacy rate of Sahar block was 67.09%, which was slightly below the Bhojpur district average of 69.16%. In the block, 79.77% of men and 53.95% of women could read and write. The gender gap in literacy was 25.82%, which was about average for the district as a whole. The primary means of employment for Sahar block's workers in 2011

774-569: The border with Arwal district . The village of Sahar itself lies on the north bank of the Son. Sahar has a Köppen climate classification of Cwa, indicating a dry-winter humid subtropical climate . The average rainfall in Sahar is 983 mm (38.70 in) per year. January is the coldest month of the year. In mid-March, increased wind and occasional dust storms mark the beginning of summer, and temperatures rise, reaching their peak in May. In late June,

817-526: The circulatory system. Dust pneumonia is the result of large amounts of dust being inhaled. Prolonged and unprotected exposure of the respiratory system in a dust storm can also cause silicosis , which, if left untreated, will lead to asphyxiation ; silicosis is an incurable condition that may also lead to lung cancer . There is also the danger of keratoconjunctivitis sicca ("dry eyes") which, in severe cases without immediate and proper treatment, can lead to blindness . Dust storms cause soil loss from

860-495: The context of desert dust storms, especially in the Sahara Desert , or places where sand is a more prevalent soil type than dirt or rock, when, in addition to fine particles obscuring visibility, a considerable amount of larger sand particles are blown closer to the surface. The term dust storm is more likely to be used when finer particles are blown long distances, especially when the dust storm affects urban areas . As

903-450: The drylands, and worse, they preferentially remove organic matter and the nutrient-rich lightest particles, thereby reducing agricultural productivity. Also, the abrasive effect of the storm damages young crop plants. Dust storms also reduce visibility, affecting aircraft and road transportation. Dust can also have beneficial effects where it deposits: Central and South American rainforests get significant quantities of mineral nutrients from

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946-646: The dust and sand to the wind. Wildfires can lead to dust storms as well. One poor farming practice which contributes to dust storms is dryland farming . Particularly poor dryland farming techniques are intensive tillage or not having established crops or cover crops when storms strike at particularly vulnerable times prior to revegetation . In a semi-arid climate, these practices increase susceptibility to dust storms. However, soil conservation practices may be implemented to control wind erosion . A sandstorm can transport and carry large volumes of sand unexpectedly. Dust storms can carry large amounts of dust, with

989-603: The end of the calendar year. In the 1960s, as part of the broader Green Revolution the Intensive Area Development Project targeted Bhojpur district, and particularly the Sone Canal, for agricultural development. Sahar, called "the model block of Bhojpur" by Kalyan Mukherjee and Rajendra Singh Yadav, benefited greatly from this development. Peasants came to own tractors , and literacy rates markedly increased. A saying of Sahar peasants at

1032-569: The first time. 1975 was the bloodiest year of the Bhojpur insurgency. In Sahar, there were violent encounters at the villages of Dullamchak on 14 April, Bahuara on 2 July, and Bahubandh on 28 November. In 1977, landlords in the Sahar village of Gurpa killed several Harijans , accusing them of being Naxalites. In late 1977 and early 1978, members of the Bhojpur chapter of the Sangharsh Vahini visited three villages (Dullamchak, Bansidehri, and Bargaon) in Sahar block. They later published

1075-419: The force of dust passing over loosely held particles increases, particles of sand first start to vibrate, then to move across the surface in a process called saltation . As they repeatedly strike the ground, they loosen and break off smaller particles of dust which then begin to travel in suspension. At wind speeds above that which causes the smallest to suspend, there will be a population of dust grains moving by

1118-531: The grievances of the rural lower castes in Bhojpur were longstanding, the direct catalyst of the Bhojpur insurgency came during the 1967 Indian general election , when the Socialist politician Jagdish Mahto was attacked by upper-caste landlords in the village of Ekwari , in Sahar block. In the following years, Sahar block became a hotbed of conflict. In 1970, the government of Bihar reported 26 murders and 9 dacoities that had been committed by Naxalites in

1161-423: The leading edge being composed of a wall of thick dust as much as 1.6 km (5,200 ft) high. Dust and sand storms which come off the Sahara Desert are locally known as a simoom or simoon (sîmūm, sîmūn). The haboob (həbūb) is a sandstorm prevalent in the region of Sudan around Khartoum , with occurrences being most common in the summer. The Sahara desert is a key source of dust storms, particularly

1204-421: The lowest proportion of villages with telephone service (17.65%) among sub-districts of Bhojpur (where the average was 54.76%). The proportion of villages with pucca roads, 41.18%, was also the lowest in Bhojpur, where the average was 70.61%. The proportion of villages with electricity was 5.88% in Sahar block, which was the second-lowest among sub-districts in Bhojpur, where the average was 42.13%; only Agiaon had

1247-482: The morning to arrest people suspected of stealing grain from a visiting trader. After encountering resistance from groups of farm workers, who declared that they would not allow any searches or arrests on their property, the police opened fire. Four villagers were killed, and nineteen of the policemen were injured. 36 people were arrested. The Chauri incident drew media attention to the Naxalite movement in Bhojpur for

1290-639: The north, Babu Bandh (5 km), Perhap (5 km) to the south, Koran Dihari (6 km) and Baruhi (6 km). Kosiyar (2km) to the west, The village is surrounded by the Agiaon block to the north, the Arwal block to the east, the Charpokhari block to the west and the Garhani block towards north. Cities near Ekwari include Agion, arwal, Piro, Arrah, Jagdispur and Behea. The Sakhuana canal passes through

1333-458: The planet, with wind speeds as high as 25 m/s (60 mph). However, given Mars' much lower atmospheric pressure (roughly 1% that of Earth's), the intensity of Mars storms could never reach the hurricane-force winds experienced on Earth. Martian dust storms are formed when solar heating warms the Martian atmosphere and causes the air to move, lifting dust off the ground. The chance for storms

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1376-628: The remaining 15.26%. 86.0% of the total land area in Sahar block was under cultivation in 2011. Of the land under cultivation, 93.53% was irrigated , which was the highest percentage in Bhojpur district. Of the 51 inhabited villages in Sahar sub-district in 2011, all had access to clean drinking water , and 47 had schools. 14 had medical facilities, 17 had post offices , 9 had telephone access, 18 had transport communications (bus, rail, or navigable waterways), 8 had banks, 21 had pucca roads , and 3 had electrical power . Only one village, that of Sahar, had an agricultural credit society . Sahar block had

1419-604: The removal of thanas and police camps from the villages. Also in 1978, Karpoori Thakur , then Chief Minister of Bihar , assembled a four-man committee to investigate the Naxalite movement in Sahar. Results were published in August of that year. The report noted a recalcitrant mood in the surveyed villages of Karbasin and Korandehri and concluded that the movement consisted of lower-caste members retaliating against upper-caste ones for years of exploitation and injustice. In November and December 1978, there were attacks on members of

1462-532: The spread of disease across the globe. Bacteria and fungus spores in the ground are blown into the atmosphere by the storms with the minute particles and interact with urban air pollution. Short-term effects of exposure to desert dust include immediate increased symptoms and worsening of the lung function in individuals with asthma , increased mortality and morbidity from long-transported dust from both Saharan and Asian dust storms suggesting that long-transported dust storm particles adversely affects

1505-468: The stability of the atmosphere above the ground as well as by the weight of the particulates . In some cases, dust and sand may be confined to a relatively-shallow layer by a low-lying temperature inversion . In other instances, dust (but not sand) may be lifted as high as 6,000 m (20,000 ft). Dust storms are a major health hazard. Drought and wind contribute to the emergence of dust storms, as do poor farming and grazing practices by exposing

1548-538: The state, and in response strengthened the powers of the police department to deal with the Naxalites. However, the Naxalbari uprising in 1967 had drawn public attention away from the unrest in Bhojpur, so the district in particular was mostly ignored until 1973. On 6 May 1973, a violent clash broke out between police and local peasants at the village of Chauri , in Sahar block. An armed police posse arrived during

1591-596: The time illustrates the improvement in standard of living at the time: "Sahar Haryana ban gaya hai. Yaha koi admi bhook se naha marta." (In English, "Sahar has become Haryana . No one dies of hunger here.") However, caste -based tensions continued, causing significant unrest among lower-caste members. Corrupt upper-caste Bhumihar landlords would coerce lower-caste women who worked their lands into having sex with them; they also paid insufficient wages to their workers. These grievances led many peasants to gravitate towards socialism and particularly Naxalism . Although

1634-466: The village. Ekwari has a population of 11,561, in 1,877 families, of which 5,976 are male and 5,585 are female according to the census conducted in India (2011) . The average sex ratio is 935 women per 1,000 men, a little higher than the Bihar state average of 918. The child sex ratio is 973, also higher than the Bihar average of 935. The 2011 Census indicates that 2,111 children ages 0–6 live there. This

1677-445: Was 907). Among the 0–6 age group, the sex ratio was slightly higher, at 971 females for every 1000 males; this ratio was also the highest among Bhojpur's sub-districts, where the average was 918. In 2011, 22,826 people, or 20.7% of the sub-district's population, belonged to scheduled castes in Sahar block. This was slightly higher than the average of 15.59% in all of Bhojpur district. There were only 75 members of scheduled tribes in

1720-472: Was a major center of conflict during the wider Naxalite insurgency in Bhojpur in the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s. The sub-district of Sahar lies in the southeastern part of Bhojpur, on the Arrah plains. It is bordered by the sub-districts of Tarari to the west, Charpokhari to the northwest, and Agiaon to the northeast. On the southern and eastern sides of the district, the Son River forms

1763-459: Was agriculture, with over 80% of the population engaged in some form of agricultural work. 29.03% of workers were cultivators who owned or leased their own land, and 52.39% were agricultural labourers who worked someone else's land for wages. Both percentages were somewhat higher than the averages for all of Bhojpur district (23% and 44%, respectively). Household industry workers constituted 3.32% of Sahar block's workforce, and all other workers made up

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1806-461: Was one community healthcare centre in the village, and two practitioners of traditional medicine. The village had access to tap water , but did not have public toilets . There was a post office. The village had bus service and use of automobiles and tractors , as well as a river ferry service, but no railway station. The town had pucca roads, which were not connected to national highways , although they were connected to state highways . Sahar had

1849-400: Was the lowest among sub-districts in Bhojpur district during this period. In both Census years, Sahar was classified as an entirely rural sub-district, with no urban centers. The largest village was Ekwari , with a population of 11,561. The sex ratio of Sahar block in 2011 was 966 females to every 1000 males. This was the most even ratio among all sub-districts in Bhojpur (the average ratio

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