Misplaced Pages

#514485

109-480: Abd el-Fattah Sisi (born 19 November 1954) is an Egyptian politician , dictator, and retired military officer who has been serving as the sixth and current president of Egypt since 2014. Before retiring as a general in the Egyptian military in 2014, Sisi served as Egypt's deputy prime minister from 2013 to 2014, minister of defense from 2012 to 2013, and director of military intelligence from 2010 to 2012. He

218-477: A de facto independent state, though still nominally under the rule of the Abbasid Caliph. As a symbol of this independence, in 868 ibn Tulun founded yet another capital, al-Qata'i , slightly further north of al-'Askar. The capital remained there until 905, when the city was destroyed. After the destruction of al-Qatta'i, the administrative capital of Egypt returned to Fustat. In the 10th century, under

327-659: A 48-hour ultimatum which aired on television that gave the country's political parties until 3 July to meet their demands. The Egyptian military also threatened to intervene if the dispute was not resolved by then. On 3 July 2013, the Egyptian Armed Forces initiated a coup d'état. The army then installed the Chief Justice of the Supreme Constitutional Court Adly Mansour as the interim head of state in his place until

436-624: A backlash like the Bread Riots of 1977 . Sisi, who had previously accepted only half of his own pay, called on Egyptians to make sacrifices, vowing to repair an economy growing at the slowest pace in two decades. Sisi warned Egyptians of more pain over the next two years from economic problems that he said had accumulated over the last four decades and needed to be fixed. Egypt also paid more than $ 6 billion it owed to foreign oil companies within two months. By March 2015 after 8 months of Sisi's rule, Egypt's external debt fell to $ 39.9 billion,

545-498: A blockade for 46 days against the people in al-Nahda and Rabaa al-Adawiya squares under the name of sit-in where tens of protesters took to the street daily hindered the lives of the Egyptians, causing unrest and the death or injury of many victims as well as damage to public and private properties". On 3 August 2013, Sisi gave his first interview since the overthrow of Mohamed Morsi. Speaking to The Washington Post , he criticised

654-415: A ceremony at Heliopolis Palace, Sisi gave a speech to the attendees. He and the previous president, Adly Mansour, also signed a document officially transferring power to Sisi, which was the first time in Egyptian history that power had been transferred in this way. Sisi then went on to Koubbeh Palace , where the final ceremony was held. There, he gave the final speech of the day to 1,200 attendees representing

763-594: A drop of 13.5 percent. As a result of the economic reforms, Moody's raised Egypt's credit ratings outlook to stable from negative and Fitch Ratings upgraded Egypt's credit rating one step to "B" from "B−". Standard & Poor's rated Egypt B-minus with a stable outlook and upgraded Egypt's credit rating in November 2013. On 7 April 2015, Moody's upgraded Egypt's outlook from Caa1 to B3 with stable outlook expecting real GDP growth in Egypt to recover to 4.5% year-on-year for

872-602: A group of Egypt's top politicians. Sisi later moved to the Heliopolis Palace , where a 21-gun salute welcomed the new president, before the ex-president received Sisi near the palace's stairway. Sisi then presided over a reception for the foreign presidents, emirs, kings, and official delegations who had been invited. No representatives of Turkey , Tunisia or Qatar were invited, reportedly because of their governments' critical stances regarding then-recent coup in Egypt; representatives of Israel were also not invited. In

981-518: A landslide victory with 97% of the vote. Sisi was sworn into office as President of Egypt on 8 June 2014. Sisi leads a government in Egypt which has been described as authoritarian by observers, and some elements of his rule have been described as even more draconian than that of prior authoritarian leader Mubarak. In the 2018 presidential election , Sisi faced minimal opposition from rival Moussa Mostafa Moussa , who had supported Sisi's 2014 bid, after

1090-569: A larger one at Rabaa al-Adawiya Square. Human Rights Watch describes the resulting Rabaa massacre as a crime against humanity and estimates that over a 1,000 civilians were killed by Egyptian security services. On 26 March 2014, with the support of the Egyptian military, Sisi announced that he would run as a candidate in the 2014 presidential election . The election, held between 26 and 28 May, featured one opponent, Hamdeen Sabahi , saw 47% participation by eligible voters, and resulted in Sisi winning in

1199-513: A multifaceted variety of positions of responsibility both domestically and internationally. The role of the politician has changed dramatically over time, for example, Pericles of Athens played an important role in politics in ancient Greece both in public life and in decision-making as depicted in Philip Foltz's 19th-century painting. Over time the figure of the politician has evolved to include many forms and functions. For example, In

SECTION 10

#1732780901515

1308-452: A national goal of eliminating all unsafe slums in two years. The first stage of the project was inaugurated on 30 May 2016 containing 11,000 housing units built at a cost of £E1.56 billion (US$ 177.8 Million). Funding was provided by the "Long Live Egypt" economic development fund in collaboration with civilian charitable organizations. The ultimate goal is the construction of 850,000 housing units with additional stages in processes funded in

1417-471: A new business venture using their political connections. The personal histories of politicians have been frequently studied, as it is presumed that their experiences and characteristics shape their beliefs and behaviors. There are four pathways by which a politician's biography could influence their leadership style and abilities. First, a politician’s biography may shape their core beliefs, which are essential to shaping their worldview. The second pathway

1526-612: A new president could be elected, and ordered the arrest of many members of the Muslim Brotherhood on charges of "inciting violence and disturbing general security and peace." Sisi announced on television that the president had "failed to meet the demands of the Egyptian people" and declared that the constitution would be temporarily suspended, which was met by acceptance from anti-Morsi protesters and condemnation from pro-Morsi supporters in Rabaa al-Adawiya. On 24 July 2013, during

1635-415: A police station in 2013, an act described by Amnesty International as "the largest single batch of simultaneous death sentences we've seen in recent years […] anywhere in the world". The BBC reported that by May 2016, approximately 40,000 people, mostly Brotherhood members or loyalists, had been imprisoned since Morsi's overthrow. The anti-Morsi demonstrators on the streets welcomed Sisi's announcement of

1744-719: A position in government . Politicians represent the people, make decisions, and influence the formulation of public policy. The roles or duties that politicians must perform vary depending on the level of government they serve, whether local , national, or international. The ideological orientation that politicians adopt often stems from their previous experience, education, beliefs, the political parties they belong to, or public opinion . Politicians sometimes face many challenges and mistakes that may affect their credibility and ability to persuade. These mistakes include corruption resulting from their misuse and exploitation of power to achieve their interests, which requires them to prioritize

1853-407: A quarter of the state budget. The Egyptian government has traditionally provided these subsidies as a crucial aid to millions of people who live in poverty, fearing people's anger in five years time. Egypt had spent $ 96 billion on energy subsidies in a decade, which made gasoline in Egypt among the world's cheapest. Cutting the energy subsidies will save EGP51 billion. The government hopes

1962-644: A relationship with his maternal cousin, Entissar Amer . They were married upon Sisi's graduation from the Egyptian Military Academy in 1977. He attended the following courses: Sisi received his commission as a military officer in 1977 serving in the mechanised infantry , specialising in anti-tank warfare and mortar warfare. He became Commander of the Northern Military Region-Alexandria in 2008 and then Director of Military Intelligence and Reconnaissance. Sisi

2071-594: A revolution is imminent. Sisi was born in Old Cairo on 19 November 1954 to Said Hussein Khalil al-Sisi and Soad Ibrahim Mohamed, both from Monufia Governorate . He grew up in Gamaleya, near al-Azhar Mosque , in a quarter where Muslims , Jews and Christians resided and in which he later recalled how, during his childhood, he had heard church bells and watched Jews flock to synagogue unhindered. He later enrolled in

2180-414: A role in legislative gridlock and negatively impact public perception, which negatively impacts politicians’ interests. Additionally, research highlighted that politicians, especially populist politicians, may create a challenge for themselves by increasingly accusing the media of spreading misinformation or “fake news.” Such accusations can undermine the credibility of media platforms, even though trust in

2289-694: A role in shaping shape voter behavior and political preferences Also, educational background in politics also plays an important role in shaping the political awareness of politicians and plays a major role in increasing people’s confidence in them. Some critics often accuse politicians of not communicating with the public. They accuse politicians' speeches of being sometimes overly formal, filled with many euphemisms and metaphors, and generally seen as an attempt to "obscure, mislead, and confuse". Lack of awareness, selfishness, manipulation , and dishonesty are perceptions that people often accuse politicians of, and many see them as prioritizing personal interests over

SECTION 20

#1732780901515

2398-432: A spectrum of the Egyptian people—from various walks of life and from each of the provinces of Egypt. He described the problems that he said Egypt was facing, and his plan for addressing them, and declared, "In its next phase, Egypt will witness a total rise on both internal and external fronts, to compensate for what we have missed and correct the mistakes of the past". Sisi then issued his first presidential decree, conferring

2507-628: A speech at a military parade, Sisi called for mass demonstrations to grant the Egyptian military and police a "mandate" to crack down on pro-democracy protestors. While supporters interpreted this to mean that Sisi felt the need of the people to prove to the world that it was not a coup but the popular will, the statement was seen by opponents as contradicting the military's pledges to hand over power to civilians after removing Morsi and as indicating an imminent crackdown against Islamists . The reactions to Sisi's announcement ranged from open support from

2616-410: A state of instability." Sisi stated that public opinion in Egypt would not accept political Islam to return to government, referring to the protests against Morsi in 2013 and Morsi's subsequent overthrow. Sisi, who is reportedly facing a severe economic ordeal in Egypt, has decided to raise fuel prices by 78 percent as an introduction to cut the subsidies on basic food stuffs and energy, which use nearly

2725-681: A surplus in power generating capacity estimated at 2.9 gigawatts. In the long-term, Egypt paid more than $ 6 billion it owed to foreign oil companies between January and March. Energy contracts were placed as a top priority in the Egypt Economic Development Conference in March 2015, resulting in a $ 9 billion contract with Siemens to supply gas and wind power plants to boost the country's electricity generation by 50 percent, in addition to an energy deal worth $ 12 billion ( £E 91.5 billion) with BP to provide

2834-605: Is expected to increase the Suez Canal 's revenues by 259% from current annual revenues of $ 5 billion. The project cost around 60 billion Egyptian-pounds ($ 8.4 billion) and was fast-tracked over a year. Sisi insisted funding come from Egyptian sources only. The new canal was inaugurated on schedule on 6 August 2015. Sisi also introduced the Suez Canal Area Development Project which would involve development of five new seaports in

2943-652: Is influenced  by their social and work environments, their ideology, and the parties to which they belong, furthermore, the development of means of communication and social media have increased public participation in policy-making, leading to a reformation of  politician's identity  and increasing the complexity of political work. Politicians are influential people who use rhetoric to impact people as in speeches or campaign advertisements. They are especially known for using common themes,  and media platforms that allow them to develop their political positions,  developing communication between them and

3052-437: Is the second eldest of eight siblings. His father, a conservative Muslim, who later had six additional children with a second wife, owned an antiques shop for tourists in the historic bazaar of Khan el-Khalili . Sisi and his siblings studied at the nearby library at al-Azhar University . Unlike his brothers—one of whom is a senior judge, another a civil servant—Sisi went to a local army-run secondary school, where he developed

3161-548: Is those personal experiences that influence a politician's skills and competence, and which determine where politicians focus their resources and attention as leaders. The third pathway refers to biographical characteristics that influence a politician's resource allocation and responses based on characteristics such as race or gender. The fourth pathway is how a politician's biography affects his public perception, which affects politicians' leadership style and their strategy for gaining people's respect. Numerous scholars have studied

3270-580: The Ayyubid and Mamluk periods (from the 12th to 16th centuries) to supply water to the Cairo Citadel to the east. Long sections of the elevated aqueduct, as well as its intake tower near the river, are still standing today. Located on the Nile River close to Coptic Cairo is Roda Island , which is connected by a nearby footbridge. Several historic monuments are located in the island, including

3379-524: The Cairo Metro , took television stations off the air, and ground much of the country to a halt for several hours because of the sudden loss of 50 percent of the country's power generation. Sisi, on his part, said that the idler would be held accountable and promised to partially solve the economic crisis by August 2015, and that, beginning with December that year, the crisis will be dealt with entirely. Both long-term and short-term plans were introduced. In

Abdel Fattah el-Sisi - Misplaced Pages Continue

3488-646: The Coptic Museum , which showcases the history of Coptic art from Greco-Roman to Islamic times, and the Ben Ezra Synagogue , the oldest and best-known synagogue in Cairo, where the important collection of historic documents known as the Cairo Geniza were discovered in the 19th century. Count Gabriel Habib Sakakini Pasha (1841–1923), who had become a household name in his time, established

3597-605: The Egyptian Armed Forces , with then little-known Sisi. He also promoted him to the rank of colonel general . Sisi was then described by the official website of the ruling Muslim Brotherhood -aligned Freedom and Justice Party as a "defense minister with revolutionary taste". Sisi also took the post of Minister of Defense and Military Production in the Qandil Cabinet . Sisi was appointed as Minister of Defense on 12 August 2012. He remained in office under

3706-830: The Egyptian Military Academy , and upon graduating he held various command positions in the Egyptian Armed Forces and served as Egypt's military attaché in Riyadh . In 1987, he attended the Egyptian Command and Staff College. In 1992, he continued his military career by enrolling in the British Command and Staff College , and, in 2006, enrolled in the United States Army War College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Sisi

3815-486: The EuroAfrica Interconnector , interconnector between Greek, Cypriot, and Egypt power grids via submarine power cable of length around 1,619-kilometre (1,006 mi). In August 2014, President Sisi initiated a new Suez Canal , a parallel channel running about one-third the length of the existing waterway, which would double capacity of the existing canal from 49 to 97 ships a day. The new canal

3924-463: The Fatimids , the capital moved to nearby al-Qāhirah ( Cairo ), founded in 969. Cairo's boundaries grew to eventually encompass the three earlier capitals of al-Fusṭāṭ, al-Qatta'i and al-‘Askar. Fustat itself was then partly destroyed by a vizier-ordered fire that burned from 1168 to 1169, as a defensive measure against the attacking Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem . By the end of the 15th century,

4033-666: The Khalifa cemetery to the east, to the Nile Corniche in the west, as well as Roda Island , or Manial al-Roda. It had 250,313 residents according to the 2017 census. The area around present-day Cairo had long been a focal point of Ancient Egypt due to its strategic location at the junction of the Nile Valley and the Nile Delta regions, which also placed it at the crossing of major routes between North Africa and

4142-755: The Levant . Memphis , the capital of Egypt during the Old Kingdom and a major city up until the Ptolemaic period , was located a short distance south west of present-day Cairo. Around the turn of the 4th century, as Memphis was declining in importance, the Romans established a large fortress along the east bank of the Nile. The fortress, called Babylon , was built by the Roman emperor Diocletian (r. 285–305) at

4251-703: The Nilometer , built in 861 on the orders of the Abbasid caliph al-Mutawakkil . Although it was repaired and given a new roof in later centuries, its basic structure is still preserved, making it the oldest preserved Islamic-era structure in Cairo today. In 2021, the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization was opened to visitors in a new building in Old Cairo, near ancient Fustat. The museum provides an overview of Egyptian history with artefacts drawn from

4360-535: The Order of the Nile upon the previous interim-president, Adly Mansour. According to the American organization Freedom House , President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi has governed Egypt in an authoritarian manner. Freedom House claims that meaningful political opposition is virtually nonexistent in the country, and that security forces engage in human rights abuses with impunity. Sisi has expressed his personal concerns about

4469-543: The Rabaa Massacre . Human Rights Watch described the sit-in dispersals as crimes against humanity and called them "one of the world's largest killings of demonstrators in a single day in recent history." In 2023, Amnesty International released stated that, "The 10-year anniversary of the Rabaa massacre is a stark reminder of how impunity for the mass killing of over 900 people has enabled an all-out assault on peaceful dissent, an erosion of any fair trial safeguards in

Abdel Fattah el-Sisi - Misplaced Pages Continue

4578-605: The dispersal in August 2013 of pro-Morsi sit-ins by Egyptian security forces which resulted in the killing of thousands of civilians. On 14 August 2013, police carried out the August 2013 Rabaa massacre , killing hundreds of civilians and wounding thousands, leading to international criticism. The Egyptian police, under the command of Sisi, used lethal force to violently disperse two camps of protesters in Cairo: one at al-Nahda Square and

4687-441: The public interest and develop long-term strategies. Challenges include how to keep up with the development of social media and confronting biased media, in addition to discrimination against them on the basis of gender , race , or belief, which requires them to adapt their communications to engage citizens, confront discrimination, and spread their message effectively. Politicians are people who participate in policy-making, in

4796-483: The " unification of Arabs ". He also thanked "Egypt's Arab brothers, who stood by its side". Sisi commented on the relationship between the Egyptian army and Egyptian people, saying that it is hard to break. Sisi said: “We would die before you [the Egyptian people] would feel pain". He also compared the Egyptian army to the Pyramid , saying that "it cannot be broken". After Sisi had removed Morsi from office and disbanded

4905-508: The "CC" initials were created, restaurants in Egypt named sandwiches after him, blogs shared his pictures, and columns, op-eds, television shows and interviews discussed the "new idol of the Nile valley" in the Egyptian mainstream media. On 6 December 2013, Sisi was named " Time Person of the Year " in Time magazine's annual reader poll. The accompanying article noted that "Sisi's success reflected

5014-650: The Christians a merry Christmas. The U.S.-based organization Human Rights Watch has accused Sisi's government of using torture and enforced disappearances against political opponents and criminal suspects. HRW has claimed that extrajudicial killings were committed by the military during its campaign against Wilayah Sayna , an ISIS affiliate in North Sinai. HRW has also accused Sisi's government of using prosecutions, travel bans and asset freezes against human rights defenders, and legislations that HRW says threatens

5123-405: The Egyptian people for him to run. Sisi later confirmed on 26 March 2014 that he would run for president in the presidential election , contradicting his. Shortly after his announcement, popular hashtags were started for and against Sisi's presidential bid. The presidential election, which took place between 26 and 28 May 2014, saw Sisi win 96 percent of votes counted; it was notably held without

5232-582: The Mexican government introduced the Federal Law on Administrative Responsibilities of Public Officials (2002) which establishes professional and accountable standards for officials against corruption and the spoils system. Also, The Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act of 2012 in the USA has established corruption to protect federal employees who report corruption, fraud, or other illegal activities within

5341-654: The Roman Catholic Cemetery in Old Cairo. To the north of the Babylon Fortress is the Amr ibn al-'As Mosque , the first mosque in Egypt and the most important religious centre of what was formerly Fustat, but rebuilt many times since. A part of the former city of Fustat has also been excavated to the east of the mosque and of the Coptic enclave. Nearby and to the northwest of Babylon Fortress and

5450-556: The Roman fortress, on the eastern side of the Nile. At Caliph Umar 's request, the Egyptian capital was moved from Alexandria to this new city. The reach of the subsequent Umayyads Caliphs was extensive, stretching from modern-day Spain all the way to western China . However, they were overthrown by the Abbasids , who moved the capital of the Islamic empire to Baghdad . In Egypt, this shift in power involved moving control from

5559-588: The Shura Council, in September 2013 interim president Adly Mansour temporarily decreed that ministers could award contracts without a request for tender . In the next month, the government awarded building contracts worth approximately one billion dollars to the Egyptian Army. In April 2014, the interim government's Investment Law banned appeals against government contracts. Also in September 2013,

SECTION 50

#1732780901515

5668-626: The US response, and accused the Obama administration of disregarding the Egyptian popular will and of providing insufficient support amid threats of a civil war, saying, "You left the Egyptians. You turned your back on the Egyptians and they won't forget that." On the 40-year anniversary of the Yom Kippur War (also known as the October War) in 2013, Sisi announced that the army was committed to

5777-668: The United States of America, George Washington played a pivotal role as a politician because he was the first President of the United States of America . Today, political offices take many forms in the modern century in the United States of America such as ministers, mayors , governors , senators , and presidents, each of whom has different duties. While all government leaders are considered politicians, not all politicians are subject to voters, autocratic and dictatorial regimes remain extant. The identity of politicians

5886-687: The Virgin) and the Church of Saint Mercurius (located a short distance north of the enclave), served as the seats of the Coptic Patriarchate and the residences of the Coptic Pope . The Church of Saint Barbara and the Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus are also notable for being among Cairo's oldest preserved churches, dating from the late 7th or early 8th century. The area also contains

5995-425: The absence of the needed periodic maintenance of the power plants, the energy blackout rates in Egypt rose to unprecedented levels, with some parts of the country facing around six power cuts a day for up to two hours each. In August 2014, daily electricity consumption hit a record high of 27.7 gigawatts, 20% more power than stations could provide. The next month Egypt suffered a massive power outage that halted parts of

6104-400: The accused politicians remains largely unaffected. They will therefore have a negative impact on the credibility of media platforms, and this distrust may extend to the media institutions as a whole that politicians use to communicate with people. Regarding the challenges of gender dynamics, particularly the role of women in politics , some recent research focuses on the life path of women in

6213-483: The actual head of government at the time, interim president Adly Mansour , but to Sisi. In a file published by the State Information Services, the government explained the raids by stating that "police went on to use force dispersing the sit-in on 14 August 2013 with the least possible damage, causing hundreds of civilians and police to fall as victims, while Muslim Brotherhood supporters imposed

6322-610: The ancient fortress's walls, towers, and its gate are still visible. The enclave holds a high concentration of historic Christian churches such as the Hanging Church , the Greek Orthodox Church of St. George , the Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus , the Church of Santa Barbara , and other Christian buildings. From the 11th century to the 13th century, the Hanging Church (also known as the Church of

6431-493: The characteristics of politicians and in economic class to explain characteristics impact on politicians' effectiveness and electoral success, comparing politicians involves different dimensions such as level of government (the local and national levels), political ideology (liberal or the more conservative), economic class , and comparing the more successful and less successful in terms of elections. Demographic factors such as age, gender, education, income, and race/ethnicity, play

6540-528: The city of Fustat slightly north to a new Abbasid city called al-'Askar (Arabic: مدينة العسكري , romanized:  Madinatu l-‘Askari , lit.   'City of Cantonments or City of Sections'). Intended primarily as a city large enough to house an army, it was laid out in a grid pattern that could be easily subdivided into separate sections for various groups, such as merchants and officers. Local Egyptian governors gained increasing autonomy, and in 870, governor Ahmad ibn Tulun made Egypt into

6649-542: The country with an extra quarter of local energy production. Sisi also stated that Egypt is not just solving its energy crisis, but rather seeking to become a "global hub for energy trading". In Nicosia on 21 November 2017 he met President of Cyprus Nicos Anastasiades and the Prime Minister of Greece Alexis Tsipras . They encouraged and welcomed private sector initiatives of energy infrastructure projects, important for energy security of all three countries such as

SECTION 60

#1732780901515

6758-783: The country's civil society. HRW has also accused the government of conducting arbitrary arrests and torture against children as young as twelve. International human rights organizations such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International estimated that there were about 60,000 political prisoners in Egypt as of January 2020. Protests against Sisi's government broke out on 20 September 2019, after videos published by Spain-based Egyptian contractor Mohamed Ali alleged that public funds had been mismanaged under Sisi's presidency. The protests were quickly dispersed by police shortly afterward. Sisi blamed political Islam for protests and instability. According to him, "As long as we have political Islam movements that aspire for power, our region will remain in

6867-473: The criminal justice system, and unspeakable cruelty in prisons over the past decade, Amnesty International said today." Writing for British newspaper The Independent in August 2013, Robert Fisk described then-General Sisi as being at a loss, but that a massacre—as Fisk called the sit-in dispersal—would go down in history as an infamy. Writing for the American magazine Time , Lee Smith concluded that "Egypt's new leader [was] unfit to rule", referring not to

6976-484: The decision will benefit services such as health and education. Sisi also raised taxes on alcohol and cigarettes, applying a flat tax on local and imported cigarettes to between 25 and 40 cents per pack, as well as new property taxes, and plans to introduce a new scheme for value-added taxes. Chicken prices would reportedly rise by 25 percent days after the decision because of added transportation costs. Mini-bus and taxi fares were raised by about 13 percent. Slashing subsidies

7085-625: The entrance of a canal connecting the Nile to the Red Sea that was created earlier by emperor Trajan (r. 98–115). While no structures older than the 7th century have been preserved in the area aside from the Roman fortifications, historical evidence suggests that a sizeable city existed. The city was important enough that its bishop , Cyrus, participated in the Second Council of Ephesus in 449. The Byzantine-Sassanian War between 602 and 628 caused great hardship and likely caused much of

7194-751: The event of his running for president, including the National Salvation Front , Tamarod , Amr Moussa , a previous candidate for the presidency, Abdel-Hakim Abdel-Nasser, son of late President Gamal Abdel Nasser , unsuccessful presidential candidate Ahmed Shafik , Prime Minister Hazem Al Beblawi , Naguib Sawiris , the Free Egyptians Party , the Revolutionary Forces Bloc, and the Russian president Vladimir Putin . However, Hamdeen Sabahi ran against him in

7303-431: The existing collections of other museums around the country. The 22 ancient royal mummies formerly housed in the Egyptian Museum at Tahrir Square were moved here in 2021. The effort to conserve Egypt's monuments has existed since the 19th century. In 1881, Khedive Tawfiq founded the Comité de Conservation des Monuments de l'Art Arabe . In 1979, UNESCO designated Old Cairo, as part of wider Historic Cairo , as

7412-478: The first democratic election in Egypt’s history, Sisi was appointed Minister of Defense by President Morsi on 12 August 2012, replacing the Hosni Mubarak - era Hussein Tantawi . As minister of defense, and ultimately commander in chief of the Egyptian Armed Forces , Sisi led the 2013 Egyptian coup d’état , overthrowing of the democratically-elected Morsi on 3 July 2013. Demonstrations and sit-ins organized by supporters of Egyptian democracy followed, culminating in

7521-430: The fiscal year 2015, which ends in June, and then to rise to around 5%–6% over the coming four years compared to 2.5% in 2014. In May 2015, Egypt chose the banks to handle its return to the international bond market after a gap of five years marking a return of economic and political stability in the country after the revolution of 2011. However, in early 2016 the Egyptian pound suffered from devaluation: in February when

7630-477: The genuine popularity of a man who led what was essentially a military coup in July against the democratically elected government of then President Mohammed Morsi". The "Kamel Gemilak" (Finish Your Favor) and "Sisi for President" campaigns were started to gather signatures to press Sisi, who at the time stated that he had no desire to govern, to run for presidency. Many politicians and parties including Egyptians and non-Egyptians had announced their support for Sisi in

7739-404: The goals of the revolution. Kamel Gemilak claimed to have collected 26 million signatures asking Sisi to run for president. On 21 January 2014, Kamel Gemilak organised a mass conference call in Cairo International Stadium to call on Sisi to run for president. On 6 February 2014, the Kuwaiti newspaper al-Seyassah claimed that Sisi would run for president, saying that he had to meet the wishes of

7848-413: The government. Mattozzi and Merlo argue that politicians typically follow two main career paths in modern democracies. The first is career politicians who remain in government until retirement. The second is political careerists, who have gained a reputation for their experience at various levels of government such as international, federal, state, and local governments, they often leave politics and start

7957-583: The immunity from prosecution they receive as politicians results in further corruption and evasion from legal punishment, as represented by the immunity bath depiction by J.J. Hanberg Old Cairo Miṣr al-Qadīma is also a modern administrative district in the Southern Area of Cairo, encompassing the area from the Cairo Aqueduct to the north, to the Ring Road in the south, and from

8066-479: The integrity of government positions. A notable example of government reform over time are The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883 passed by the U.S. Congress to combat corruption, favoritism in hiring, and the spoils system. It advocated hiring based on merit and protected civil servants from political influence. In the modern century, many laws have been put in place to protect employees and reduce corruption and favoritism in employment, for example,

8175-832: The interim Egyptian presidency and the Tamarod movement to rejection by much of civil society, the Muslim Brotherhood , the Salafi Nour Party , the Strong Egypt Party , the liberal April 6 Youth Movement and human rights groups. During the dispersal process of anti-coup protestors, the Egyptian military under Sisi’s command was involved in assisting the national police in dispersing two sit-ins held by anti-coup protestors in Rabaa el-Adaweya and Nahda squares. This action resulted in led to murder of over 900 protestors by Egyptian security forces in

8284-454: The interim government removed pre-trial detention limits for certain crimes, allowing certain individuals remain in detention indefinitely . In November 2013, the interim government temporarily banned protests in an attempt to combat the growing pro-Brotherhood unrest; the police arrested thousands of Egyptians using the new law. On 24 March 2014, an Egyptian court sentenced 529 members of the Muslim Brotherhood to death , following an attack on

8393-491: The issue of sexual assault in the country. He was photographed during a hospital visit to a woman receiving treatment after an assault during celebrations in Cairo 's Tahrir Square , ordering the army , the police , and the media to counter the issue. Sisi has called for the reform and modernisation of Islam; to that end, he has taken measures within Egypt such as regulating mosque sermons and changing school textbooks (including

8502-414: The military arrest of Lieutenant General Sami Anan who was barred from running for president due to still actively serving in the military at the time, threats made to Ahmed Shafik with corruption charges and an alleged sex tape , and the withdrawal of Khaled Ali and Mohamed Anwar El-Sadat due to the overwhelming obstacles presented, and alleged violations committed, by the elections committee. Sisi

8611-608: The mosque is the Monastery of Saint Mercurius (or Dayr Abu Sayfayn ), an important and historic Coptic religious complex consisting of the Church of Saint Mercurius (mentioned above), the Church of Saint Shenute, and the Church of the Virgin (also known as al-Damshiriya ). Several other historic churches are also situated to the south of Babylon Fortress. Further north is the Cairo Citadel Aqueduct , built during

8720-463: The new government formed after the deposition of Morsi, and led by Hazem al-Beblawi . He was also appointed Deputy Prime Minister of Egypt. On 27 January 2014, he was promoted to the rank of field marshal . Mass demonstrations occurred on 30 June 2013 as Egyptians took to the streets to protest policies of the democratically-elected Morsi government. Soon afterwards, the Egyptian Army issued

8829-424: The newer port of Bulaq was able to take over the role as the major commercial port from Old Cairo. Masr al-Qadima (Old Cairo) is a Cairo district in the Southern Area made up of one qism (police ward). The district had 250,313 residents in 2017 spread over 12 shiakha s as follows: The area includes Coptic Cairo , a walled enclave on the site of the partly-preserved Babylon Fortress. Parts of

8938-514: The overthrow of Morsi with celebrations and carried posters of Sisi, chanting "The Army and the People are one hand" and supporting General Sisi. On social networks, thousands of Egyptians changed their profile pictures to pictures of Sisi, while others started campaigns requesting that Sisi be promoted to the rank of field marshal , and others hoped that he would be nominated in the next presidential elections. Cupcakes, chocolate and necklaces bearing

9047-480: The participation of the Muslim Brotherhood 's Freedom & Justice Party , which had won every prior post-Mubarak electoral contest, and continues to remain absent from subsequent elections. President Sisi was sworn into office on 8 June 2014. The event was marked by an impromptu public holiday in Egypt in conjunction with festivals held nationwide. Tahrir Square was prepared to receive millions of Egyptians celebrating Sisi's presidency; police and soldiers shut down

9156-399: The people. Politicians of necessity become expert users of the media . Politicians in the 19th century made heavy use of newspapers , magazines, and pamphlets, as well as posters to disseminate their messages to appeal to voters' emotions and beliefs in their campaigns. In the 20th century, the scope of media expanded out into radio and television, and a major change occurred as speech

9265-567: The political field and the challenges surrounding them. For example, there are studies on the "supermader" model in politics in Latin America, which illustrate the difficulties women face and how to balance their home and work and the distinction between women and men that negatively affects their acceptance in political work. . Historically, in patronage-based systems, especially in the 19th century, winning politicians replaced civil servants and government employees who were not protected by

9374-589: The popular mandate of 26 July 2013: "We are committed, in front of God , to the Egyptian and Arab people that we will protect Egypt, the Egyptians and their free will." During the anniversary celebration that year, General Sisi invited the Emirati , Iraqi, Bahraini, Moroccan and Jordanian defense ministers to celebrate with him. During his speech he said in a warning way that the Egyptian people "will never forget who stood with them or against them". Sisi described 6 October as "a day to celebrate for all Arabs", hoping for

9483-522: The pound was allowed to float briefly, its value reduced rapidly from £E7.83 per US dollar to £E8.95 per dollar, resulting in increased prices for everyday goods. Considered its worst in decades, Egypt's energy crisis that helped inflame the protests against former president Mohamed Morsi continued to grow in Sisi's first months in office, challenging the new government. Due to shortage in energy production, growing consumption, terrorist attacks on Egypt's energy infrastructure, debts to foreign oil companies and

9592-401: The presidential race. Subsequently, Sabahi issued criticisms of Sisi and his candidacy by expressing doubt about Sisi's commitment to democracy, arguing that the general bears a measure of direct and indirect responsibility for the human rights violations carried out during the period of the interim government. He also denounced what he deemed to be the transitional government's hostility toward

9701-520: The public interests. Politicians in many countries are seen as the “most hated professionals,” and the least trustworthy, leading to public skepticism and constant criticism. In addition, some politicians tend to be negative, this strategy, although it does not enhance their chances of being re-elected or gaining public support, politicians see this negativity as consistent with negative media bias, which increases their chances of securing media access and public attention. Also, lack of accountability and

9810-597: The removal of some content on Saladin and Uqba ibn Nafi inciting or glorifying hatred and violence). He has also called for an end to the Islamic verbal divorce ; however, this was rejected by a council of scholars from Al-Azhar University . Sisi also became the first Egyptian president in the country's history to attend Christmas Mass and gave a speech at the Coptic Orthodox Christmas service in Cairo in January 2015 calling for unity and wishing

9919-442: The respondents did not see any change, and three percent were undecided. An April 2016 poll by Baseera after 22 months in office, indicated that Sisi garnered 79% approval rating while 8% were undecided and 13% disapprove of the president's performance. These numbers indicate a moderate drop from the last poll done in 2014. Politician A politician is a person who participates in policy-making processes , usually holding

10028-414: The rules of government service with their supporters, a so-called “ spoils system .” In response to the corruption this system fostered, government job reforms were introduced. These reforms required elected politicians to work with existing civil servants and officials to pursue long-term public interest goals, rather than simply rewarding their supporters. This shift aimed to reduce corruption and prioritize

10137-538: The same manner. An agricultural plan, under the name "New Delta Project", aims to expand the Egyptian Delta and construct housing and farmlands westwards to increase Egypt's food sufficiency and general agricultural production. In August 2014, Egypt's Baseera, the Centre for Public Opinion Research, said in a poll result that only eight percent of the sample were unhappy with Sisi's performance and ten percent of

10246-580: The sample said they could not identify their position. The poll showed that 78 percent of the sample said they would vote for Sisi should the presidential elections be held again the next day while 11 percent said they would not. Eighty-nine percent said that there was improvement in the security situation after Sisi's taking office. Seventy-three percent said that fuel has become regularly available since Sisi's election. Meanwhile, 35 percent of respondents believed price controls had improved, while 32 percent believed that they have become worse. Twenty-nine percent of

10355-472: The short-term, Egypt signed a contract with General Electric (GE) to provide the country with 2.6 gigawatts by the summer of 2015. The first phase entered service in June and the final phase was expected to be completed by the end of August, making it one of the fastest energy transferring operations in the world according to GE. In June, Sisi's administration stated that for the first time in years, Egypt achieved

10464-642: The soldiers and officers from rape accusations". He was the first member of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces to admit that the invasive tests had been carried out. Also reported is commander of the 23rd Mechanized Division, Third Field Army. On 12 August 2012, Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi made a decision to replace the Mubarak-era Field Marshal Mohamed Hussein Tantawi , the head of

10573-497: The speed of spread and interaction. Politicians, who rarely meet voters in person, seek to use the media as a means of communicating with people, winning votes, and obtaining political roles. Some research confirms that the media increases the popularity of a politician, and indicates that negative news has a stronger effect on popularity than positive news. Some research has suggested that politicians tend to use social media more than traditional media because their perception of

10682-447: The square outlets with barbed wires and barricades, as well as electronic portals for detecting any explosives that could spoil the festivities. Sisi's oath of office was administered in the morning in Egypt's Supreme constitutional court in front of the deputy head of the constitutional court, Maher Sami, who described Sisi as a "rebel soldier" and a "revolutionary hero"; ex-president Adly Mansour ; other constitutional court members; and

10791-695: The three provinces surrounding the canal, a new industrial zone west of the Gulf of Suez , economic zones around the waterway, seven new tunnels between Sinai and the Egyptian home land, building a new Ismailia city, huge fish farms, and a technology valley within Ismailia . Sisi also started the National Roads Project , which involves building a road network of more than 4,400 kilometres and uses 104 acres of land, promising that there are many development and reconstruction campaigns for Egypt to reduce

10900-662: The traditional media’s influence as a public informant greatly affects their satisfaction with democratic processes. So they prefer to use social media and communicate directly with people in order to have greater control over their message and easier communication. This continuous evolution in media has made politicians adapt their discourse to these diverse and evolving platforms for greater communication and effectiveness. In this century of advanced communications, politicians face challenges and difficulties while communicating with people through various social media platforms . The implicit importance of social media for politics stems from

11009-453: The unemployment rate and increase the poor's income. An ambitious plan to build a new city near Cairo to serve as the country's new capital was announced during the Egypt Economic Development Conference . Located east of Cairo approximately midway between Cairo and Suez , this proposed new capital of Egypt is yet to be formally named and is intended to relieve population pressures from the greater Cairo area. In 2016, President Sisi set

11118-741: The urban population to leave for the countryside, leaving the settlement partly deserted. The site nonetheless remained at the heart of the Coptic Orthodox community, composed of Egyptian Christians who separated from the Roman and Byzantine churches in the late 4th century. After the Muslim conquest of Egypt in 641 during the period of the Rashidun Caliphate , the Arab commander Amr ibn al-As established Fustat ( Arabic : الفُسطاط , romanized :  al-Fusṭāṭ ) just north of

11227-413: The virtual space these platforms have created for expressing ideas and spreading mutual messages without restrictions. Misinformation , rumors, and discrimination complicate their political behavior and communication with people. Also, Political polarization created by the media plays a role in influencing politicians’ behavior and communications, which reinforces negative campaigns. They also play

11336-491: Was now presented visually as well as verbally as evidenced by the Kennedy-Nixon debates , marking a new era where visual media became crucial to campaigns. The twenty-first century has provided wide and diverse media platforms represented by Facebook, and Twitter, which has now become X, Instagram, YouTube, and others. This development has made their rhetorical messages faster, shorter more efficient, and characterized by

11445-469: Was promoted to the rank of Field Marshal in January 2014. Sisi was born in Cairo in 1954. As a young man, he joined the Egyptian Army and held a post in Saudi Arabia before enrolling in the Egyptian Army's Command and Staff College. He never saw active combat throughout his military service. After the 2011 Egyptian revolution and 2012 election of Mohamed Morsi to the Egyptian presidency,

11554-424: Was recommended by international financial institutions, but no prior Egyptian leader had managed to broach the issue, fearing unrest in a country where nearly 30 percent of the population lives in poverty and rely on government aid. President Sisi defended the decision to raise fuel prices, saying it was "bitter medicine" that should have been taken before and was "50 years late" but was not taken, as governments feared

11663-529: Was sworn into office for a third term on 2 April 2024, after winning the 2023 presidential election . Since then, Egyptian citizens and activists have lunched an online “Dignity Revolution,” resulting in widespread anti-regime protests. Sisi has heavily cracked down on dissent in response, arbitrarily detaining hundreds. Analysts have described Sisi as “The Sick Man of the Middle East” due to his fragile rule and Egypt’s economic turbulence, and many predict that

11772-679: Was the youngest member of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF) during the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 , serving as the director of military intelligence and reconnaissance department. He was later chosen to replace Mohamed Hussein Tantawi and serve as the commander-in-chief and Minister of Defense and Military Production on 12 August 2012. Sisi's family origins were in the Monufia Governorate . He

11881-424: Was the youngest member of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces of Egypt . While a member of the Supreme Council, he made controversial statements regarding allegations that Egyptian soldiers had subjected detained female demonstrators to forced virginity tests . He is reported to have told Egypt's state-owned newspaper that "the virginity-test procedure was done to protect the girls from rape, as well as to protect

#514485