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48-473: Although it appears the family was involved with the book trade as early as the 16th century, it is only known for its work in some detail beginning with Lodewijk Elzevir (also called Louis). The family ceased printing in 1712, but a contemporary publisher, Elsevier (founded in 1880), took over, for marketing purposes, the name and logo of this early modern business, but without having any real historical connections to it. In an age of non-standardized spelling,

96-645: A Byzantine legal tradition, but there the Corpus was superseded by the Ecloga and Basilika . Only the Corpus' s provisions regulating the church still had any effect, but the Catholic church's de facto autonomy and the Great Schism made even that irrelevant. In Western Europe, the Corpus may have spurred a slew of Romano-Germanic law codes in the successor Germanic kingdoms, but these were heavily based on

144-823: A bestselling series titled the Respublicae (commonly known as the Republics or Petites Républiques ), the ancestor of the modern travel guide . Each of the thirty-five volumes in the series gave information on the geography, inhabitants, economy, and history of a country in Europe, Asia, Africa, or the Near East. Jean, son of Abraham, born in 1622, had since 1647 been in partnership with his father and uncle at Leiden, and when they died Daniel, son of Bonaventure, born in 1626, joined him. Their partnership did not last more than two years, and after its dissolution Jean carried on

192-540: A figure of Minerva with owl, shield and olive tree, and the motto, Ne extra oleas . The earliest productions of the Elzevir press are marked with an angel bearing a hook and a scythe, and various other devices occur at different times. When the Elzevirs did not wish to put their name to their works they generally marked them with a sphere, but of course the mere fact that a work printed in the 17th century bears this mark

240-620: A manual for jurists in training from 21 November 533 and were given the authority of law on 30 December 533 along with the Digest . The Novellae consisted of new laws that were passed after 534. They were later re-worked into the Syntagma , a practical lawyer's edition, by Athanasios of Emesa during the years 572–577. As the administrative language of the Eastern Roman Empire shifted away from Latin, legal codes based on

288-554: A new compilation. The commission completed its work within three years, in 533. Tribonian's commission surveyed the works of classical jurists who were assumed in Justinian's time to have the authority to clarify law ( ius respondendi ) and whose works were still available. In total, there are excerpts from 38 jurists in the Digest. The "Codex Justinianus", "Codex Justinianeus" or "Codex Justiniani" (Latin for "Justinian's Code")

336-406: A printing press at Leiden, where he carried on business to 1625; but none of his editions attained much fame. The last representatives of the Elzevir printers were Peter, grandson of Joost, who from 1667 to 1675 was a bookseller at Utrecht , and printed seven or eight volumes of little consequence; and Abraham, son of the first Abraham, who from 1681 to 1712 was university printer at Leiden. Some of

384-530: A sheaf of seven arrows, adorned with the motto Concordia res parvae crescunt . About 1620 the Leiden Elzevirs adopted a new device, known as le Solitaire , or the Hermit, and consisting of an elm tree , a fruitful vine and a man alone, with a motto Non solus (not alone). They also used another device, a palm tree with the motto, Assurgo pressa . The Elzevirs of Amsterdam used for their principal device

432-511: A stint in Antwerp , and in 1565 his name can be found on the payroll of the great printer-publisher Plantin . In 1580, he made a final move to Leiden , where he seems to have worked first as a bookbinder, and later as a bookseller and publisher. An edition of Eutropius , which appeared in 1592, was long regarded as the earliest Elzevir publication, but the first is now known to be Drusii Ebraicarum quaestionum ac responsionum libri duo , which

480-553: Is an encyclopedia composed of mostly brief extracts from the writings of Roman jurists; and the Institutes ( Institutiones ) is a student textbook, mainly introducing the Code , although it has important conceptual elements that are less developed in the Code or the Digest . All three parts, even the textbook, were given force of law. They were intended to be, together, the sole source of law; reference to any other source, including

528-508: Is no proof that it is theirs. The total number of works of all kinds which came from the presses of the Elzevirs is given by Willems as 1608; there were also many forgeries. Hitherto unrecorded Elzevir imprints can still be discovered. Literature in archives and libraries and online on archive.org : Literature in libraries and for sale online: Literature in libraries: Lodewijk Elzevir Lodewijk Elzevir (c. 1540 – 4 February 1617), originally Lodewijk or Louis Elsevier or Elzevier ,

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576-540: Is not recorded and, in the main, cannot be known because most of the originals have not survived. The text was composed and distributed almost entirely in Latin , which was still the official language of the government of the Eastern Roman Empire in 529–534, whereas the prevalent language of merchants, farmers, seamen, and other citizens was Greek . By the early 7th century, Greek had largely replaced Latin as

624-474: Is now lost; a second edition was issued in 534 and is the text that has survived. At least the second edition contained some of Justinian's own legislation, including some legislation in Greek. It is not known whether he intended there to be further editions, although he did envisage translation of Latin enactments into Greek. Numerous provisions served to secure the status of Christianity as the state religion of

672-574: Is provided that all persons present at a pagan sacrifice may be indicted as if for murder. The Digesta or Pandectae , completed in 533, is a collection of juristic writings, mostly dating back to the second and third centuries. Fragments were taken out of various legal treatises and opinions and inserted in the Digest. In their original context, the statements of the law contained in these fragments were just private opinions of legal scholars – although some juristic writings had been privileged by Theodosius II's Law of Citations in 426. The Digest, however,

720-575: Is the modern name for a collection of fundamental works in jurisprudence , enacted from 529 to 534 by order of Byzantine Emperor Justinian I . It is also sometimes referred to metonymically after one of its parts, the Code of Justinian . The work as planned had three parts: the Code ( Codex ) is a compilation, by selection and extraction, of imperial enactments to date; the Digest or Pandects (the Latin title contains both Digesta and Pandectae )

768-529: The Codex Theodosianus . A little more than a year after the enactment of the first edition of the Code, Justinian appointed a commission headed by Tribonian to compile the traditional jurists' law in a new, shortened and contemporary codification: the 'Digest or Pandects'. The traditional collection of jurists' law, Justinian believed, was so extensive that it had become unmanageable, necessitating

816-705: The Aldines and the Estiennes , but their small editions in 12mo , 16mo and 24mo, for elegance of design, neatness, clearness and regularity of type, and beauty of paper, cannot be surpassed. Special mention ought to be made of their two editions of the New Testament in Greek, published in 1624 and 1633, of which the latter is the more beautiful and the more sought; the Psalterium Davidis , 1653; Virgilii opera , 1636; Terentii comediae , 1635; but

864-515: The Corpus Juris Civilis were enacted in Greek. The most well known are: The Basilika was a complete adaptation of Justinian's codification. At 60 volumes it proved to be difficult for judges and lawyers to use. There was need for a short and handy version. This was finally made by Constantine Harmenopoulos , a Byzantine judge from Thessaloniki , in 1345. He made a short version of Basilika in six books, called Hexabiblos . This

912-539: The Epitome Codicis (c. 1050; incomplete manuscript preserving most of the Codex ), there may have been other manuscript sources for the text that began to be taught at Bologna, by Pepo and then by Irnerius . Irnerius' technique was to read a passage aloud, which permitted his students to copy it, then to deliver an excursus explaining and illuminating Justinian's text, in the form of glosses . Irnerius' pupils,

960-518: The Institutes , between "law" (statute) and custom. The Corpus continues to have a major influence on public international law . Its four parts thus constitute the foundation documents of the Western legal tradition . Justinian acceded to the imperial throne in Constantinople in 527. Six months after his accession, in order to reduce the great number of imperial constitutions and thus also

1008-663: The Serbian Despotate fell to the Turkish Ottoman Empire in 1459. After the liberation from the Turks in the Serbian Revolution , Serbs continued to practise Roman Law by enacting Serbian civil code in 1844. It was a short version of Austrian civil code (called Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch ), which was made on the basis of Corpus Juris Civilis . Justinian's Corpus Juris Civilis

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1056-555: The 16th century, when it was printed in 1583 by Dionysius Gothofredus under this title. The legal thinking behind the Corpus Juris Civilis served as the backbone of the single largest legal reform of the modern age, the Napoleonic Code , which marked the abolition of feudalism , but reinstated slavery in the French Caribbean. Napoleon, as he waged total war on Europe, wanted to see these principles introduced to

1104-551: The Code appealed to scholars who saw in the Holy Roman Empire a revival of venerable precedents from the classical heritage. The new class of lawyers staffed the bureaucracies that were beginning to be required by the princes of Europe. The University of Bologna , where Justinian's Code was first taught, remained the dominant centre for the study of law through the High Middle Ages . A two-volume edition of

1152-458: The Digest was published in Paris in 1549 and 1550, translated by Antonio Agustín, Bishop of Tarragona, who was well known for other legal works. The full title of the Digest was Digestorum seu Pandectarum tomus alter , and it was published by Carolus Guillardus. Vol. 1 of the Digest has 2934 pages, while vol. 2 has 2754 pages. Referring to Justinian's Code as Corpus Juris Civilis was only adopted in

1200-486: The Elzevir editions bear no other typographical mark than simply the words Apud Elzevirios , or Ex officina Elseviriana , under the rubrique of the town. But most bear one of their special devices, four of which are known to have been in common use. Louis Elzevir, the founder of the family, usually adopted the arms of the United Provinces , but with the lion swapped for an eagle on a cippus holding in its claws

1248-523: The basis of the legal code of Modern Greece. In Western Europe, the Corpus Juris Civilis , or its successor texts like the Basilika , did not get well established originally and was only recovered in the Middle Ages, being "received" or imitated as private law . Its public law content was quarried for arguments by both secular and ecclesiastical authorities. This recovered Roman law, in turn, became

1296-673: The business alone until his death in 1661. In 1654 Daniel joined his cousin Louis (the third of that name and son of the second Louis), who was born in 1604, and had established a printing press at Amsterdam in 1638. From 1655 to 1666 they published a series of Latin classics in 8vo , cum notis variorum; Cicero in 4to ; the Etymologicon linguae Latinae ; and in 1663 a magnificent Corpus Juris Civilis in folio in two volumes. Louis died in 1670, and Daniel in 1680. Besides Bonaventure, another son of Matthieu, Isaac, born in 1593, established

1344-401: The business continued until 1791 under his descendants. The printing house was instrumental in the publication of important work in science . Atypical of other printers of the era, Elzevir books focused on sturdiness rather than elegance and legibility over ornate characters. His books were usually smaller with narrow margins. Christopher van Dyck was one of the type designers. Most of the work

1392-542: The dominant language of the empire. The Corpus Juris Civilis was revised into Greek, when that became the predominant language of the Eastern Roman Empire, and continued to form the basis of the empire's laws, the Basilika ( Greek : τὰ βασιλικά, 'imperial laws'), through the 15th century. The Basilika in turn served as the basis for local legal codes in the Balkans during the following Ottoman period and later formed

1440-621: The empire, uniting Church and state, and making anyone who was not connected to the Christian church a non-citizen. The Christianity referred to is Chalcedonian Christianity as defined by the state church, which excluded a variety of other major Christian sects in existence at the time such as the Church of the East and Oriental Orthodoxy . The very first law in the Codex requires all persons under

1488-540: The foundation of law in all civil law jurisdictions. The provisions of the Corpus Juris Civilis also influenced the canon law of the Catholic Church : it was said that ecclesia vivit lege romana – the church lives by Roman law. Its influence on common law legal systems has been much smaller, although some basic concepts from the Corpus have survived through Norman law – such as the contrast, especially in

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1536-462: The jurisdiction of the Empire to hold the Christian faith. This was primarily aimed at heresies such as Nestorianism . This text later became the springboard for discussions of international law, especially the question of just what persons are under the jurisdiction of a given state or legal system. Other laws, while not aimed at pagan belief as such, forbid particular pagan practices. For example, it

1584-529: The name of the family was most often spelled Elsevier, or Elzevier, and their French editions mostly retain this name; but the name was gradually corrupted in English into Elzevir as a generic term for their books. The family originally came from Leuven , where Louis was born circa 1546. Although he worked in the book trade throughout his life, Louis seems to have worked mostly as a bookbinder in his early decades. He relocated with his family several times, including

1632-429: The number of court proceedings, Justinian arranged for the creation of a new collection of imperial constitutions ( Codex Iustinianus ). The commission in charge of the compilation process was explicitly authorized to leave out or change text and to delete what was obsolete or contradictory. Soon, in 529, the Codex was completed and was conferred the force of law in the whole empire, replacing all earlier constitutions and

1680-698: The older Theodosian Code , not the Corpus . Historians disagree on the precise way the Corpus was recovered in Northern Italy about 1070: legal studies were undertaken on behalf of papal authority central to the Gregorian Reform of Pope Gregory VII , which may have led to its accidental rediscovery. Aside from the Littera Florentina (a complete 6th-century copy of the Digest preserved in Amalfi and later moved to Pisa ) and

1728-526: The original texts from which the Code and the Digest had been taken, was forbidden. Nonetheless, Justinian found himself having to enact further laws; today these are counted as a fourth part of the Corpus, the Novellae Constitutiones ( Novels , literally New Laws ). The work was directed by Tribonian , an official in Justinian's court in Constantinople . His team was authorized to edit what they included. How far they made amendments

1776-509: The so-called Four Doctors of Bologna , were among the first of the " glossators " who established the curriculum of medieval Roman law . The tradition was carried on by French lawyers, known as the Ultramontani , in the 13th century. The merchant classes of Italian communes required law with a concept of equity , and law that covered situations inherent in urban life better than the primitive Germanic oral traditions. The provenance of

1824-515: The whole of Europe because he saw them as an effective form of rule that created a more equal society and thus creating a more friendly relationship between the ruling class and the rest of the peoples of Europe. The Corpus Juris Civilis was translated into French, German, Italian, and Spanish in the 19th century. However, no English translation of the entire Corpus Juris Civilis existed until 1932 when Samuel Parsons Scott published his version The Civil Law . Scott did not base his translation on

1872-687: The works that gave their press its chief celebrity are their collection of French authors on history and politics in 24mo, known under the name of the Petites Républiques , and their series of Latin, French and Italian classics in small 12mo. Also, they are noted for their publication in 1638 of Galileo 's last work, the Two New Sciences , at a time when the Roman Inquisition forbade the latter's writings. Between 1626 and 1649, Bonaventure and Abraham Elzevir published

1920-629: Was a printer, born in the city of Leuven (today in Belgium, then part of the Habsburg Netherlands or Spanish Netherlands ). He was the founder of the House of Elzevir , which printed works such as "Two New Sciences", written by Galileo , at a time when his work was suppressed for religious reasons. Although the House of Elzevir ceased publishing in 1712, the modern Dutch Elsevier company

1968-682: Was distributed in the West and went into effect in those areas regained under Justinian's wars of reconquest ( Pragmatic Sanction of 554 ), including the Exarchate of Ravenna . Accordingly, the Institutes were made the textbook at the law school in Rome, and later in Ravenna when the school relocated there. However, after the loss of most of these areas, only the Catepanate (southern Italy) maintained

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2016-642: Was founded in 1880 and took its name from the historic Dutch publishing house. Elzevir, son of Hans Helschevier, was born in Leuven and started his career as a bookbinder at the printing shop of Christoffel Plantijn in Antwerp . In 1563, he married Maijke de Verdeijen Verbois in Antwerp, where his first two sons were born. He moved to Wesel before 1570, to Douai (before 1575), and settled in Leiden before 1580. He produced his first book at Leiden in 1583, and

2064-636: Was given full force of law. As the Digest neared completion, Tribonian and two professors, Theophilus and Dorotheus , made a student textbook, called the Institutions or Elements . As there were four elements, the manual consists of four books. The Institutiones are largely based on the Institutiones of Gaius . Two-thirds of the Institutiones of Justinian consists of literal quotes from Gaius. The new Institutiones were used as

2112-478: Was produced in 1583. In all Louis published about 150 works. He died on 4 February 1617. Of his seven sons, five, Matthieu/Matthijs, Louis, Gilles, Joost and Bonaventura, adopted their father's profession. Among them, Bonaventura Elzevir (1583–1652) is the most celebrated. He began business as a publisher in 1608, and in 1626 took into partnership Abraham Elzevir , his nephew by Matthijs, born at Leiden in 1592. In 1617 Isaac Elzevir (1596–1651), Matthijs' second son,

2160-592: Was published in Latin. His oldest son, Matthijs, his sixth son, Bonaventure Elzevir , and his grandsons, Abraham and Isaac Elzevir , continued and expanded the business. The Lodowijk Elzevir who famously met Galileo in Arcetri in 1636 was the grandson of this Lodwijk (1604–1670). Literature in archives and libraries and online on archive.org : Literature in libraries and for sale online: Literature in libraries: Corpus Juris Civilis The Corpus Juris (or Iuris ) Civilis ("Body of Civil Law")

2208-437: Was the first in the family to acquire printing equipment, which then passed into the hands of the partnership of Bonaventura and Abraham in 1626 when he decided to exit the business. Abraham died on 14 August 1652, and Bonaventura about a month afterwards. The fame of the Elzevir editions rests chiefly on the works issued by the firm of Bonaventura and Abraham. Their Greek and Hebrew impressions are considered inferior to those of

2256-568: Was the first part to be finished, on 7 April 529. It contained in Latin most of the existing imperial constitutiones (imperial pronouncements having force of law), back to the time of Hadrian . It used both the Codex Theodosianus and the fourth-century collections embodied in the Codex Gregorianus and Codex Hermogenianus , which provided the model for division into books that were themselves divided into titles. These works had developed authoritative standing. This first edition

2304-527: Was widely used throughout the Balkans during the following Ottoman period, and along with the Basilika was used as the first legal code for the newly independent Greek state in the 1820s. Serbian state, law and culture was built on the foundations of Rome and Byzantium. Therefore, the most important Serbian legal codes: Zakonopravilo (1219) and Dušan's Code (1349 and 1354), transplanted Romano-Byzantine Law included in Corpus Juris Civilis , Prohiron and Basilika . These Serbian codes were practised until

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