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114-647: This region is commonly subdivided into the Juárez Metropolitan Area (Zona Metropolitana de Juárez) in Chihuahua, Greater El Paso in Texas and Greater Las Cruces in New Mexico. These sub-regions are typically defined by state borders, even though some New Mexico towns in the region like Sunland Park are significantly closer to El Paso than to Las Cruces. Ciudad Juárez is the largest city in

228-542: A Senate bill providing for a final settlement of Texas's borders won passage days after Fillmore delivered his message. Under the terms of the bill, the U.S. would assume Texas's debts, while Texas's northern border was set at the 36° 30' parallel north (the Missouri Compromise line) and much of its western border followed the 103rd meridian. The bill attracted the support of a bipartisan coalition of Whigs and Democrats from both sections, though most opposition to

342-633: A Texas bill similar to that which had been passed by the Senate. Following that vote, the House and the Senate quickly agreed on each of the major issues, including the banning of the slave trade in Washington. The president quickly signed each bill into law save for the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 ; he ultimately signed that law as well after Attorney General Crittenden assured him that the law

456-501: A better more representative government, a Constitutional Convention was held in 1849. The delegates unanimously outlawed slavery. They had no interest in extending the Missouri Compromise Line through California and splitting the state; the lightly populated southern half never had slavery and was heavily Hispanic. The issue of California would play a central role in the exhausting 1849 speaker dispute. Aside from

570-527: A county government in El Paso and thus successfully claimed it as an integral part of Texas. A similar attempt to keep Santa Fe in Texas failed, and Santa Fe became part of the New Mexico territory. The United States Constitution (Article IV, Section 3) does not permit Congress unilaterally to reduce the territory of any state, so the first part of the Compromise of 1850 had to take the form of an offer to

684-416: A daily ridership of 40,000. The first of the five routes opened to users in late 2013 and is officially named Presidencia-Tierra Nueva and has 34 stations distributed along the north to south corridor. The route starts at Avenida Francisco Villa, follows north to Eje Vial Norte-Sur then veers left at Zaragoza Blvd. and ends at Avenida Independencia and the elevated Carretera Federal 2. The El Paso Streetcar

798-403: A duel. Southern representatives increasingly bandied around the idea of secession. Finally, the House adopted a resolution that allowed a speaker to be elected with a plurality, and elected Howell Cobb on the 63rd ballot. As James McPherson puts it: "It was an inauspicious start to the 1850's." Three major types of issues were addressed by the Compromise of 1850: a variety of boundary issues,

912-403: A fact that affected the debate over its territorial status, but many New Mexican leaders opposed joining Texas primarily because Texas's capital lay hundreds of miles away and because Texas and New Mexico had a history of conflict dating back to the 1841 Santa Fe Expedition . Outside of Texas, many Southern leaders supported Texas's claims to New Mexico to secure as much territory as possible for

1026-480: A jury trial nor testify on their own behalf. Also, aiding a runaway slave by providing food or shelter was now a crime nationwide, punished by six months' imprisonment and a $ 1,000 fine. Officers capturing a fugitive slave were entitled to a fee for their work, and this expense was to be paid by the Federal Government. The law was so completely pro-slavery as to prohibit the admission of the testimony of

1140-707: A major part in the region because it is one of the few stand alone Medical Schools , where they work closely with Doctors Without Borders . New Mexico State University in Las Cruces is an additional major university in the area. Other area colleges include Universidad Tecnológica de Ciudad Juárez (Technological University of Ciudad Juárez), Howard Payne University -El Paso, Park University , Southwest University at El Paso, Strayer University , Webster University , and Western Technical College-El Paso. El Paso Community College and Doña Ana Community College provide supplemental higher-education opportunities for students in

1254-408: A person accused of being an escaped slave into evidence at the judicial hearing to determine the status of the accused escaped slave. Thus, if free Blacks were claimed to be escaped slaves, they could not resist their return to slavery (or enslavement for the first time) by truthfully telling their actual history. Furthermore, the federal commissioners overseeing the hearings were paid $ 5 for ruling that

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1368-522: A person was free, but were paid $ 10 for determining that he or she was a slave, thus providing a financial incentive to rule in favor of slavery regardless of the evidence. The law further exacerbated the problem of free Blacks being kidnapped and sold as slaves. The Fugitive Slave Act was essential to meet Southern demands. In terms of public opinion in the North, the critical provision was that ordinary citizens were required to aid slave catchers and that it

1482-675: A pistol on Benton. In early June, nine slave-holding Southern states sent delegates to the Nashville Convention to determine their course of action if the compromise passed. While some delegates preached secession , the moderates ruled and proposed a series of compromises, including extending the dividing line designated by the Missouri Compromise of 1820 to the Pacific Coast . Taylor died in July 1850, and

1596-476: A reality with the collaboration of the local municipal government, the private enterprise of Integradora de Transporte de Juarez (INTRA) as well as other city government agencies. Studies have shown that the current bus system averages 8 mph while the new system is projected to average 16 mph. The BRT system studies conducted by the Instituto Municipal de Investigación y Planeación project

1710-524: A slaveholder; though Whigs were increasingly anti-slavery, Taylor's slaveholding had reassured the South, and he won handily. Taylor made a key electoral promise that he would not veto any congressional resolution on slavery. Much to the horror of Southerners, however, Taylor indicated that true to his promise, he would not even veto the Wilmot Proviso if it were passed. Tensions accelerated quickly into

1824-612: A territorial government in California officially, but the increasingly sectional debates prevented that. The South wanted to extend slave territory to Southern California and to the Pacific Coast, but the North did not. The issue of whether it would be free or slave might well have gone undecided for years, as it had already after the end of the Mexican American war, if not for the finding of natural riches. Near

1938-834: A volcanic peak (an example of a pluton ), rises within the Rio Grande Rift just to the west of El Paso on the New Mexico side of the Rio Grande. Other volcanic features include Kilbourne Hole and Hunt's Hole , which are Maar volcanic craters 30 miles (48 km) west of the Franklin Mountains. The area lies in the Chihuahuan Desert , which itself is the easternmost section of the Basin and Range Region . The area has an arid climate because it

2052-415: A whole. As of 2018 the economic impact of Fort Bliss is estimated at more than US$ 23.13 billion. Call centers are additionally major employers in El Paso and neighboring communities in the U.S. With the opening of Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso in 2009, the school became the first medical school to open in 30 years. The university in 2013 became the fourth freestanding institution of

2166-596: Is a streetcar system in El Paso, Texas , that opened for service on November 9, 2018, and uses a fleet of restored PCC streetcars that had served the city's previous system until its closure in 1974. The system covers 4.8 miles (7.7 km) (round trip) in two loops from Downtown El Paso to University of Texas at El Paso . The system was constructed under the authority of the Camino Real Regional Mobility Authority , but when

2280-587: Is located in the Chihuahuan desert . The area experiences hot summers, cool winters and a mild spring and fall. In Juárez the average high is 31 °C (88 °F) with lows of 17 °C (63 °F). The winter high is 14 °C (57 °F) with lows of 1 °C (34 °F). Because of the high altitude the region is cooler than many desert areas in Mexico and the American Southwest . Rainfall

2394-629: Is now part of present-day Colorado that is east of the crest of the Rocky Mountains. Perhaps the most important part of the Compromise received the least attention during debates. Enacted September 18, 1850, it is informally known as the Fugitive Slave Law, or the Fugitive Slave Act . It bolstered the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 . The new version of the Fugitive Slave Law now required federal judicial officials in all states and federal territories, including free states, to assist with

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2508-442: Is scarce and concentrated in the summer months. Snowfall is not a rare event—it normally snows once or twice every winter. El Paso–Juárez is a major center for manufacturing and international trade. It is one of the largest ports of entry on the U.S.–Mexico border. The region is also the second most important trade point on the border and the 14th largest trading center in the U.S. In 2018, US$ 81.88 billion in trade took place in

2622-665: Is the only level I trauma center in the region. William Beaumont Army Medical Center will be replaced by a new state of the art $ 1.2 billion Fort Bliss Replacement Hospital that will keep the same name and is expected to open in September 2020. El Paso is also home to the Medical Center of the Americas, an integrated complex of medical facilities anchored by Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso , Paul L. Foster School of Medicine , University Medical Center,

2736-451: The 1848 presidential election , and the 1848 election was won by the Whig ticket of Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore . Prophetically, Ralph Waldo Emerson quipped that "Mexico will poison us", referring to the ensuing divisions around whether the newly conquered lands would be slave or free. As of the 1848 election of Taylor, the issue was not yet apparent. Taylor was both a Whig and

2850-795: The Juarez Cartel . That trend has continued in 2013 when 497 homicides were reported, the lowest amount since 2007, dropping Ciudad Juárez to the 37th spot of most dangerous cities. El Paso is the medical hub of West Texas and Southern New Mexico , hosting numerous state-of-the-art medical centers. Some of the city's top hospitals include University Medical Center of El Paso , William Beaumont Army Medical Center , Sierra Medical Center, Las Palmas Medical Center, Del Sol Medical Center, Sierra Providence East Medical Center, El Paso Children's Hospital, Providence Memorial Hospital, and The Hospitals of Providence Transmountain Campus. University Medical Center

2964-604: The Mexican–American War (1846–48). The provisions of the compromise were: A debate over slavery in the territories erupted during the Mexican–American War , as many Southerners sought to expand slavery to the newly acquired lands and many Northerners opposed any such expansion. The debate was further complicated by Texas's claim to all former Mexican territory north and east of the Rio Grande , including areas it had never effectively controlled. These issues prevented

3078-659: The Territory of Utah , which expressly would be allowed to locally determine whether they would become slave or free territories, to add another free state to the Union (California), to adopt a severe measure to recover slaves who had escaped to a free state or free territory (the Fugitive Slave Law); and to abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia . A key provision of each of the laws respectively organizing

3192-694: The Texas State Legislature , rather than a unilateral enactment. This ratified the bargain and, in due course, the transfer of a broad swath of land from the state of Texas to the federal government was accomplished. In return for Texas's giving up this land, the United States assumed the debts of Texas. From the Mexican Cession, the New Mexico Territory received most of the present-day state of Arizona, most of

3306-670: The United States a confederacy at the time.) Many Northerners, meanwhile, were displeased by the Fugitive Slave Act. The debate over slavery in the territories would be re-opened in 1854 through the Kansas–Nebraska Act . It continued throughout the late 1850s, which culminated in one of the more well-known debates over slavery, the Lincoln-Douglas debates. In hindsight, the Compromise merely postponed

3420-517: The "Six Shooter Capital" because of its lawlessness. Prostitution and gambling flourished. During World War I, the U.S. Department of the Army pressured El Paso authorities to crack down on vice, creating a tourist boom in Juárez whose vice businesses continued to thrive. Mining and other industries gradually developed in the area. The 1920s and 1930s saw the emergence of major business development in

3534-546: The American Civil War for a decade, contrary to the expectations of many at the time, who felt the issue of slavery had finally been settled. During that decade, the Whig Party completely broke down, to be replaced with the new Republican Party dominant in the North, while Democrats reigned in the South. Others argue that the Compromise only made more obvious the pre-existing sectional divisions, and laid

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3648-930: The Americas , Stanton Street Bridge , and the Ysleta Bridge also known as the Zaragoza Bridge . There is also a land crossing at nearby Santa Teresa, New Mexico , and the Fabens-Caseta International Bridge in nearby Fabens, Texas . Ju%C3%A1rez Metropolitan Area Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.226 via cp1108 cp1108, Varnish XID 213301103 Upstream caches: cp1108 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 07:50:08 GMT Compromise of 1850 The Compromise of 1850

3762-571: The Civil War, such as the staunch anti-slavery William H. Seward and Salmon P. Chase , who would be in Lincoln's cabinet; the future president of the Confederacy , Jefferson Davis ; and rival to Abraham Lincoln, Stephen A. Douglas . On January 29, 1850, Senator Henry Clay introduced a plan which combined the major subjects under discussion. His legislative package of eight bills included

3876-409: The Compromise of 1850, as it came to be known, caused celebration in Washington and elsewhere, with crowds shouting, "The Union is saved!" Fillmore himself described the Compromise of 1850 as a "final settlement" of sectional issues, though the future of slavery in New Mexico and Utah remained unclear. The admission of new states, or the organization of territories in the remaining unorganized portion of

3990-813: The El Paso Psychiatric Center and by the El Paso Children's Hospital. It is also site to the Cardwell Collaborative biomedical research building, the Gayle Greve Hunt School of Nursing , and the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences. The Woody L. Hunt School of Dental Medicine is expected to open in 2021 in the MCA area as well. El Paso is served by El Paso International Airport , Amtrak via

4104-604: The Louisiana Purchase, could also potentially reopen the polarizing debate over slavery. Not all accepted the Compromise of 1850. Longing for the former national influence of the South, a South Carolina newspaper wrote, "the Rubicon is passed ... and the Southern States are now vassals in this Confederacy." (This was not referring to the then-future Confederate States of America ; many still considered

4218-635: The Paso del Norte Clean Cities Coalition exist as well. The largest universities in the region are the University of Texas at El Paso and the Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez (Autonomous University of Ciudad Juárez). These universities have strong ties to each other (as well as to the Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua ) with formal programs of exchange for scholars and students. Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso plays

4332-518: The Pilgrims' Thanksgiving). El Paso del Norte (the present-day Ciudad Juárez ), was founded on the south bank of the Río Bravo del Norte (Rio Grande) in 1659 by Spanish conquistadors. The Mission Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe became its first major settlement. Being a grassland then, agriculture flourished and vineyards and fruits constituted the bulk of the regional production. The Spanish Crown and

4446-670: The Rio Grande at El Paso del Norte was built in the time of Nueva España , over 250 years ago, from wood hauled in from Santa Fe. Today, this bridge is honored by the modern Santa Fe Street Bridge , and Santa Fe Street in downtown El Paso. Several bridges serve the El Paso–Ciudad Juárez area in addition to the Paso Del Norte Bridge also known as the Santa Fe Street Bridge, including the Bridge of

4560-664: The Rio Grande in part, but made no specific reference the claims of the Republic of Texas. The southwestern part of the ceded territory was referred to as the Mexican Cession ; but the boundaries between this Cession and the State of Texas were unclear, and Texas continued to claim all the territory north and east of the Rio Grande, which included a large stretch of land that it had never effectively controlled in present-day eastern New Mexico. New Mexico had long prohibited slavery,

4674-741: The Rio Grande) was established in 1854. Further west, a settlement on Coons' Rancho called Franklin became the nucleus of the future El Paso, Texas. A year later pioneer Anson Mills completed his plan of the town, calling it El Paso and the town was incorporated in 1873. During the French intervention in Mexico (1862–1867), El Paso del Norte served as a temporary stop for republican forces of ousted leader Benito Juárez until he established his government-in-exile in Chihuahua . In 1888, El Paso del Norte

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4788-498: The South on Texas's land claims. On April 17, a "Committee of Thirteen" agreed on the border of Texas as part of Clay's plan. The dimensions were later changed. That same day, during debates on the measures in the Senate, Vice President Fillmore and Senator Benton verbally sparred, with Fillmore charging that the Missourian was "out of order." During the heated debates, Compromise floor leader Henry S. Foote of Mississippi drew

4902-660: The TTU System, and since its opening, the university has expanded to include the Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, the Gayle Greve Hunt School of Nursing, and the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences. A fourth school, the Woody L. Hunt School of Dental Medicine is expected to open in 2021. The new medical school has become a great contributor to the region's economy, in 2015 the school contributed US$ 227 million to

5016-468: The Territory of New Mexico and the Territory of Utah was that slavery would be decided by local option, called popular sovereignty . That was an important repudiation of the idea behind the failure to prohibit slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico. However, the admission of California as a free state meant that Southerners were giving up their goal of a coast-to-coast belt of slave states. Texas

5130-403: The Texas side was drawn in the Compromise of 1850 . The communities on both sides of the border continued to function, in large part, as a single community. The United States Senate fixed a boundary between Texas and New Mexico at the thirty-second parallel, thus largely ignoring history and topography. A military post called "The Post opposite El Paso" (meaning opposite El Paso del Norte, across

5244-436: The U.S. and Mexico helped encourage many businesses to establish manufacturing operations in Mexico during the mid 20th century, thus making El Paso–Juárez an attractive location for manufacturing. The signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement helped spur this trend even further. Typical elevation in the El Paso–Juárez region is approximately 4,000 feet (1,200 m), though the Franklin Mountains , which run through

5358-483: The United States declared war on Mexico, beginning the Mexican–American War . In August 1846, Polk asked Congress for an appropriation that he hoped to use as a down payment for the purchase of California in a treaty with Mexico, igniting a debate over the status of future territories. A freshman Democratic Representative, David Wilmot of Pennsylvania, offered an amendment known as the Wilmot Proviso that would ban slavery in any newly acquired lands. The Wilmot Proviso

5472-406: The Utah Territory received present-day Utah, most of present-day Nevada (everything north of the 37th parallel), a major part of present-day Colorado (everything west of the crest of the Rocky Mountains), and a small part of present-day Wyoming. That included the newly founded colony at Salt Lake , of Brigham Young . The Utah Territory also received some land that had been claimed by Texas; this land

5586-429: The abolition of the slave trade in the District of Columbia, the admission of California as a free state, and even the application of the formula of popular sovereignty to the territories were all less important than the least remembered component of the Compromise of 1850—the statute by which Texas relinquished its claims to much of New Mexico in return for federal assumption of the debts." Proposals in 1846 to 1850 on

5700-466: The admission of California as a free state, the cession by Texas of some of its northern and western territorial claims in return for debt relief, the establishment of New Mexico and Utah territories, a ban on the importation of slaves into the District of Columbia for sale, and a more stringent fugitive slave law. Clay had originally favored voting on each of his proposals separately, but Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi convinced him to combine

5814-489: The airport accommodated 3,260,556 commercial passengers, an 11.3% increase or a little over 331,000 passenger increase from the previous year. The El Paso International Airport is home to the US/Mexico border largest cargo facilities and continues to have steady annual growth in air freight traffic through the airport. In 2018 El Paso International Airport was ranked 38th in air cargo traffic among American airports, it handled 700,728,342 lbs of air cargo, an increase of 33.45% from

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5928-467: The annexation of Texas by the United States. In December 1845, President James K. Polk signed a resolution annexing Texas, and Texas became the 28th state in the union. Polk, an expansionist and slave owner, sought further expansion through the acquisition of the Mexican province of Alta California , which represented new lands to settle as well as a potential gateway to trade in Asia . His administration attempted to purchase California from Mexico, but

6042-439: The annexation of Texas stoked tensions between Mexico and the United States. Relations between the two countries were further complicated by Texas's claim to all land north of the Rio Grande; Mexico argued that the more northern Nueces River was the proper Texan border. In March 1846, a skirmish broke out on the northern side of the Rio Grande, ending in the death or capture of dozens of American soldiers. Shortly thereafter,

6156-418: The bill came from the South. The Senate quickly moved on to the other major issues, passing bills that provided for the admission of California, the organization of New Mexico Territory, and the establishment of a new fugitive slave law. The debate then moved to the House of Representatives, where Fillmore, Senator Daniel Webster, Douglas, Representative Linn Boyd , and Speaker of the House Howell Cobb took

6270-462: The bill continued. Seven months of agonizing politicking lay ahead. President Taylor opposed the compromise and continued to call for immediate statehood for both California and New Mexico. Senator Calhoun and some other Southern leaders argued that the compromise was biased against the South because it would lead to the creation of new free states. Most Northern Whigs, led by William Henry Seward , who delivered his famous "Higher Law" speech during

6384-454: The border have been restricted to much tighter schedules for travel. The area is home to numerous parks and venues for outdoor recreation. The 24,000-acre (9,700 ha) Franklin Mountains State Park in El Paso is the largest urban park in the United States. Other urban parks in the area include Ascarate Park (El Paso), Parque Central (Juárez), Parque Chamizal (Juárez), Preciado Park (Las Cruces), and Rio Bosque Park (Socorro, Texas). Outside

6498-406: The border. The area employs approximately 262,000 people in manufacturing with 85% of those in Juárez. Many of the workers in Juárez, however, live in the United States. An important pillar of the economy of El Paso has been Fort Bliss and Biggs Army Airfield . Since frontier days military spending, directly and indirectly, has provided a significant source of money to El Paso and to the region as

6612-418: The city partially enabled by Prohibition era bootlegging with the area becoming a significant port of entry for liquor. The Depression era hit the region hard and population declined through the end of World War II. Following the war, military expansion in the area as well as oil discoveries in the Texas Permian Basin helped spur redevelopment in the mid-1900s. Disparities in wages and cost of living between

6726-402: The compromise prohibited the slave trade in Washington, D.C. , but not slave ownership. Southerners in Congress, alarmed and outraged, were unanimous in opposing the provision, seen as a concession to the abolitionists and a bad precedent, but they were outvoted. However, Washington's residents could still easily buy and sell slaves in the nearby states of Virginia and Maryland. Passage of

6840-424: The controversy, opposed the Compromise as well because it would apply the Wilmot Proviso to the western territories and because of the pressing of ordinary citizens into duty on slave-hunting patrols. That provision was inserted by Democratic Virginia Senator James M. Mason to entice border-state Whigs, who faced the greatest danger of losing slaves as fugitives but were lukewarm on general sectional issues related to

6954-476: The deaths of influential senators who worked on the compromise, primarily Henry Clay and Daniel Webster , contributed to the feeling of increasing disparity between the North and South. The delay of hostilities for ten years allowed the Northern states to continue to industrialize. The Southern states, largely based on slave labor and cash crop production, lacked the ability to industrialize heavily. According to historian Mark Stegmaier, "The Fugitive Slave Act,

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7068-576: The disposition of the territories, other issues had risen to prominence during the Taylor years. The Washington, D.C. slave trade angered many in the North, who viewed the presence of slavery in the capital as a blemish on the nation. Disputes around fugitive slaves had grown since 1830 in part due to improving means of transportation, as the enslaved used roads, railroads, and ships to escape. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 had granted jurisdiction to all state and federal judges over cases regarding fugitive slaves, but several Northern states, dissatisfied by

7182-400: The drug cartels began to grow rapidly after 2007. In 2008, officials reported more than 5,400 drug-related murders in Mexico, many in and near Juárez. On 20 February 2009, the U.S. State Department announced in an updated travel alert that "Mexican authorities report that more than 1,800 people have been killed in the city since January 2008." CNN listed the city among the ten most dangerous in

7296-423: The eastern portion of which is known locally as Alameda Avenue (formerly US 80). Texas 20 also includes portions of Texas Avenue in Central El Paso , Mesa Street from Downtown to the West Side, and Doniphan Drive on the West Side. Northeast El Paso is connected to West El Paso by Transmountain Road (Loop 375). The city also shares four international bridges and one railbridge with Ciudad Juárez. In 2009, El Paso

7410-458: The end of Polk's term in 1848, incredible news reached Washington: gold had been discovered in California. So began the California Gold Rush , which transformed California from a sleepy and almost forgotten land into a burgeoning hub with a population bigger than Delaware or Florida. The mostly lawless land found itself in desperate need of governance. Californians wanted to be made into a territory or state promptly. In response to growing demand for

7524-442: The expansion of slavery. Another issue that would affect the compromise was Texas's debt; it had approximately $ 10 million in debt left over from its time as an independent nation, and that debt would become a factor in the debates over the territories. California was part of the Mexican Cession. After the Mexican War, California was essentially run by military governors. President James K. Polk tried to get Congress to establish

7638-543: The fall of 1849. Midterm elections worsened matters, as the Free Soil Party had gained 12 seats, which gave them a king-maker position in the closely divided House: 105 Whigs to 112 Democrats. After three weeks and 62 ballots, the House could not elect a speaker; the main issue was slavery in the new territories. The tumult of that period was severe, with a loaded revolver drawn on the floor of Congress, several fistfights between Northerners and Southerners, and then Senator Jefferson Davis challenging an Illinois representative to

7752-494: The federal soldiers, reversed the administration's position late in July and threw its support to the compromise measures. At the same time, Fillmore denied Texas's claims to New Mexico, asserting that the United States had promised to protect the territorial integrity of New Mexico in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Fillmore's forceful response helped convince Texas's U.S. Senators, Sam Houston and Thomas Jefferson Rusk , to support Stephen Douglas's compromise. With their support,

7866-422: The former group has come to dominate the population. In 1970 El Paso was 57.3% Hispanic and 40.4% non-Hispanic white; in 2010 it was 80.7% Hispanic and 14.2% non-Hispanic white. In the same year El Paso County was 82.2% Hispanic. The Franklin Mountains region has had human settlement for thousands of years, as evidenced by Folsom points from hunter-gatherers found at Hueco Tanks . The earliest known cultures in

7980-410: The government of Mexico, which insisted that Mexico remained sovereign over Texas since Santa Anna had signed the treaty under coercion, and promised to reclaim the lost territories. To the extent that there was a de facto recognition, Mexico treated the Nueces River as its northern boundary control. A vast, largely unsettled area lay between the two rivers. Neither Mexico nor the Republic of Texas had

8094-430: The groundwork for future conflict. They view the Fugitive Slave Law as helping to polarize the US, as shown in the enormous reaction to Harriet Beecher Stowe 's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin . The passage of the Fugitive Slave Law aroused feelings of bitterness in the North. Furthermore, the Compromise of 1850 led to a breakdown in the spirit of compromise in the Antebellum period . The Compromise exemplifies that spirit, but

8208-495: The historic Union Depot , I-10 , US 54 (known locally as "54", the "North-South Freeway" or officially as the Patriot Freeway), Spur 601 (Liberty Expressway), US 180 and US 62 (Montana Avenue), US 85 (Paisano Drive), Loop 375 , Loop 478 (Copia Street-Pershing Drive-Dyer Street), numerous Texas Farm-to-Market roads (a class of state highway commonly abbreviated to FM) and the city's original thoroughfare, SH 20 ,

8322-925: The introduction of those exciting topics of a sectional character". The problem of what to do with the territories became the leading issue in Congress. So began the most famous debates in the history of Congress. At the head were the three titans of Congress: Henry Clay, Daniel Webster , and John C. Calhoun . All had been born during the American Revolution, and had carried the torch of the Founding Fathers . This represented their last and greatest act in politics. The nationalist Clay and Webster sought compromise, while Southern sectionalist Calhoun warned of imminent disaster. The triumvirate would be broken before long as Calhoun would die of tuberculosis . In March, shortly before his death, his final speech

8436-468: The issue of slavery in the Mexican Cession remained unresolved. While a Southern slaveowner himself, Taylor believed that slavery was economically infeasible in the Mexican Cession, and as such he opposed slavery in those territories as a needless source of controversy. In Taylor's view, the best way forward was to admit California as a state rather than a federal territory, as it would leave the slavery question out of Congress's hands. The timing for statehood

8550-551: The issue of the geographic reach of slavery within the Louisiana Purchase territories by prohibiting slavery in states north of 36°30′ latitude, and Polk sought to extend this line into the newly acquired territory. However, the divisive issue of slavery blocked any such legislation. As his term came to a close, Polk signed the lone territorial bill passed by Congress, which established the Territory of Oregon and banned slavery in it. Polk declined to seek re-election in

8664-414: The lack of due process in these cases, had passed personal liberty laws that made it more difficult to return alleged fugitive slaves to the South. Congress also faced the issue of Utah , which like California and New Mexico, had been ceded by Mexico. Utah was inhabited largely by Latter-day Saints whose then-practice of polygamy was unpopular elsewhere in the United States. When Taylor took office,

8778-462: The later 20th century has re-opened much of the access between the communities. Even today the cities still see themselves as a single, closely tied community. The violence in Ciudad Juárez that erupted in 2008–2009 has forced the U.S. to tighten its policies regarding allowing Juárez residents access to El Paso. Tourists, workers, and students who were once allowed regular access across

8892-481: The lead in convincing members to support the compromise bills that had been passed in the Senate. The Senate's proposed settlement of the Texas-New Mexico boundary faced intense opposition from many Southerners, as well as from some Northerners who believed that Texas did not deserve monetary compensation. After a series of close votes that nearly delayed consideration of the issue, the House voted to approve

9006-565: The local authorities of El Paso del Norte had made several land concessions to bring agricultural production to the northern bank of the river in present-day El Paso. However, the Apaches dissuaded settlement and development across the river. The water provided a natural defense against them. El Paso became the southernmost locality of the Provincia de Nuevo Mexico (modern New Mexico ). It remained largest city in New Mexico until its north side

9120-460: The local economy. Though the national boundaries are an important point of separation, efforts at regional planning and economic integration exist in the local governments and the business communities. Regional business advocacy groups such as El Paso Regional Economic Development Corporation and World Trade Center El Paso/Juárez serve to attract businesses to the area and market its benefits. Efforts at community and environmental cooperation including

9234-515: The major construction was completed, around spring 2018, it was transferred to Sun Metro , for operation and maintenance. As of 2016, construction of the system was projected to cost $ 97 million. El Paso International Airport, a public airport four miles northeast of Downtown El Paso , has fifteen gates on two concourses and is served by seven major airlines, Alaska , Allegiant , American , Delta , Frontier , Southwest , and United Airlines and has flights to fourteen direct destinations. In 2018,

9348-472: The metropolitan area there are major state and national parks in the vicinity. The most well-known of these is Big Bend National Park , which is adjacent to Big Bend Ranch State Park . Closer to the cities are Guadalupe Mountains National Park , Lincoln National Forest , and Gila National Forest . While violent crime has been an increasingly serious issue in Cd. Juárez since the 1990s, El Paso has remained one of

9462-666: The military strength to assert its territorial claim. On December 29, 1845, the Republic of Texas was annexed to the United States and became the 28th state . To facilitate US annexation, Sam Houston played a ploy on the American government by flirting with the British. The British believed that they could make the state abolish slavery by purchasing it. However, Southern leaders, alarmed by the threat of British emancipation of Texan slaves, pushed harder for annexation. Eventually, John Tyler , in hopes of appealing to southern Democrats, led

9576-485: The passage of organic acts to create organized territorial governments for the land acquired in the Mexican–American War. In early 1850, Clay proposed a package of eight bills that would settle most of the pressing issues before Congress. Clay's proposal was opposed by President Zachary Taylor , anti-slavery Whigs like William Seward , and pro-slavery Democrats like John C. Calhoun , and congressional debate over

9690-537: The previous year. Abraham Gonzalez International Airport is located at the southern end of Cd. Juárez. It accommodates the national and international air traffic of the city of Ciudad Juárez. The airport is served by five major airlines Aeroméxico , Interjet , TAR Aerolíneas , VivaAerobus , and Volaris and has non-stop flights to twelve destinations. In 2017, Abraham González International Airport handled 1,173,135 passengers, and in 2018 it handled 1,364,028 passengers, an increase of 16.3%. The first bridge to cross

9804-440: The proposals regarding California's admission and the disposition of Texas's borders into one bill. Clay hoped that this combination of measures would convince House members from both North and South to support the overall package of laws even if they objected to specific provisions. Clay's proposal attracted the support of some Northern Democrats and Southern Whigs, but it lacked the backing necessary to win passage, and debate over

9918-548: The push for annexation with Abel Upshur . Texas was staunchly committed to slavery, with its constitution making it illegal for the legislature to free slaves. The United States inherited the Texas-Mexican boundary dispute after annexing Texas, which quickly led to the Mexican-American War. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , which ended the war, defined the new Mexico–United States border , which followed

10032-675: The region (population 1,321,004 as of 2010). El Paso is the next largest (682,669 as of 2018), and Las Cruces is the third largest (102,296 as of 2018). Major American suburbs are Fabens, Texas ; San Elizario, Texas ; Socorro, Texas ; and Sunland Park, New Mexico . Smaller communities include Anthony, New Mexico ; Anthony, Texas ; Canutillo, Texas ; Chaparral, New Mexico ; Horizon City, Texas ; Mesilla, New Mexico ; Santa Teresa, New Mexico ; University Park, New Mexico ; Vado, New Mexico ; and Westway, Texas . The population of El Paso has historically been dominated by both Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic white Americans ; in recent decades

10146-634: The region were maize farmers. At the time of the arrival of the Spanish the Manso , Suma, and Jumano tribes populated the area and today form the basis of the Mestizo culture in the area. The Mescalero Apache roamed the region as well. Spanish explorer Don Juan de Oñate was the first European explorer to arrive at the Rio Grande near modern Ciudad Juárez and El Paso in 1598, celebrating Thanksgiving Mass there on April 30, 1598 (several decades before

10260-648: The region, have peaks rising much higher. North Franklin Peak , for example, rises to 7,192 feet (2,192 m). The most well-known feature of the area is the Rio Grande , which divides the U.S. from Mexico. The river flows through the Rio Grande Rift , which passes around the southern end of the Franklin Mountains . West of Juárez and El Paso the river turns away from the border, connecting these cities with Las Cruces, New Mexico . Mt. Cristo Rey,

10374-479: The region. As of 2010 the region holds offices for more than 70 Fortune 500 companies. It is also home to more than 320 manufacturing plants (those in Ciudad Juárez are commonly referred to as maquiladoras ) and more than 1,100 manufacturing operations total. The largest sectors of manufacturing are automobiles and automobile components, and consumer electronic components. Apparel and textile manufacturing, though, are important sectors as well, particularly north of

10488-439: The region. Until the 1920s and 1930s the communities of Ciudad Juárez and El Paso enjoyed largely unfettered access to one another, maintaining a sense of unity. Prohibition and World War II brought about more strict enforcement of the border in this region, making access between the communities more difficult. Nevertheless, the communities have continued to share ethnic and cultural bonds particularly as economic integration in

10602-483: The residents of that state but also both camps on a national scale had an interest in the size of Texas. The independent Republic of Texas won the decisive Battle of San Jacinto (April 21, 1836) against Mexico and captured Mexican president Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna . He signed the Treaties of Velasco , which recognized the Rio Grande as the boundary of the Republic of Texas. The treaties were then repudiated by

10716-476: The return of escaped slaves to their masters in slave states. Any federal marshal or other official who did not arrest an alleged runaway slave was liable to a fine of $ 1,000 (equivalent to $ 36,624 in 2023). Law enforcement everywhere in the US now had a duty to arrest anyone suspected of being a fugitive slave on no more evidence than a claimant's sworn testimony of ownership. Suspected slaves could neither ask for

10830-413: The safest large cities in the United States. In January 2014, El Paso was ranked as the safest large city in the United States for the fourth straight year according to the annual City Crime Rankings by CQ Press. El Paso has been in the study's top three large cities with the lowest crime rates since 1997. Though violent crime on the U.S. side of the border has remained very low, murders in Juárez related to

10944-400: The status of territory issues, and the issue of slavery. While capable of analytical distinction, the boundary and territory issues were included in the overarching issue of slavery. Pro-slavery and anti-slavery interests were each concerned with both the amount of land on which slavery was permitted and with the number of States in the slave or free camps. Since Texas was a slave state, not only

11058-559: The territories continued. The debates over the bill are among the most famous in Congressional history, and the divisions devolved into fistfights and drawn guns on the floor of Congress. After Taylor died and was succeeded by Fillmore, Douglas took the lead in passing Clay's compromise through Congress as five separate bills. Under the compromise, Texas surrendered its claims to present-day New Mexico and other states in return for federal assumption of Texas's public debt. California

11172-544: The territories would be re-opened by the Kansas–Nebraska Act (1854), but the Compromise of 1850 played a major role in postponing the American Civil War . The Republic of Texas declared its independence from Mexico following the Texas Revolution of 1836, and, partly because Texas had been settled by a large number of Americans, there was a strong sentiment in both Texas and the United States for

11286-477: The western part of the present-day state of New Mexico, and the southern tip of present-day Nevada (south of the 37th parallel ). The territory also received most of present-day eastern New Mexico, a portion of present-day Colorado (east of the crest of the Rocky Mountains , west of the 103rd meridian, and south of the 38th parallel ); all of this land had been claimed by Texas. From the Mexican Cession,

11400-474: The world in 2010. The deteriorating situation caused drastic changes in daily life for citizens in Juárez after 2008. After the homicide rates escalated to the point of making Cd. Juárez the most violent city in the world, the city has seen a significant and steady decline in violent crime since then. In 2012, homicides were at their lowest rate since 2007 when drug violence flared between the Sinaloa cartel and

11514-530: Was ceded to the US in 1850. It communicated with Santa Fe and Mexico City by the Royal Road. American spies, traders and fur trappers visited the area since 1804 and some intermarried with the area's Hispanic elite. Although there was no combat in the region during the Mexican War of Independence , El Paso del Norte experienced the negative effects it had on its wine trade. The Texas Revolution (1836)

11628-543: Was a crime to assist a fugitive. Many Northerners deeply resented these provisions. The violent process of returning slaves to the South made the act abhorrent to many Northerners. Resentment towards the Act further heightened tensions between the North and South, which were then inflamed further by abolitionists such as Harriet Beecher Stowe . Her novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin , stressed the horrors of recapturing escaped slaves and outraged Southerners. A statute enacted as part of

11742-512: Was a package of five separate bills passed by the United States Congress in September 1850 that temporarily defused tensions between slave and free states in the years leading up to the American Civil War . Designed by Whig senator Henry Clay and Democratic senator Stephen A. Douglas , with the support of President Millard Fillmore , the compromise centered on how to handle slavery in recently acquired territories from

11856-413: Was admitted as a free state, while the remaining portions of the Mexican Cession were organized into New Mexico Territory and Utah Territory . Under the concept of popular sovereignty , the people of each territory would decide whether or not slavery would be permitted. The compromise also included a more stringent Fugitive Slave Law and banned the slave trade in Washington, D.C. The issue of slavery in

11970-444: Was allowed to keep the following portions of the disputed land: south of the 32nd parallel and south of the 36°30' parallel north and east of the 103rd meridian west . The rest of the disputed land was transferred to the United States. The final border was designed to keep the frontier settlement of El Paso in Texas, since despite that settlement's geographic, historic, and economic ties to New Mexico, Texas had recently established

12084-475: Was constitutional. Though some in Texas still favored sending a military expedition into New Mexico, in November 1850 the state legislature voted to accept the compromise. The general solution that was adopted by the Compromise of 1850 was to transfer a considerable part of the territory claimed by Texas state to the federal government; to organize two new territories formally, the Territory of New Mexico and

12198-644: Was defeated in the Senate, but it injected the slavery debate into national politics. In September 1847, an American army under General Winfield Scott captured the Mexican capital in the Battle for Mexico City . Several months later, Mexican and American negotiators agreed to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , under which Mexico agreed to recognize the Rio Grande as Texas's southern border and to cede Alta California and New Mexico . The Missouri Compromise had settled

12312-477: Was delivered by his friend the Virginia Senator James M. Mason , as the blanket-wrapped Calhoun sat nearby, too weak to do it himself. He provided a prescient warning that the South perceived the balance between North and South as broken, and that any further imbalance might lead to war. The situation was severe. Other players included a variety of rising politicians who would play key roles in

12426-467: Was home to number 52, number 98, and number 100 of the 100 most congested roads in Texas, which are, respectively: North Zaragoza Road between Sun Fire Boulevard and Interstate 10; Lee Trevino Drive between Montana Avenue and I-10; and I-10 between the Patriot Freeway and Loop 375. The ViveBus BRT system opened to the public in November 2013 with the first route of 5 planned. The project was made

12540-635: Was in Taylor's favor, as the Gold Rush was well underway at the time of his inauguration, and California's population was exploding. In October 1849, a California constitutional convention unanimously agreed to join the Union—and to ban slavery within their borders. In his December 1849 State of the Union report , Taylor endorsed California's and New Mexico's applications for statehood, and recommended that Congress approve them as written and "should abstain from

12654-543: Was not felt in the region as the area was never considered part of Texas until 1848. Given the blurry reclamations of the Texas Republic that wanted a chunk of the Santa Fe trade, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo effectively made the settlements on the north bank of the river a formal American settlement, separate from Old El Paso del Norte on the Mexican side. The present Texas-New Mexico boundary placing El Paso on

12768-517: Was physically exhausted as the effects of tuberculosis , which would eventually kill him, began to take their toll. Clay left the Senate to recuperate in Newport , Rhode Island , and Senator Stephen A. Douglas took the lead in attempting to pass Clay's proposals through the Senate. Fillmore, anxious to find a quick solution to the conflict in Texas over the border with New Mexico, which threatened to become an armed conflict between Texas militia and

12882-549: Was renamed in honor of Juárez. In the later 19th century the population in the region began to grow rapidly. With the arrival of the Southern Pacific , Texas and Pacific and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe railroads in 1881, trade with the rest of the U.S. increased substantially. The area attracted newcomers ranging from businessmen and priests , to gunfighters and prostitutes. In the U.S. El Paso became known as

12996-402: Was succeeded by Vice President Fillmore, who had privately come to support Clay's proposal. The various bills were initially combined into one "omnibus" bill. Despite Clay's efforts, it failed in a crucial vote on July 31, opposed by southern Democrats and by northern Whigs. He announced on the Senate floor the next day that he intended to pass each part of the bill. The 73-year-old Clay, however,

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