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107-693: Li Hanzhang (李瀚章), the governor of Hunan in the Qing Dynasty, stated in the memorial that the Gelaohui "originated in Sichuan and Guizhou for a long time", the society engaged in several uprisings across China, notably in Hunan province during 1870 and 1871. Numerous individuals notable in late-19th and early-20th Chinese history (including Zhu De , Wu Yuzhang , Liu Zhidan and He Long ) were Gelaohui members. Strongly xenophobic and anti- Manchu Qing,

214-446: A bodyguard, theoretically each ying was to possess 2 light mortars and 48 jingals with spears swords and matchlocks compromising the rest of the armament by 1864 foreign rifles equipped several squads per Ying. 2 to 10 battalions formed a brigade under a Brigadier General with 2 or more Brigadier Generals being able to form an army. The senior commanders often appointed their junior commanders from amongst relatives and friends. In 1856

321-478: A distinctive dry-and-spicy ( 干辣 ; gānlà ) taste, with dishes such as smoked cured ham and stir-fried spicy beef being prime examples of the flavor. Huaguxi is a local form of Chinese opera that is very popular in Hunan province. Located in the south central part of the Chinese mainland, Hunan has long been known for its natural environment. It is surrounded by mountains on the east, west, and south, and by

428-481: A more recent leader from Hunan is former Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji . Hunan is located on the south bank of the Yangtze River , about halfway along its length, situated between 108° 47'–114° 16' east longitude and 24° 37'–30° 08' north latitude . Hunan covers an area of 211,800 square kilometres (81,800 square miles), making it the 10th largest provincial-level division. The east, south and west sides of

535-592: A regular Green Standard soldier's salary of about 1.5 tael of silver per month. After the Taiping Rebellion was crushed, the Hunan armies petitioned to the Manchu Court to disband themselves, for fear of rumored rebellion against the Manchus as they had grown too powerful in the eyes of the Manchus. The Manchu Court only agreed to turn Peng Yulin's army into a navy. Zeng Guofan began disarming

642-541: A series of stalemates against the Gansu Qing loyalist army made out of Muslims under Ma Anliang and Manchu governor general Shengyun's command. Both sides suffered heavy casualties but Lichuan (Li-chuan) and Qianzhou (Chien-chou) fell to the Gansu army. The Qing emperor abdicated when Xianyang (Shien-yang) was about to be attacked by the Gansu army. The Manchu governor general Shengyun tried who wanted to keep fighting after

749-569: A small naval army. Headquarters were located in Qimen County , Anhui from 1853 to 1861. After recovering Anqing , then capital of Anhui in September 1861, the headquarters was moved there because of its proximity to Nanjing. The Hunan army's official Ying (battalion) consisted of 5 officers 500 soldiers and when the administration and carriers are added the number reaches 688 men. With each battalion being divided into 4 shao (company) and

856-853: Is 1,200 to 1,700 millimetres (47 to 67 in). The Furongian Epoch in the Cambrian Period of geological time is named for Hunan; Furong ( 芙蓉 ) means " lotus " in Mandarin and refers to Hunan which is known as the "lotus state". Hunan is divided into fourteen prefecture-level divisions : thirteen prefecture-level cities and an autonomous prefecture : The fourteen prefecture -level divisions of Hunan are subdivided into 122 county -level divisions (35 districts , 17 county-level cities , 63 counties, 7 autonomous counties ). Those are in turn divided into 2587 township -level divisions (1098 towns , 1,158 townships , 98 ethnic townships , 225 subdistricts , and eight district public offices ). At

963-513: Is 35 km (14 sq mi). It is very close to National Highway G320. The major industries in the zone include biotechnology, food processing and heavy industry. In 2007, the park signed a cooperation contract with Beijing Automobile Industry, one of the largest auto makers in China, which will set up a manufacturing base in Zhuzhou HTP. As of the 2000 census , the population of Hunan

1070-673: Is 64,400,700 consisting of forty-one ethnic groups . Its population grew 6.17% (3,742,700) from its 1990 levels. According to the census, 89.79% (57,540,000) identified themselves as Han Chinese and 10.21% (6,575,300) as minority groups . The minority groups are Tujia , Miao , Dong , Yao , Bai , Hui , Zhuang , Uyghurs and so on. In Hunan, ethnic minority languages are spoken in the following prefectures. Religion in Hunan Around 5,000 Uyghurs live around Taoyuan County and other parts of Changde . Hui and Uyghurs have intermarried in this area. In addition to eating pork,

1177-444: Is 99.43%, and the comprehensive population coverage rate of television is 99.77%. There are 137 national intangible cultural heritage protection lists and 410 provincial intangible cultural heritage protection lists. 12,078 books, 235 periodicals, and 44 newspapers have been published, with a total print run of 590 million books, 80 million periodicals, and 500 million newspapers. Hunan is a region with complex dialects. The dialects in

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1284-540: Is also the seat of 12 adult higher education institutions. Two major cities in Hunan (Changsha and Xiangtan ) were ranked in the top 200 cities in the world by scientific research output , as tracked by the Nature Index in 2024. There are three national key universities under Project 985 ( Hunan University , Central South University and the National University of Defense Technology ) in Hunan,

1391-829: Is believed that the Gelaohui originated from the Guoluhui in Sichuan in the early Qianlong period. In the Jiaqing period and Daoguang period, due to the northward movement of the Tiandihui forces, it merged with the forces of Bailianjiao and Guolu Party (啯噜党) in Chuan Chu (川楚) area. And they infiltrated and integrated with each other to form the name of the Gaolaohui. During the reign of the Tongzhi period and Guangxu period, with

1498-414: Is noted for its stibnite mines, and is one of the major centers of antimony extraction in China. Hunan is also well known for a few global makers of construction equipment such as concrete pumps , cranes , etc. These companies include Sany Group , Zoomlion and Sunward . Sany is one of the world's major players. The city of Liuyang is the world's top center for manufacturing fireworks . Hunan

1605-714: Is the 9th-largest provincial economy of China, the third largest in the Central China region after Henan and Hubei , the fourth largest in the South Central China region after Guangdong , Henan and Hubei and the fourth largest among inland provinces after Henan, Sichuan and Hubei. As of 2021, Hunan's nominal GDP was US$ 724 billion (CNY 4.6 trillion), appearing in the world's top 20 largest sub-national economies with its GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) being over US$ 1.1 trillion, and its GDP (nominal) per capita exceeded US$ 10,900 (69,300 CNY ), making it

1712-523: Is the seat of the Yuelu Academy (later become Hunan University ), which is one of the four major academies over the last 1000 years in ancient China. As of 2023, Hunan hosts 137 institutions of higher education , ranking fifth among all Chinese provinces. As of 2024, two major cities in Hunan (Changsha 23rd and Xiangtan 199th) ranked in the world's top 200 cities by scientific research outputs. Hunan's primeval forests were first occupied by

1819-500: Is today housed in nearby Singapore. Hunan's climate is subtropical ; further, under the Köppen climate classification , the climate is classified as being humid subtropical (Köppen Cfa ), with short, cool, damp winters, very hot and humid summers, and plenty of rainfall. January temperatures average 3 to 8 °C (37 to 46 °F), while July temperatures average around 27 to 30 °C (81 to 86 °F). Average annual precipitation

1926-462: The 22nd- and 25th-largest in the world respectively. The name Hunan literally means "south of the lake". The lake that is referred to is Dongting Lake , a lake in the northeast of the province. Vehicle license plates from Hunan are marked Xiāng ( Chinese : 湘 ), after the Xiang River , which runs from south to north through Hunan and forms part of the largest drainage system for

2033-523: The 2nd richest in the Central China region after Hubei and the 3rd richest in South Central China region after Guangdong and Hubei. As of 2020, Hunan's GDP (nominal) was US$ 605 billion, making it larger than the economies of Poland (the 22nd biggest in the world), Thailand (the 2nd largest in ASEAN), and Nigeria (the largest in Africa). The Changsha National Economic and Technology Development Zone

2140-734: The Dungan Revolt (1862–1877) . Remnants of the Xiang Army which also fought in the war were then called the "Old Hunan Army". The Taiping rebellion started in December 1850 in Guangxi Province, growing after a series of small victories over the local Qing forces. The revolt rapidly spread northward. In March 1853, between 700,000 and 800,000 Taiping soldiers directed by commander-in-chief Yang Xiuqing took Nanjing, killing 30,000 Manchu civilians and bannermen . The city became

2247-592: The Green Standard Army , totaled about 2,300,000 (included the Xiang Army). Taiping Rebellion soldiers amounted to about 1,800,000 (including 300,000 local gang members who repeatedly changed sides). After 1864 a significant portion of the Army was disbanded on orders from Zeng. However at units under Zuo Zongtang continue to exist. They numbered around 120,000 by the 1870s. The Xiang Army also had

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2354-530: The Hunan region where the Army was raised. The Army was financed through local nobles and gentry, as opposed to through the centralized Manchu -led Qing dynasty. The army was mostly disbanded by Zeng after the re-capture of the Taiping capital at Nanking . Although it was raised specifically to address problems in Hunan, the Army formed the core of the new Qing military establishment, and as such, forever weakened

2461-689: The Long March to bases in Shaanxi Province. After the departure of the Communists, the KMT army fought against the Japanese in the second Sino-Japanese war . They defended Changsha until it fell in 1944. Japan launched Operation Ichigo , a plan to control the railroad from Wuchang to Guangzhou ( Yuehan Railway ). Hunan was relatively unscathed by the civil war that followed the defeat of

2568-775: The Qing dynasty . Hunan province was created in 1664 from Huguang, renamed to its current name in 1723. Hunan became an important communications center due to its position on the Yangzi River . It was an important centre of scholarly activity and Confucian thought, particularly in the Yuelu Academy in Changsha . It was also on the Imperial Highway constructed between northern and southern China. The land produced grain so abundantly that it fed many parts of China with its surpluses. The population continued to climb until, by

2675-721: The Xiang Army may have been Gelaohui members, and after the disbandment of the army in the aftermath of the Taiping Rebellion it spread along the Yangtze to become a Triad order. The Geolaohui became increasingly associated with the revolutionaries of Dr. Sun Yat-sen's Tongmenhui during the early 1900s, participating in the Xinhai Revolution against the Qing, and infiltrating the army and education system. It

2782-760: The Zi , the Yuan and the Lishui Rivers converge on the Yangtze River at Lake Dongting in the north of Hunan. The center and northern parts are somewhat low and a U-shaped basin, open in the north and with Lake Dongting as its center. Most of Hunan lies in the basins of four major tributaries of the Yangtze River. Lake Dongting is the largest lake in the province and the second largest freshwater lake of China. The Xiaoxiang area and Lake Dongting figure prominently in Chinese poetry and paintings, particularly during

2889-456: The baoyi bondservant Chang Geng and Manchu Shengyun. Eastern soldiers of the new republic were mobilized by Yuan Shikai when the attack against Shaanxi began by Ma Anliang, but news of the abdication of the Qing emperor reached Ma Anliang before he attacked Xi'an, so Ma Anliang ended all military operations and changed his allegiance to the Republic of China. All pro-Qing military activity in

2996-403: The late Qing Era , Hunan became the center of revolution and reformation, and it was the birthplace of many famous Chinese scholars, politicians, and generals, including the most influential and controversial figure of China in the 20th century, Mao Zedong . As of 2022, Hunan's culture and related industries achieved an added value of CN¥250.65 billion (US$ 37.27 billion), accounting for 5.27% of

3103-683: The "Hunan CCP Party Chief ". As of the mid-19th century, Hunan exported rhubarb , musk, honey, tobacco, hemp , and birds. The Lake Dongting area is an important center of ramie production, and Hunan is also an important center of tea cultivation. Hunan was a major recipient of China's investment in industrial capacity during the Third Front campaign. In recent years, Hunan has grown to become an important center for steel, machinery and electronics production, especially as China's manufacturing sector moves away from coastal provinces such as Guangdong and Zhejiang . The Lengshuijiang area

3210-575: The "tenets" of the Gelaohui was "hatred of the foreigner", from which "hatred of the Manchu" was derived, and it encouraged the killing of foreigners. The Gelaohui hated foreigners and Christians . During the Xinhai Revolution in 1912, they attacked Catholic missions in Sandaohe, Ningxia, but the Chinese Muslim forces under Muslim General Ma Fuxiang protected the missions. The Gelaohui and

3317-656: The 1860s to create the Gelaohui as a major sociopolitical force: (1) members from the Guolu, which had been a marginalized group in the 1840s, (2) members from the Hunan forces fighting the Taiping rebellion, and (3) members from the 1859-1865 major peasant uprising against the Qing empire led by Li Longhe and Lan Dashun. In the 1870s and 1880s, the Gelaohui began gradually accepting wealthy merchants and gentry into its membership. The 1880s and 1890s, new Gelaohui lodges tended to be led by men who were already respected community figures. Beginning as an anti-Manchu organization, by 1891

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3424-478: The 1911 revolution with some missionaries getting killed but were reigned in by their superiors and told to only attack Manchus. The Gelaohui then attacked the 20,000 Manchus in the Manchu quarter of the city and slaughtered the majority of them (15,000), expelling the rest. The Manchu governor Sheng Yun flew into a rage as he escaped to Gansu and ordered Gansu Hui Muslim general Ma Anliang to lead Muslim Hui soldiers from Gansu to destroy and sack Xi'an in retaliation for

3531-486: The Beijing attack failed. Zeng Guofan was tasked with limiting the rebel's attempts to take control of Hunan. In 1852, he was appointed by the Qing court as commissioner of militia organization for Central China. Zeng Guofan expanded the pre-existing tuanlian militia into an armed force with a total of 17,000 men, including thirteen battalions consisting of 6500 men and a navy of ten battalions consisting of 5000 men. It

3638-616: The Elder Brothers Society. The question of the origins of the Gelaohui is a mystery that has long plagued historical researchers. The exact date of its establishment is still unknown. It's believed that the Gelaohui had the same origin with Tiandihui , that railed against the Manchu Qing Dynasty, founded by Zheng Chenggong during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty to "Oppose the Qing dynasty and restore

3745-534: The Gansu army officers under Dong Fuxiang. The Qing ordered the Gansu-based Ma Anliang to fight against the revolutionaries in Shaanxi and the revolutionaries attacked Ningxia in Gansu and Ma Anliang recovered it, but that was the last victory for the loyalist side as the Qing abdicated and Shaanxi was not taken by the Gansu forces. Ma Anliang was ordered to attack the revolutionaries in Shaanxi by

3852-603: The Gelaohui had grown to encompass a wide variety of revolutionary aims. They were blamed for anti-foreign riots around the Yangtze delta , apparently in hope of provoking foreigners and damaging the Chinese government's international standing, and accused of infiltrating schools to foster anti-Western sentiment . After the German government took over Shandong many Chinese feared that the foreign missionaries and quite possibly all Christian activities were colonial attempts at "carving

3959-594: The Gelaohui in massacring and raping Manchus while the Hui Muslims of Gansu under general Ma Anliang and Ma Qi supported the status quo so Ma Anliang led an army of Hui to fight against the Hui and Han rebels in Shaanxi and Ma Qi helped relive the Ningxia garrison, but Ma Anliang and Ma Qi stood down and when Yuan Shikai forced the Qing dynasty to abdicate and swore allegiance to Yuan Shikai's government, supporting

4066-567: The Gelaohui were active in the Xinhai Revolution of 1911, as well as taking part in attacks on Catholic missions and converts in 1912. Originally quite willing to take on other "oppressed" Chinese minorities, several Chinese Muslim Gelaohui members participated in the Ningxia Revolution , and there was a substantial number of Muslim Gelaohui in Shaanxi . During the Xinhai Revolution of Xinjiang , there were fightings related to

4173-817: The Hui rebels before the Hui rebels were crushed. Despite being staunchly against the production and sale of opium by foreign powers during the later Qing Dynasty, members of the Gelaohui became involved in domestic opium harvesting. A successor to Gelaohui in Sichuan, named the Gown Brotherhood (袍哥会) permeated all forms of local government in Songpan County until the Second Sino-Japanese War . Despite campaigns stemming from Chengdu to decrease opium production and consumption, mountainous regions in rural Sichuan which relied on trade used opium production to offset increased land taxation from

4280-417: The Hunan army possessed approximately 60,000 soldiers all being Hunanese with later recruitment being expanded beyond Hunan it was reported the army numbered 200 Ying or 137,600 soldiers. One of Zeng Guofan's priorities for the Xiang Army was finance, understanding that good pay was crucial for battlefield morale. As a result, a Xiang Army soldier's salary was four tael of silver every month, compared to

4387-602: The Japanese in 1945. In 1949, the Communists returned once more as the Nationalists retreated southward. In the 1950s, General Wang Zhen coerced thousands of Hunanese women into sexual servitude at PLA units in Xinjiang. As Mao Zedong's home province, Hunan supported the Cultural Revolution of 1966–1976. However, it was slower than most provinces in adopting the reforms implemented by Deng Xiaoping in

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4494-565: The Manchu influence within the military ( Eight Banners ). This devolution of centralized command is commonly pointed to as a major reason for the eventual downfall of the Qing and the emergence of regional warlordism in China during the first half of the twentieth century. The Xiang Army was one of two armies known as the Hunan Army. Another Hunan Army, called the Chu Army , was created by former Xiang commander Zuo Zongtang to fight in

4601-553: The Ming dynasty" (反清复明). This has long been the most popular theory in Chinese historiography. This theory originated from the revolutionaries represented by Tao Chengzhang and others during the 1911 Revolution . It's believed that the Gelaohui can be traced back to the reign of Qianlong period, while its actual formation took place during the Jiaqing period and Daoguang period. Sichuan's Yansi (咽嗜) and Qianhui (钱会) can be regarded as

4708-568: The Muslim warlord Ma Fuxiang came to an agreement in 1922, in which Ma Fuxiang agreed to allow the Gelaohui to extort protection money from wool merchants in Baotou . The Muslim General Ma Lu (马禄) was a member of the Gelaohui. He fought against the Japanese in World War II along with Muslim General Ma Biao . The Muslim General Ma Yuanlin (马元林) was a member of the Gelaohui. The Hunan Army

4815-818: The National University of Defense and Technology and Changsha University of Science and Technology located in Changsha, were ranked in the world's top 701 of the Academic Ranking of World Universities . Hunan Agricultural University in Changsha, the University of South China in Hengyang , Hunan University of Technology in Zhuzhou and Xiangtan University in Xiangtan were ranked in

4922-500: The Nationalist government, of which Gown Brothers acted as security and distribution networks. Xi'an Hui Muslims managed tea shops in Songpan County , Sichuan. The Gelaohui in Sichuan attacked western Christian missionaries and promoted the growing and trafficking of opium against the Qing government which tried to crack down on opium. The Gelaohui was present in the Sichuan Hubei border and the Fuguhui group which promoted traditional Han hairstyle and clothes against modern western influence

5029-499: The Qing abdication tried to hide the abdication, but Ma Anliang received news of it sent to him by Zhang Fengyi (Chang Feng-yi) via telegram. Shengyun was sarcastically asked by Ma Anliang, "Now that the emperor has abdicated, for whom shall we fight? Do you intend to succeed the emperor? Ma Anliang fought in 1895 to relieve Xining with four ying of troops and served in the Gansu army under Dong Fuxiang. The Qing governor generals Changgeng (Chang-keng) and Shengyun had close relations with

5136-428: The Qing court's abdication, sent the Shaanxi revolutionaries Henan reinforcements to press Ma Anliang into giving up. Ma Anliang in Gansu finally received news of the Qing abdication in Beijing and decided to stop the frozen battle neither side was winning, and joined the revolutionaries, ending the Qing cause in Gansu. Ma Anliang and Zhang Yunshan then met in March. After October 1911, the Shaanxi revolutionaries were in

5243-423: The Qing. Ma Anliang was also approached and asked to defect from the Qing by the Hui Beijing Imam Wang Kuan who was summonsed by the revolutionaries. He told him "not to fall into the trap of some wicked man" (the Manchu governor general) and "not to elect one name and neglect the needs of millions" (referring to the Qing royal family as one name). Yuan Shikai, who became president after the Republic of China accepted

5350-496: The Song dynasty when they were associated with officials who had been unjustly dismissed. Changsha (which means "long sands") was an active ceramics district during the Tang dynasty , its tea bowls, ewers and other products mass-produced and shipped to China's coastal cities for export abroad. An Arab dhow dated to the 830s and today known as the Belitung Shipwreck was discovered off the small island of Belitung, Indonesia with more than 60,000 pieces in its cargo. The salvaged cargo

5457-466: The Uygurs of Changde practice other Han Chinese customs, like ancestor worship at graves. Some Uyghurs from Xinjiang visit the Hunan Uyghurs out of curiosity or interest. The Uyghurs of Hunan do not speak the Uyghur language , instead, Mandarin Chinese is spoken as their native language. The predominant religions in Hunan are Chinese Buddhism , Taoist traditions and Chinese folk religions . According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 20.19% of

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5564-399: The Xiang River. Hengyang , Zhuzhou , and Yueyang are among its most populous urban cities. With a population of just over 66 million as of 2020 residing in an area of approximately 210,000 km (81,000 sq mi), it is China's 7th-most populous province, the fourth most populous among landlocked provinces, the second-most populous in South Central China after Guangdong, and

5671-477: The Yangtze River on the north. For thousands of years, the region has been a major center of agriculture, growing rice, tea, and oranges. China's first all glass suspension bridge was also opened in Hunan, in Shiniuzhai National Geological Park . As of 2023, Hunan hosts 137 institutions of higher education, ranking fifth together with Sichuan (137) among all Chinese provinces after Jiangsu (168), Henan (168), Guangdong (162), and Shandong (156). Hunan

5778-441: The ancestors of the modern Miao , Tujia , Dong and Yao peoples . The province entered written Chinese history around 350 BC, when the province became part of the Zhou dynasty . After Qin conquered the Chu in 278 BC, the region came under the control of Qin, and then the Changsha Kingdom during the Han dynasty . At this time, and for hundreds of years thereafter, the province was a magnet for settlement of Han Chinese from

5885-422: The backgrounds of new members. The seventh rank was vacant for cultural reasons. The eighth rank was "the holder of the spirit flag," awarded to "the champion of the common people and the destroyer of tyrants." The ninth rank was the "ninth river," which acclimated new members to the group. The tenth rank was the "final tenth" or "tail of the phoenix," which provided instruction on security responsibilities as

5992-409: The best in the Central China region and 26th nationwide among Chinese Medical Universities. Xiang Army The Xiang Army or Hunan Army ( Chinese : 湘軍 ; pinyin : Xiāng Jūn ) was a standing army organized by Zeng Guofan from existing regional and village militia forces called tuanlian to contain the Taiping Rebellion in Qing China (1850 to 1864). The name is taken from

6099-417: The capture of Nanking, Zeng disbanded the 120,000 soldiers under his command, although Zuo kept his forces intact. After the fall of the Taiping , from 1864 to 1890, over half of the viceroys in China were Xiang Army leaders . In 1860, the power of the Xiang Army was unsurpassed, totalling almost 360,000 soldiers. The large main group was led by Zeng Guofan with 130,000 troops. The Qing regular army ,

6206-411: The city itself started on March 14, 1864, when Zeng's forces attempted to force the city walls using ladders, but were beaten back. A second attempt used tunnels, but counter-digging and a second wall prevented a breakthrough. On July 3 the Xiang forces had their first victory, taking Dibao Castle . This position allowed them to dig new tunnels and pack them with explosives with the intention of destroying

6313-488: The city walls. A counterattack failed, and on July 19 the explosives were set off, collapsing a large portion of the wall. The city fell after a fierce three-day battle. The Xiang Army pillaged and robbed the city, killing 100,000 Taiping soldiers and civilians according to Zeng Guofan and setting it on fire. The city burned until July 26, 1864. Zeng was promoted to Marquess (of the First Class) Yiyong ( 毅勇侯 ) (Yiyong: 毅 = Endurance 勇 = Courage) . Almost immediately after

6420-511: The demobilization of the Xiang Army and the rapid increase in the number of bankrupt laborers and unemployed vagrants, the Gelaohui flourished. It was not a mere reproduction or a variation of the name of the organizations of Guolu. Taking the Guolu as its embryo, the Gelaohui absorbed and merged some of the characteristics of the Tiandihui and the Bailianjiao, and was a rapid development of a vagrant organization in China under specific social conditions. Three primary demographic factors combined in

6527-403: The direct cause of the Warlord era . These Tuanlian were turned into the Yong Ying Xiang Army. To fund the army, Zeng convinced the Hunan governor to divert funds from the provincial network of commercial good toll collection stations. Eventually the army founds ways of collecting funds from local landholders and merchants. His lieutenants recovered the capital, Changsha , and then Zeng led

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6634-405: The end. Yuan Shikai ordered Ma Anliang to block Bai Lang (White Wolf) from going into Sichuan and Gansu by blocking Hanzhong and Fengxiangfu. The Protestant Shensi mission operated a hospital in Xian. Some American missionaries were reported killed in Xi'an. A report claimed Manchus massacred missionaries in the suburbs of Xi'an. Missionaries were reported killed in Xi'an and Taiyuan. Shaanxi joined

6741-429: The enterprises inside could enjoy the preferential policies of tax-exemption, tax-guarantee and tax-refunding. By the end of the " Eleventh Five-Year Plan ", the CEPZ achieved a total export and import volume of over US$ 1 billion and provided more than 50,000 jobs. It aimed to be one of the first-class export processing zones in China. Zhuzhou Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was founded in 1992. Its total planned area

6848-437: The fact that Manchus stored gunpowder in their houses so they exploded when set on fire, killing the Manchus inside. 10,000 to 20,000 Manchus were slaughtered. The revolutionaries wore white badges to distinguish themselves when distributing guns at the captured arsenal. The Han Chinese revolutionaries suffered very few injuries or casualties while the Manchus were slaughtered since the Manchus were armed with inferior weapons while

6955-559: The gates of Xi'an and shut them, secured the arsenal and slaughtering all Manchus at their temple and then storming and slaughtering the Manchus in the Manchu banner quarter of the city. The Manchu quarter was set on fire and many Manchus were burned alive. Manchu men, women and girls were slaughtered for three days and then after that, only Manchu women and girls were spared while Manchu men and boys continued to be slaughtered. Many Manchus committed suicide by overdosing on opium and throwing themselves into wells. The revolutionaries were helped by

7062-426: The inner workings and wrote the book The Chinese Revolutionary Party and the secret societies , which was published in 1911. It's believed that the Gelaohui is the same as the Guoluhui (啯噜会), because "Gelao" is a phonetic transcription of the word "Guolu". Some scholars in Japan and the United States believe that the Gelaohui was the outgrowth of the integration and development of Tiandihui and Bailianjiao in

7169-406: The late Qing Dynasty, but the Gelaohui did not have the same origin with the Tiandihui. It is believed that the Gelaohui was developed from the Jianghuhui (江湖会), which in turn came from the Renyihui (仁义会) and the Tiandihui. One view is that it is more likely it began as an offshoot or alternative name of the so-called "Brotherhood Clique" within the Xiang Army . It is believed that some 30% of

7276-409: The massacre of the Manchu quarter, but a messenger carried the message to Sheng Yun that the Qing court capitulated in Beijing with Yuan Shikai's agreement and Sheng Yun fell into a rage and reviled Yuan Shikai. Someone shot a letter attached to an arrows into Ma Anliang's camp notifying him of the Qing abdication, so Ma Anliang stopped the attack before it reached Xi'an and withdrew his soldiers to Xi'an

7383-474: The melon", i.e., to divide and colonize China piece by piece. A Chinese official expressed the animosity towards foreigners succinctly, "Take away your missionaries and your opium and you will be welcome." During and after the Xinhai Revolution of 1911, the Gelaohui participated in the massacre of Manchus in the Xi'an banner garrison in the northeast of the city and attacked the Manchu banner garrison in Ningxia . The Hui Muslims of Xi'an in Shaanxi sided with

7490-434: The most populous province in Central China. It is the largest province in South Central China and the fourth-largest among landlocked provinces. Hunan's nominal GDP was US$ 724 billion (CN¥4.6 trillion) as of 2021, appearing in the world's top 20 largest sub-national economies , with its GDP (PPP) being over US$ 1.1 trillion. Hunan is the 9th-largest provincial economy of China, the fourth-largest in South Central China,

7597-431: The movement's capital and was renamed Tianjing ("Heavenly Capital"). By this point the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom encompassed much of prosperous south and central China, centered on the Yangtze river valley . They continued in their attempts to expand northward, and sent two armies to take the upper Yangtze, while another two attempted to take the new Imperial capital, Beijing . The western drive met with some success, but

7704-419: The new Republic of China . Ma Anliang, Changgeng and Shengyun failed to capture Shaanxi from the revolutionaries. In Ningxia, Qing forces were attacked by both Hui Muslim Gelaohui and Han Gelaohui members, while Hui general Ma Qi and Ma Yuanzhang were in the Qing forces fighting against them but Ma Yuanzhang defected to the republicans after Ma Anliang gave up on the Qing. Some Gansu Hui led by Ma Fuxiang joined

7811-520: The nineteenth century, Hunan became overcrowded and prone to peasant uprisings. Some of the uprisings, such as the ten-year Miao Rebellion of 1795–1806 , were caused by ethnic tensions. The Taiping Rebellion began in the south in Guangxi Province in 1850. The rebellion spread into Hunan and then further eastward along the Yangzi River valley. Ultimately, it was a Hunanese army ( Xiang Army ) under Zeng Guofan who marched into Nanjing to put down

7918-599: The north was especially prevalent during the Eastern Jin dynasty , Sixteen Kingdoms and the Northern and Southern dynasties periods, when the north was mostly ruled by non-Han ethnic groups ( Five Barbarians ) and in perpetual disorder. During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period , Hunan was home to its own independent regime, Ma Chu . Hunan and Hubei became a part of the province of Huguang until

8025-458: The north, who displaced and assimilated the original indigenous inhabitants, cleared forests and began farming rice in the valleys and plains. The agricultural colonization of the lowlands was carried out in part by the Han people, which managed river dikes to protect farmland from floods. To this day, many of the small villages in Hunan are named after the Han families who settled there. Migration from

8132-545: The northwest was put to an end by this. Yuan Shikai managed to induce Ma Anliang to not attack Shaanxi after the Gelaohui took over the province and accept the Republic of China under his presidency in 1912. During the National Protection war in 1916 between republicans and Yuan Shikai's monarchy, Ma Anliang readied his soldiers and informed the republicans that he and the Muslims would stick to Yuan Shikai until

8239-426: The population believes and is involved in ancestor veneration , while 0.77% of the population identifies as Christian. The reports didn't give figures for other types of religion; 79.04% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities , Buddhism, Confucianism , Taoism, folk religious sects . In 2010, there are 118.799 Muslims in Hunan. Being the educational and political in

8346-531: The population. Varieties of Chinese spoken include Xiang , Gan and Southwestern Mandarin . Wulingyuan was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1992. Changsha , the capital, is located in the eastern part of the province; it is now an important commercial, manufacturing and transportation centre. The busiest airports serve domestic and international flights for Hunan, including Changsha Huanghua International Airport , Zhangjiajie Hehua International Airport and Changde Taohuayuan Airport . Hunan

8453-529: The predecessors of the Gelaohui. The development of the organization from Sichuan to Huguang was basically realized simultaneously with the influx of Sichuan salt. The Japanese Shū Hirayama (平山周) clearly affirmed that the Gelaohui was established during the Qianlong period. As a friend of Sun Yat-sen and a sympathizer of the Chinese Revolution, he visited the society many times to investigate

8560-677: The province are surrounded by mountains and hills, such as the Wuling Mountains to the northwest, the Xuefeng Mountains to the west, the Nanling Mountains to the south, and the Luoxiao Mountains to the east. Mountains and hills occupy more than 80% of the province, and plains less than 20%. At 2,115.2 meters above sea level, the highest point in Hunan province is Lingfeng ( 酃峰 ). The Xiang ,

8667-439: The province include Xiang , Southwestern Mandarin , Gan , Hakka , and some local dialects whose identities have not yet been determined, such as Xiangnan Tuhua and Waxiang dialect . In areas where ethnic minorities live, many people can speak their own ethnic language and communicate in Chinese. Hunanese cuisine is noted for its near-ubiquitous use of chili peppers , garlic , and shallots . These ingredients give rise to

8774-619: The province's GDP. Among them, the added value of cultural services was CN¥150.20 billion (US$ 22.33 billion), the added value of cultural manufacturing was CN¥78.28 billion (US$ 11.64 billion), the added value of cultural wholesale and retail was CN¥22.17 billion (US$ 3.30 billion). In 2023, there are 655 art groups, 149 mass art galleries and cultural centers, 148 public libraries, 180 museums and memorial halls, 108 radio and television stations, 5.853 million cable TV users, and 27.441 million fiber optic Internet broadband users all connected to cable TV. The comprehensive population coverage rate of radio

8881-694: The province. The area of Hunan was under Chinese rule as far back as 350 BC. Hunan was the birthplace of communist revolutionary Mao Zedong , who became the Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and the founding father of the People's Republic of China . Hunan today is home to some ethnic minorities, including the Tujia and Miao , along with the Han Chinese , who make up a majority of

8988-457: The recapture of Wuchang and Hanyang , near Hankow , and was rewarded for his success by being appointed vice-president of the Board of War . His Army was so successful that the Qing leaders quickly started using it in place of their own troops, turning it into an Imperial force rather than the local force as it had been raised. In 1860 Zeng was called on to use the Xiang Army to clear Anhui , and

9095-523: The republicans. Gansu Hui general Ma Fuxiang did not participate with Ma Anliang in the battles with Shaanxi revolutionaries and refused to join the Qing Manchu Shengyun and Changgeng in their attempts to defend the Qing before the Qing abdication, instead the independence of Gansu from Qing control was jointly declared by non-Muslim gentry with Hui Muslim Ma Fuxiang. The Gelaohui called for Hui and Han of Xi'an to unite and kill Manchus. Among

9202-545: The revolution on October 24. Sheng Yun was governor of Shaanxi in 1905. The Gelaohui continued to exist as a broad and loosely affiliated group of hundreds of thousands well into the 1930s, though its influence was severely curtailed by the end of the Warlord Era , Chiang Kai-shek 's rise to power and the ravagement of the country during the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War . Nevertheless,

9309-532: The revolutionaries had modern rifles from the arsenal. There were 5,000 Manchu adult men of fighting ability and they could do little as they were slaughtered. The revolutionaries killed all Manchu men, women and children untl Wednesday and after they continued killing all Manchu men while sparing only Manchu females. The Gelaohui revolutionaries were known for being anti-foreign and anti-Manchu and Protestant missionaries said they distributed tracts against foreign missionaries and attacked some Protestant missions during

9416-542: The society's influence remained substantial until the Communists seized power in 1949; in 1936, for example, Mao Zedong wrote an open letter to the Gelaohui declaring them legal under the Chinese Soviet government and asking for their assistance. Starting in 1949, however, the society was repressed and is believed to be defunct. The Gelaohui was known for rewarding loyalty and dedication with advancement through its ranks which, according to academic Mark W. Driscoll,

9523-599: The third highest after Beijing and Shanghai . Hunan Normal University in Changsha is the key construction university of the national 211 Project , and Xiangtan University in Xiangtan is a key university jointly built by Hunan Province and the Ministry of Education and a member of national Project 111. These five national key universities are included in the Double First-Class Construction of Hunan Province. As of 2024, they are ranked among

9630-545: The third-largest in Central China, and the fourth-largest among landlocked provinces. Its nominal GDP per capita exceeded US$ 10,900 (CN¥69,300), making it the third-richest province in South Central China, after Guangdong and Hubei. As of 2020, Hunan's nominal GDP reached $ 605 billion (CN¥4.18 trillion), exceeding that of Poland, with a GDP of US$ 596 billion and Thailand, with a GDP of US$ 501 billion,

9737-413: The top 500 globally by the Nature Index . Among them, Hunan University and Central South University are in the top 50. Hunan University and Central South University are the only two Project 985 universities in Changsha, Hunan to appear in the world's top 200 of the Academic Ranking of World Universities and the U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking . Hunan Normal University,

9844-495: The top 801–900 globally by the Academic Ranking of World Universities . Hunan University of Science and Technology in Xiangtan and Central South University of Forestry and Technology in Changsha were ranked number 988 and number 1429 respectively in the 2022 Best Global Universities by the U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking . As of 2023, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine in Changsha ranked

9951-660: The uprising in 1864. In 1920, a famine raged throughout Hunan and killed an estimated 2 million Hunanese civilians. This sparked the Autumn Harvest Uprising of 1927. It was led by Hunanese native Mao Zedong , and established a short-lived Hunan Soviet in 1927. The Communists maintained a guerrilla army in the mountains along the Hunan- Jiangxi border until 1934. Under pressure from the Nationalist Kuomintang (KMT) forces, they began

10058-712: The year end of 2017, the total population is 68.6 million. [1] The politics of Hunan is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China . The Governor of Hunan is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Hunan. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Hunan Chinese Communist Party Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed

10165-661: The years that followed Mao's death in 1976. In addition to CCP Chairman Mao Zedong , a number of other first-generation communist leaders were also from Hunan: Chinese President Liu Shaoqi ; CCP Secretaries-General Ren Bishi and Hu Yaobang ; Marshals Peng Dehuai , He Long , and Luo Ronghuan ; Wang Zhen , one of the Eight Elders ; Xiang Jingyu , the first female member of the CCP's central committee; Senior General Huang Kecheng ; and veteran diplomat Lin Boqu . An example of

10272-579: The zone include high-tech industry, biology project technology and new material industry. Approved by the State Council, Chenzhou Export processing Zone (CEPZ) was established in 2005 and is the only export processing zone in Hunan province. The scheduled production area of CEPZ covers 3km2. The industrial positioning of CEPZ is to concentrate on developing export-oriented hi-tech industries, including electronic information, precision machinery, and new-type materials. The zone has good infrastructure, and

10379-455: Was appointed Viceroy of Liangjiang (两江总督, which consisted of the provinces of Jiangxi, Anhui, and Jiangsu). While Charles George Gordon and his " Ever-Victorious Army " were clearing the rebel heartland, Zeng took the opportunity to launch a campaign to retake Nanjing. The entire area around the city had been cleared of rebel forces in a series of battles starting in June 1863. The battle for

10486-631: Was appointed as governor of Shaanxi, Ma Yugui and he urged Ma Anliang to give up and not fight for the Qing by telling him and his soldiers "A Hui does not kill a Hui", appealing to religion. When the Qing Gansu Hui soldiers wearing their Hui white caps asked their Shaanxi opponents to defect, the Shaanxi Hui revolutionary governor Ma Yugui told them that further fighting between them would cause both of them to suffer and both Han and Hui and Allah would be saddened so they should give up and abandon

10593-420: Was composed of (typically four) men called the first uncles. They shared power with the lodge's top leader. The third rank was "manager" or "keeper of the lodge" and its role model was Zhang Fei . The fourth rank was vacant for cultural reasons. The fifth rank was the fifth uncle, whose role model was Shan Xiongxin . The six rank was "the carrier of the black flag" which gathered intelligence and evaluated

10700-604: Was extensively infiltrated by the anti Qing Gelaohui secret society, who started several mutinies during the Dungan Revolt (1862–1877) , delaying crucial offensives. Zuo Zongtang put down the mutinies and executed those involved. Hubei Gelaohui soldiers mutinied in Suide in Zuo Zongtang's army in 1867. The Han Gelaohui had infiltrated the Qing military in Xinjiang during the Dungan revolt (1895–1896) and allegedly planned to help

10807-421: Was founded in 1992. It is located east of Changsha. The total planned area is 38.6 km (14.9 sq mi) and the current area is 14 km (5.4 sq mi). Near the zone is National Highways G319 and G107 as well as Jingzhu Highway. Besides that, it is very close to the downtown and the railway station. The distance between the zone and the airport is 8 km (5.0 mi). The major industries in

10914-532: Was given the name of Xiang Army, with Zeng Guofan as the Commander-in-chief , accepting orders from Zeng alone. The new rule was termed "Soldiers followed the general, soldiers belonged to the general"( 兵隨將轉，兵為將有 ), contrary to the old military rule before the Northern Song dynasty 's "Soldiers had no fixed commander, commander had no fixed soldiers" ( 兵無常帥，帥無常兵 ). This new military rule was

11021-464: Was located in the north eastern part of Xi'an and walled off while the Hui Muslim quarter was located in the northwestern part of Xi'an but did not have walls separating it from the Han parts. Southern Xi'an was entirely Han. Xi'an had the biggest Manchu banner garrison quarter by area before its destruction. The revolutionaries were led by students of the military academy who overcame the guards at

11128-465: Was not sacked. The Qing Manchu Gansu and Shaanxi Governor-general and Qing dynasty gave the title of Xian and Gansu chief general to Ma Anliang when it begged him to destroy the Shaanxi republicans from his Gansu base. The Shaanxi revolutionary commander was Zhang Yunshan. The two sides clashed in January 1912 at Qianzhou ( Qian County ) but neither side was winning the battle. A Hui Muslim revolutionary

11235-795: Was present there as well. Many Hui smoked opium in Yunnan in addition to dealing in it, despise denials by some Hui that they did not smoke it since it was against Islam. Opium is still produced in ethnic minority regions of Yunnan and other regions. A year before the massacre of Manchus in October 1911, an oath against Manchus was sworn at the Great Goose Pagoda in Xi'an by the Gelaohui in 1911. Manchu banner garrisons were slaughtered in Nanjing, Zhenjiang, Taiyuan, Xi'an and Wuchang The Manchu quarter

11342-404: Was the opposite of most members' prior socioeconomic experience: "relentless movement down and out." Guan Di was the tutelary divinity of the Gelaohui. A text called The Ocean Depths was the manual for starting a new Gelaohui lodge. The top leader in a Gelaohui lodge was called the ship's captain or dragon head. This figure was to model himself after Liu Bei . The first rank of a lodge

11449-417: Was to be available at all times in case of emergency. Hunan Hunan is an inland province in Central China . Located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze watershed, it borders the province-level divisions of Hubei to the north, Jiangxi to the east, Guangdong and Guangxi to the south, and Guizhou and Chongqing to the northwest. Its capital and largest city is Changsha , which abuts

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