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72-637: After the legally-contested 2000 United States presidential election between George W. Bush and Al Gore , the importance of election law has grown in the United States. According to the National Law Journal , election law "grew from a niche to multi million-dollar draw." The UCLA election law professor Richard Hasen showed that in the United States , litigation rates have been soaring for two decades and hit record high during

144-641: A Bush victory, whereas a statewide recount would have given the state to Gore. Postelection analysis has found that Palm Beach County's butterfly ballot misdirected over 2,000 votes from Gore to third-party candidate Pat Buchanan , tipping Florida—and the election—to Bush. Ultimately, Bush won 271 electoral votes, one vote more than the 270 required to win, while Gore won the popular vote by 543,895 votes (a margin of 0.52% of all votes cast). Bush flipped 11 states that had voted Democratic in 1996 : Arkansas, Arizona, Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, Nevada, New Hampshire, Ohio, Tennessee, and West Virginia. This

216-512: A large or very large lead, the judge then cancels rarely the result. The Italian Constitution fixes some general basic provisions concerning the legislative elections. Electoral disputes in Italy are complex because they are divided between several court orders. For example, with regard to the dispute concerning registration of candidates for ballots or litigation election, the administrative court has jurisdiction. For eligibility and disfranchisement,

288-498: A month after voting ended because of the time required to count and recount Florida's ballots. Between 7:50 p.m. and 8:00 p.m. EST on November 7, just before the polls closed in the largely Republican Florida panhandle, which is in the Central time zone, all major television news networks ( CNN , NBC , FOX , CBS , and ABC ) declared that Gore had won Florida. They based this prediction substantially on exit polls . But in

360-454: A president and every 3 years to elect a legislature. These elections determine who, on the national level, takes the position of the head of state – the president – as well as the legislature . At the local level, each of Mexico's 31 constituent states elects a governor to serve a six-year term; they also elect legislative deputies who sit in state congresses, and municipal presidents (presidentes municipales, or mayors ). Mexico City ,

432-605: A promise to restore "honor and dignity" to the White House a centerpiece of his campaign. Gore studiously avoided the Clinton scandals, as did Lieberman, even though Lieberman had been the first Democratic senator to denounce Clinton's misbehavior. Some observers theorized that Gore chose Lieberman in an attempt to separate himself from Clinton's past misdeeds and help blunt the GOP's attempts to link him to his boss. Others pointed to

504-432: A row and the last time until 2020 that Iowa did not vote for the overall winner. This election was the first time since 1976 that New Jersey, Connecticut, Vermont, Maine, Illinois, New Mexico, Michigan, and California voted for the losing candidate, as well as the first since 1980 that Maryland did so, the first since 1948 that Delaware did so, and the first since 1968 that Pennsylvania did so. There were only two counties in

576-400: A state that had voted Republican only once in the previous six presidential elections. This was the first time since 1948 that Democrats won the popular vote in three consecutive elections. This is one of only four U.S. presidential elections in which the winner did not carry any of the three Rust Belt states of Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin; the others were 2004, 1916 and 1884. Before

648-565: A team to help select a running mate for him, but ultimately chose Cheney himself as the vice presidential nominee. While the U.S. Constitution does not specifically disallow a president and a vice president from the same state, it prohibits electors from casting both of their votes for persons from their own state. Accordingly, Cheney—who had been a resident of Texas for nearly 10 years—changed his voting registration back to Wyoming. Had Cheney not done this, either he or Bush would have forfeited his electoral votes from Texas. Vice President Al Gore

720-576: A third term because of term limits established by the 22nd Amendment . Incumbent Vice President Gore easily secured the Democratic nomination , defeating former New Jersey Senator Bill Bradley in the primaries . He selected Connecticut Senator Joe Lieberman as his running mate . Bush was seen as the early favorite for the Republican nomination , and after a contentious primary battle with Arizona Senator John McCain and others, he secured

792-463: Is a growing area globally. Voters around the world are increasingly challenging election results. Austria , Switzerland , Slovenia , Iceland , Kenya , and Malawi are some countries where courts have recently invalidated national elections or referendums. Electoral disputes are good for democracy, according to the book's editors. They can "remove voters' doubts, remedy violations, increase trust, and, when needed, invalidate flawed elections and defend

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864-613: Is the last Democrat to have won any counties at all in Oklahoma. Maine and Nebraska each allow for their electoral votes to be split between candidates. In both states, two electoral votes are awarded to the winner of the statewide race and one electoral vote is awarded to the winner of each congressional district. The votes for each candidate are only singly counted in the column totals. *The Libertarian Party of Arizona had ballot access but opted to supplant Browne with L. Neil Smith . In Arizona, Smith received 5,775 votes, or 0.38% of

936-552: The 1996 presidential election , the Commission on Presidential Debates set new candidate selection criteria. The new criteria required third-party candidates to poll at least 15% of the vote in national polls in order to take part in the CPD-sponsored presidential debates. Nader was blocked from attending a closed-circuit screening of the first debate despite having a ticket, and barred from attending an interview near

1008-681: The Election Law Journal and the election law mailinglist. As of 2022, Hasen manages the Election Law Blog and the mailing list. The Election Law Journal is an academic publication devoted to election law, currently edited by David Canon of the University of Wisconsin-Madison . Most of its articles deal with election law in the United States. According to the Routledge Handbook of Election Law, election law

1080-602: The Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 . The Electoral Commission 's mandate and establishment was set out in the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000 (PPERA), and ranges from the regulation of political donations and expenditure by political and third parties through to promoting greater participation in the electoral process. The Electoral Administration Act 2006 made a number of improvements to electoral registration, improving

1152-570: The South Carolina State House , where a controversy about the Confederate flag flying over the capitol dome prompted the state legislature to move the flag to a less prominent position at a Civil War memorial on the capitol grounds . Most GOP candidates said the issue should be left to South Carolina voters, but McCain later recanted and said the flag should be removed. McCain criticized Bush for speaking at and accepting

1224-631: The South Carolina primary , Bush soundly defeated McCain. Some McCain supporters accused the Bush campaign of mudslinging and negative campaigning , citing push polls that implied that McCain's adopted Bangladeshi-born daughter was an African-American child he fathered out of wedlock. McCain's loss in South Carolina damaged his campaign, but he won both Michigan and his home state of Arizona on February 22. The primary campaigns impacted

1296-426: The 2020 election. Since the early 2000s, election law has been taught at most of the law schools throughout the United States . American election law experts and academics are connected in the academic network founded by Daniel H. Lowenstein , professor at UCLA Law School , and Richard L. Hasen . Lowenstein is considered the "pioneer" and the one who "invented" the election law. In 2000s, Lowenstein and Hasen edited

1368-522: The Arizona vote. Adding Smith's 5,775 votes to Browne's 384,431 votes nationwide, the total votes cast for president for the Libertarian Party in 2000 was 390,206, or 0.37% of the national vote. States where the margin of victory was less than 1% (55 electoral votes): Mexican state The states are the first-level administrative divisions of Mexico and are officially named

1440-917: The New Hampshire primary. On March 14, Gore clinched the Democratic nomination. None of Bradley's delegates were allowed to vote for him, so Gore won the nomination unanimously at the Democratic National Convention . Connecticut Senator Joe Lieberman was nominated for vice president by voice vote. Lieberman became the first Jewish American ever to be chosen for this position by a major party. Gore chose Lieberman over five other finalists: Senators Evan Bayh , John Edwards , and John Kerry , House Minority Leader Dick Gephardt , and New Hampshire Governor Jeanne Shaheen . Delegate totals: The nomination went to Pat Buchanan and running mate Ezola Foster from California over

1512-584: The Reform Party nomination. That left Bush, John McCain , Alan Keyes , Steve Forbes , Gary Bauer , and Orrin Hatch as the only candidates still in the race. On January 24, Bush won the Iowa caucuses with 41% of the vote. Forbes came in second with 30% of the vote. Keyes received 14%, Bauer 9%, McCain 5%, and Hatch 1%. Two days later, Hatch dropped out and endorsed Bush. The national media portrayed Bush as

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1584-718: The Sangguniang Panlungsod / members of the Sangguniang Bayan (city/municipal councilors), barangay officials, and the members of the Sangguniang Kabataan (youth councilors) are elected to serve for a three-year term. Synchronized with the national elections are the local elections. The voter may vote for any of the following: If the city the voter is residing in a highly urbanized city, or independent component city . or in Pateros ,

1656-640: The Supreme Court in Bush v. Gore issued a 5–4 per curiam decision that the Florida Supreme Court's ruling requiring a statewide recount of ballots was unconstitutional on equal protection grounds, and in a 5–4 vote reversed and remanded the case to the Florida Supreme Court for modification before the optional "safe harbor" deadline, which the Supreme Court decided the Florida court had said

1728-546: The U.S, Graeme Orr in Australia and Jurij Toplak in Europe. 2000 United States presidential election Bill Clinton Democratic George W. Bush Republican Presidential elections were held in the United States on November 7, 2000. Republican nominee, Governor George W. Bush of Texas , the eldest son of George H. W. Bush , narrowly defeated incumbent Democratic Vice President Al Gore . It

1800-432: The alternative to Gore, who was a founding member of the centrist Democratic Leadership Council . While former basketball star Michael Jordan campaigned for him in the early primary states, Bradley announced his intention to campaign "in a different way" by conducting a positive campaign of "big ideas." His campaign's focus was a plan to spend the record-breaking budget surplus on a variety of social welfare programs to help

1872-489: The atmosphere in Washington stood in the way of progress on necessary reforms. Gore, meanwhile, questioned Bush's fitness for the job, pointing to gaffes Bush made in interviews and speeches and suggesting he lacked the necessary experience to be president. Bill Clinton 's impeachment and the sex scandal that led up to it cast a shadow on the campaign. Republicans strongly denounced the Clinton scandals, and Bush made

1944-530: The ballot in Browne's place. When adding Smith's 5,775 Arizona votes to Browne's 384,431 votes nationwide, that brings the total presidential votes cast for the Libertarian Party in 2000 to 390,206. With the exceptions of Florida and Gore's home state of Tennessee , Bush carried the Southern states by comfortable margins, including Clinton's home state of Arkansas and also won Ohio , Indiana , most of

2016-458: The certified results. A state court decision overruling Gore was reversed by the Florida Supreme Court, which ordered a recount of over 70,000 ballots previously rejected as undervotes by machine counters. The U.S. Supreme Court halted that order the next day, with Justice Scalia issuing a concurring opinion that "the counting of votes that are of questionable legality does in my view threaten irreparable harm to petitioner" (Bush). On December 12,

2088-400: The closest since 1876 , making this election the second-closest Electoral College result in history and the third-closest popular vote victory. Gore's 266 electoral votes are the highest for a losing nominee. The 537-vote margin in Florida is the closest for a tipping point state in history. Bush was the first winning Republican since William McKinley to win with under 300 electoral votes. He

2160-465: The deadline to November 26, a decision later vacated by the U.S. Supreme Court . Miami-Dade eventually halted its recount and resubmitted its original total to the state canvassing board, while Palm Beach County failed to meet the extended deadline, turning in its completed recount results at 7 p.m., which Harris rejected. On November 26, the state canvassing board certified Bush as the winner of Florida's electors by 537 votes. Gore formally contested

2232-651: The definition of “residence” under the Election Law was excessively strict to the point of disenfranchising homeless voters . The Court concluded a specific location where the people returns regularly and a place designated to receive mail should satisfy the “residence” requirements. As a result, homeless people were allowed to cast their ballots. In the United Kingdom , election law is legislated for by The Houses of Parliament . The statutory governance of UK Election law comes from acts of parliament such as

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2304-515: The dispute still be ongoing. Had the recount gone forward, it would have awarded those electors to Bush, based on the state-certified vote, and Gore's likely last recourse would have been to contest the electors in the United States Congress. The electors would then have been rejected only if both houses agreed to do so. Though Gore came in second in the electoral vote, he received 543,895 more popular votes than Bush, making him

2376-580: The early front-runner, acquiring unprecedented funding and a broad base of leadership support based on his governorship of Texas, the Bush family's name recognition, and connections in American politics. Former cabinet member George Shultz played an important early role in securing establishment Republican support for Bush. In April 1998, he invited Bush to discuss policy issues with experts including Michael Boskin , John Taylor , and Condoleezza Rice , who later became his Secretary of State . The group, which

2448-405: The election came down to Florida. As the final national results were tallied the following morning, Bush had clearly won 246 electoral votes and Gore 250, with 270 needed to win. Two smaller states—Wisconsin (11 electoral votes) and Oregon (7)—were still too close to call, but Florida's 25 electoral votes would be decisive regardless of their results. The election's outcome was not known for more than

2520-463: The election to Bush, withdrew his concession . The final result in Florida was slim enough to require a mandatory recount (by machine) under state law; Bush's lead dwindled to just over 300 votes when it was completed the day after the election. On November 8, Florida Division of Elections staff prepared a press release for Florida Secretary of State Katherine Harris that said overseas ballots must be "postmarked or signed and dated" by Election Day. It

2592-534: The election, the possibility that different candidates would win the popular vote and the Electoral College had been noted, but usually with the expectation of Gore winning the Electoral College and Bush the popular vote. The idea that Bush could win the Electoral College and Gore the popular vote was not considered likely. This was the first time since 1928 when a non-incumbent Republican candidate won West Virginia. The Electoral College results were

2664-552: The endorsement of Bob Jones University despite its policy banning interracial dating , actions for which Bush subsequently apologized. On February 28, McCain also referred to Jerry Falwell and televangelist Pat Robertson as "agents of intolerance," a term from which he distanced himself during his 2008 bid . He lost Virginia to Bush on February 29. On Super Tuesday , March 7, Bush won New York, Ohio, Georgia, Missouri, California, Maryland, and Maine. McCain won Rhode Island, Vermont, Connecticut, and Massachusetts but dropped out of

2736-610: The establishment candidate. With the support of many moderate Republicans and independents, McCain portrayed himself as a crusading insurgent who focused on campaign reform . On February 1, McCain, who had skipped the caucuses in order to divert resources toward New Hampshire and South Carolina, won a surprising 49–30% victory over Bush in the New Hampshire primary . Bauer subsequently dropped out, followed by Forbes, who had won no primaries after spending $ 32 million of his own money on his campaign. This left three candidates. In

2808-542: The federal legislature, the Congress , are directly elected by the people of each state. There are many elected offices at state level, each state having at least an elective governor and legislature . There are also elected offices at the local level, in counties , cities, towns, townships, boroughs, and villages; as well as for special districts and school districts which may transcend county and municipal boundaries. The legal case Pitts v. Black in 1984 established

2880-471: The first person since Grover Cleveland in 1888 to win the popular vote but lose in the Electoral College. Gore failed to win the popular vote in his home state, Tennessee , which both he and his father had represented in the Senate, making him the first major-party presidential candidate to have lost his home state since George McGovern lost South Dakota in 1972 . Furthermore, Gore lost West Virginia ,

2952-442: The first winning Republican not to receive any electoral votes from California as Garfield received one electoral vote in 1880. Bush was the first Republican to win without New Jersey, Delaware, or Connecticut since 1888. As of 2024, Bush is the last Republican nominee to win New Hampshire. This marked the first time since Iowa entered the union in 1846 in which the state voted for a Democratic presidential candidate in four elections in

Election law - Misplaced Pages Continue

3024-480: The integrity of the electoral process. Letting all participants know violations will not be tolerated benefits future elections." Some of the questions that are addressed by election law are: The French electoral code addresses most of the elections. However, other texts frame this material for special elections. Thus the Constitution but fixed some general basic provisions concerning the presidential election,

3096-801: The issues and arguing that Gore's ideas were more similar to Nader's than Bush's were and that Gore had a better chance of winning than Nader. On the other side, the Republican Leadership Council ran pro-Nader ads in a few states in an effort to split the liberal vote. Nader said his campaign's objective was to pass the 5-percent threshold so his Green Party would be eligible for matching funds in future races. Vice-presidential candidates Cheney and Lieberman campaigned aggressively. Both camps made numerous campaign stops nationwide, often just missing each other, such as when Cheney, Hadassah Lieberman , and Tipper Gore attended Chicago's Taste of Polonia over Labor Day Weekend . After

3168-471: The judge is the ordinary tribunal. If a fraud is proven by the judge, it does not cancel necessarily the elections, unless they think that the result of election without the fraud would not have been identical. The survival of the acts already performed by the elected organs would seem solved by abundant case law that protects innocent trust of third parties. Elections in Mexico are held every 6 years to elect

3240-468: The legislative and senatorial elections. For litigation election, the court depends on the concerned election. The Constitutional Council is responsible for the most important elections: presidential elections and senatorial elections or referendums. In contrast, to the municipal or district elections the administrative tribunal has jurisdiction, then the appeal is to the State Council. Finally, for

3312-460: The most successful of the third-party candidates. His campaign was marked by a traveling tour of large "super-rallies" held in sports arenas like Madison Square Garden , with retired talk show host Phil Donahue as master of ceremonies. After initially ignoring Nader, the Gore campaign made a pitch to potential Nader supporters in the campaign's final weeks, downplaying his differences with Nader on

3384-626: The nation that had voted Republican in 1996 and flipped to the Democratic column in 2000: Charles County, Maryland , and Orange County, Florida , both rapidly diversifying counties. The 2000 election was also the last time a Republican won a number of populous urban counties that have since turned into Democratic strongholds. These include Mecklenburg County, North Carolina (Charlotte); Marion County, Indiana (Indianapolis), Fairfax County, Virginia (DC suburbs), Chatham County, Georgia (Savannah), Whatcom County, Washington (Bellingham), and Travis County, Texas (Austin). Conversely, as of 2020, Gore

3456-586: The national capital, elects a head of government in lieu of a mayor, city assemblymen in lieu of state congressional deputies, and borough mayors in lieu of municipal mayors. The president , vice-president , and the senators are elected for a six-year term, while the members of the House of Representatives , governors , vice-governors, members of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan (provincial board members), mayors, vice-mayors , members of

3528-567: The nomination by Super Tuesday . He selected former Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney as his running mate . Both major-party candidates focused primarily on domestic issues, such as the budget, tax relief, and reforms for federal social insurance programs, although foreign policy was not ignored. Due to President Bill Clinton 's sex scandal with Monica Lewinsky and subsequent impeachment , Gore avoided campaigning with Clinton. Republicans denounced Clinton's indiscretions, while Gore criticized Bush's lack of experience. On election night, it

3600-737: The objections of party founder Ross Perot and despite a rump convention nomination of John Hagelin by the Perot faction. In the end, the Federal Election Commission sided with Buchanan, and that ticket appeared on 49 of 51 possible ballots. The Greens/Green Party USA , a then-recognized national party organization, later endorsed Nader for president and he appeared on the ballots of 43 states and Washington, D.C. The Libertarian Party 's National Nominating Convention nominated Harry Browne from Tennessee and Art Olivier from California for president and vice president. Browne

3672-474: The passionate kiss Gore gave his wife during the Democratic Convention as a signal that despite the allegations against Clinton, Gore himself was a faithful husband. Gore avoided appearing with Clinton, who was shunted to low-visibility appearances in areas where he was popular. Experts have argued that this could have cost Gore votes from some of Clinton's core supporters. Ralph Nader was

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3744-473: The poor and the middle class, along with campaign finance reform and gun control . Gore easily defeated Bradley in the primaries, largely because of support from the Democratic Party establishment and Bradley's poor showing in the Iowa caucus, where Gore successfully painted Bradley as aloof and indifferent to the plight of farmers. The closest Bradley came to a victory was his 50–46 loss to Gore in

3816-441: The post-electoral controversy revolved around Gore's request for hand recounts in four counties (Broward, Miami-Dade, Palm Beach, and Volusia ), as provided under Florida state law. Harris, who also co-chaired Bush's Florida campaign, announced she would reject any revised totals from those counties if they were not turned in by 5 p.m. on November 14, the statutory deadline for amended returns. The Florida Supreme Court extended

3888-673: The race. McCain became the Republican presidential nominee 8 years later , but lost the general election to Barack Obama . Bush took the majority of the remaining contests and won the Republican nomination on March 14, winning his home state of Texas and his brother Jeb's home state of Florida, among others. At the Republican National Convention in Philadelphia, Bush accepted the nomination. Bush asked former Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney to head up

3960-466: The regional and European elections, the Council of State which has jurisdiction at first and last resort. In decisions on electoral matters, the law takes into account the results: if an essential principle is violated, the election is canceled but if fraud is "classic" (ballot stuffing, failure to register as voters, vote the dead ...) but the election was won (after counting of ballots invalidated) with

4032-417: The remaining votes to be counted in Florida were in three heavily Democratic counties— Broward , Miami-Dade , and Palm Beach —and as their votes were reported Gore began to gain on Bush. By 4:30 a.m., after all votes were counted, Gore had narrowed Bush's margin to under 2,000 votes, and the networks retracted their declarations that Bush had won Florida and the presidency. Gore, who had privately conceded

4104-748: The rural Midwestern farming states, most of the Rocky Mountain states, and Alaska . Gore balanced Bush by sweeping the Northeastern United States (with the exception of New Hampshire , which Bush won narrowly), the Pacific Coast states, Hawaii , New Mexico , and most of the Upper Midwest . As the night wore on, the returns in a handful of small-to-medium-sized states, including Hawaii , Iowa , Oregon and New Mexico (Gore by 355 votes) were extremely close, but

4176-805: The security arrangements for absent voting, allowing observers to attend elections and a major change in reducing the minimum age for candidates at UK parliamentary elections. It also introduced the performance standards regime for electoral services. According to University of Chicago Law Professor Brian Leiter , the most cited American election law scholars between 2016 and 2020 included Samuel Issacharoff , Richard Pildes , Richard Hasen , Heather Gerken , Richard Briffault , Nathaniel Persily , and Nicholas Stephanopoulos , respectively. Other notable election law experts and professors include David Schultz, Joshua Douglas , Ed Foley , Guy-Uriel Charles , Jessica Levinson , Rebecca Green, Eugene Mazo, Justin Levitt , in

4248-565: The site of the third debate ( Washington University in St. Louis ) despite having a "perimeter pass". Nader later sued the CPD for its role in the former incident. A settlement was reached that included an apology to him. Although the Libertarian Party had ballot access in all fifty United States plus D.C., Browne's name only appeared on the ballot in forty-nine United States plus D.C. The Libertarian Party of Arizona opted to place L. Neil Smith on

4320-602: The state intended to meet. With only two hours remaining until the December 12 deadline, the Supreme Court's order effectively ended the recount, and the previously certified total held. Even if the Supreme Court had decided differently in Bush v. Gore , the Florida Legislature had been meeting in Special Session since December 8 with the purpose of selecting of a slate of electors on December 12 should

4392-413: The vote, Bush began to take a wide lead early in Florida, and by 10 p.m. EST, the networks had retracted their predictions and placed Florida back in the "undecided" column. At approximately 2:30 a.m. on November 8, with 85% of the vote counted in Florida and Bush leading Gore by more than 100,000 votes, the networks declared that Bush had carried Florida and therefore been elected president. But most of

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4464-429: The voter can not vote for any of the provincial-level positions. Elections in the United States are held for government officials at the federal , state , and local levels. At the federal level, the nation's head of state , the president , is elected indirectly by the people of each state , through an Electoral College . Today, these electors almost always vote with the popular vote of their state. All members of

4536-484: Was "looking for a candidate for 2000 with good political instincts, someone they could work with", was impressed, and Shultz encouraged him to enter the race. Several aspirants withdrew before the Iowa caucuses because they did not secure funding and endorsements sufficient to remain competitive with Bush. These included Elizabeth Dole , Dan Quayle , Lamar Alexander , and Bob Smith . Pat Buchanan dropped out to run for

4608-401: Was a consistent front-runner for the nomination. Other prominent Democrats mentioned as possible contenders included Bob Kerrey , Missouri Representative Dick Gephardt , Minnesota Senator Paul Wellstone , and actor and director Warren Beatty . Of these, only Wellstone formed an exploratory committee . Running an insurgency campaign, U.S. Senator Bill Bradley positioned himself as

4680-438: Was also the first son of a former president to be elected president himself since John Quincy Adams in 1824. Bush was the first Republican in American history to win the presidency without carrying Vermont, Illinois, or New Mexico, as well as the second Republican to win the presidency without carrying California after James A. Garfield in 1880 , and Pennsylvania, Maine, and Michigan after Richard Nixon in 1968 , as well as

4752-425: Was never released. A count of the overseas ballots later boosted Bush's margin to 930 votes. (According to a report by The New York Times , 680 of the accepted overseas ballots were received after the legal deadline, lacked required postmarks or a witness signature or address, or were unsigned or undated, cast after election day, from unregistered voters or voters not requesting ballots, or double-counted. ) Most of

4824-503: Was nominated on the first ballot and Olivier received the vice presidential nomination on the second ballot.  Browne appeared on every state ballot except Arizona's, due to a dispute between the Libertarian Party of Arizona (which instead nominated L. Neil Smith ) and the national Libertarian Party . The Constitution Party nominated Howard Phillips from Virginia for a third time and Curtis Frazier from Missouri . It

4896-584: Was often an issue. Bush criticized the Clinton administration 's policies in Somalia , where 18 Americans died in 1993 intervening among warring factions, and in the Balkans, where United States troops performed a variety of functions. "I don't think our troops ought to be used for what's called nation-building ", Bush said in the second presidential debate . Bush also pledged to bridge partisan gaps, claiming

4968-558: Was on the ballot in 41 states. The Natural Law Party held its national convention in Arlington County, Virginia , on August 31–September 2, unanimously nominating a ticket of Hagelin/Goldhaber without a roll-call vote. The party was on 38 of the 51 ballots nationally. Although the campaign focused mainly on domestic issues, such as the projected budget surplus, proposed reforms of Social Security and Medicare , health care, and competing plans for tax relief, foreign policy

5040-416: Was the fourth of five U.S. presidential elections, and the first since 1888 , in which the winning candidate lost the popular vote , and is considered one of the closest U.S. presidential elections, with long-standing controversy about the result. Gore conceded the election on December 13 after the Supreme Court issued its decision . Incumbent Democratic President Bill Clinton was ineligible to seek

5112-579: Was the last time until 2024 in which an incumbent vice president ran for president. President Bill Clinton , a Democrat and former Governor of Arkansas , was ineligible to seek reelection to a third term due to the Twenty-second Amendment ; in accordance with Section   1 of the Twentieth Amendment , his term expired at noon Eastern Standard Time on January 20, 2001. 231 votes 0 votes Bush became

5184-576: Was unclear who had won, with the electoral votes of the state of Florida still undecided. The returns showed that Bush won Florida by such a close margin that state law required a recount . A month-long series of legal battles led to the highly controversial 5–4 Supreme Court decision Bush v. Gore , which ended the recount. Ultimately, Bush won Florida by 537 votes, a margin of 0.009%. The Florida recount and subsequent litigation resulted in major post-election controversy, with some analysis suggesting that limited county-based recounts would have confirmed

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