A tradesperson or tradesman/woman is a skilled worker that specialises in a particular trade . Tradespeople (tradesmen/women) usually gain their skills through work experience , on-the-job training , an apprenticeship program or formal education .
80-488: An electrician is a tradesperson specializing in electrical wiring of buildings, transmission lines, stationary machines, and related equipment. Electricians may be employed in the installation of new electrical components or the maintenance and repair of existing electrical infrastructure. Electricians may also specialize in wiring ships, airplanes, and other mobile platforms, as well as data and cable lines. Electricians were originally people who demonstrated or studied
160-413: A master electrician and usually the direct supervision of a journeyperson electrician. Schooling in electrical theory and electrical building codes is required to complete the apprenticeship program. Many apprenticeship programs provide a salary to the apprentice during training. A journeyperson electrician is a classification of licensing granted to those who have met the experience requirements for on
240-436: A visual inspection of the equipment and verification that power cables are in good condition. Additionally, other tests may be done when required, such as a verification of earthing (grounding) continuity , a test of the soundness of insulation between the current -carrying parts, and a check for any exposed metal that could be touched. The formal limits for a pass/ fail of these electrical tests vary somewhat depending on
320-479: A block release of one week each month or one day each week. At the end of the apprenticeship the apprentice is required to pass three examinations, one of which is theory based with the other two practically based. Upon successful completion of these exams, providing all other components of the apprenticeship are satisfactory, the apprentice is granted an A Class licence on application to Energy Safe Victoria (ESV). An A Class electrician may perform work unsupervised but
400-524: A competent person, however does not mention a benchmark for competency. It has become accepted practice, however, for individuals operating as PAT Testers to hold a 2377–22 (or a later version, such as 2377-77) City and Guilds qualification. PAT Testers in the UK do not need to be electricians or have a background in the electrical industry. An example of a nationally recognised qualification of competence in PAT testing
480-438: A course or gained a qualification in order to PAT - AS/NZS 3760 2010 stipulates a competent person may Test and Tag, and that a person may be a competent person through formal training (i.e. a test and tag course), experience on the job, qualification, or combination thereof. In New Zealand it is not a legal requirement to attend a training course, however persons undertaking Portable Appliance Testing must be deemed Competent by
560-415: A formal visual inspection is carried out and then followed by electrical testing. Note the inside of the plug should be checked unless it is moulded or there is an unbroken seal covering the screws (bad internal wiring or an unsuitable fuse would cause the item to be classed as dangerous). The tests an appliance is required to undergo will depend on the type of appliance, its electrical class and subject to
640-407: A good method of maintaining portable electric equipment. For landlords maintaining legal requirements it is not compulsory for them to have all appliances tested, but they do need to show a "duty of care" and most letting agents recommend that a test certificate is obtained. The first official appliance-testing equipment in the UK was used for government housing estates. This was under the control of
720-527: A great many private companies and other organizations do meet their legal obligations to protect their workers by an enforced PAT regime, but it is not the only route. Recent HSE publications have relaxed their tone somewhat to acknowledge this, and now point out that in many situations an annual PAT test is disproportionate to the risks and is often not required. In 2011, the HSE reviewed its approach to portable appliance maintenance in its own offices. Thinking about
800-458: A journeyperson who has been engaged in the industry for three years and has passed the Master's examination (i.e. Alberta). The various levels of field safety representatives are A, B and C. The only difference between each class is that they are able to do increasingly higher voltage and current work. The two qualification awarding organisations are City and Guilds and EAL. Electrical competence
880-423: A leakage test to be carried out if equipment being tested must be energised to close the circuit or operate a switching device. Leakage testing does require the item being tested to be powered up thus meaning the item will switch on and operate. In countries where the sockets are polarised, polarity testing is a simple test that can be carried out using a polarity tester to determine whether the active and neutral of
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#1732775861712960-550: A lower perceived value than bachelor's degrees . Data from the United States shows that vocational education can provide a respectable income at a lesser cost in time and money for training. Even ten years after graduation, there are many people with a certificate or associate degree who earn more money than those with a B.A. The average taxable income for the top trades in Australia can be up to $ 100,000, while
1040-402: A master's direction. Generally, states do not offer journeyperson permits, and journeyperson electricians and other apprentices can only work under permits issued to a master electrician. Apprentices may not work without direct supervision. Before electricians can work unsupervised, they are usually required to serve an apprenticeship lasting three to five years under the general supervision of
1120-960: A percentage of the Journeyperson's pay. Journeymen are electricians who have completed their Apprenticeship and who have been found by the local, State, or National licensing body to be competent in the electrical trade. Master Electricians have performed well in the trade for a period of time, often seven to ten years, and have passed an exam to demonstrate superior knowledge of the National Electrical Code, or NEC. Service electricians are tasked to respond to requests for isolated repairs and upgrades. They have skills troubleshooting wiring problems, installing wiring in existing buildings, and making repairs. Construction electricians primarily focus on larger projects, such as installing all new electrical system for an entire building, or upgrading an entire floor of an office building as part of
1200-414: A range of work including air conditioning, light fittings and installation, safety switches, smoke alarm installation, inspection and certification and testing and tagging of electrical appliances. To provide data , structured cabling systems, home automation & theatre , LAN , WAN and VPN data solutions or phone points, an installer must be licensed as a Telecommunications Cable Provider under
1280-556: A remodeling process. Other specialty areas are marine electricians, research electricians and hospital electricians. "Electrician" is also used as the name of a role in stagecraft , where electricians are tasked primarily with hanging, focusing, and operating stage lighting . In this context, the Master Electrician is the show's chief electrician. Although theater electricians routinely perform electrical work on stage lighting instruments and equipment, they are not part of
1360-484: A result of user checks and visual inspections and review its maintenance system if evidence suggests that it needs revising. Electrical equipment will continue to be maintained by a series of user checks and visual inspections by staff that have had some training. Annual portable appliance testing is not always necessary in low risk environments. You do not need to be qualified as an electrician to carry out visual inspections. Regular user checks and visual inspections can be
1440-426: A risk assessment by the technician. e.g. it may not be safe to perform a leakage current test which powers up the appliance, such as a grinder, if it cannot be secured to a bench; an insulation resistance test may be a safe option. This test shows the resistance offered by the earthing rods with the connection leads. Various testing instruments are available for earthing resistance tests. The earthing resistance ideally
1520-544: A scheme controlled by Australian Communications and Media Authority Electrical licensing in Australia is regulated by the individual states. In Western Australia, the Department of Commerce tracks licensee's and allows the public to search for individually named/licensed Electricians. Currently in Victoria the apprenticeship lasts for four years, during three of those years the apprentice attends trade school in either
1600-798: A series of 'Guidance Notes' in book form that provide further in-depth knowledge. With the exception of the work covered by Part P of the Building Regulations, such as installing consumer units, new circuits or work in bathrooms, there are no laws that prevent anyone from carrying out some basic electrical work in the UK. In British English, an electrician is colloquially known as a "spark". The United States does not offer nationwide licensing and electrical licenses are issued by individual states. There are variations in licensing requirements, however, all states recognize three basic skill categories: level electricians. Journeyperson electricians can work unsupervised provided that they work according to
1680-463: A site of work. Neither is there any legal instrument which obliges the site owner to ensure third-party equipment is PAT inspected either by themselves or the equipment owner. The internal policies of many UK businesses and educational establishments make mistaken reference to PAT inspection being a legal requirement under the Electricity at Work Regulations, which is false. Having such a policy
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#17327758617121760-613: A system. An electric arc exposes eyes and skin to hazardous amounts of heat and light. Faulty switchgear may cause an arc flash incident with a resultant blast. Electricians are trained to work safely and take many measures to minimize the danger of injury. Lockout and tagout procedures are used to make sure that circuits are proven to be de-energized before work is done. Limits of approach to energized equipment protect against arc flash exposure; specially designed flash-resistant clothing provides additional protection; grounding (earthing) clamps and chains are used on line conductors to provide
1840-558: A visible assurance that a conductor is de-energized. Personal protective equipment provides electrical insulation as well as protection from mechanical impact; gloves have insulating rubber liners, and work boots and hard hats are specially rated to provide protection from shock. If a system cannot be de-energized, insulated tools are used; even high-voltage transmission lines can be repaired while energized, when necessary. Electrical workers, which includes electricians, accounted for 34% of total electrocutions of construction trades workers in
1920-560: Is legitimate for internal reasons, but it is not underwritten by law; it is only their interpretation. Therefore, it is not a legal requirement to have a PAT inspection sticker or certificate, rather the obligation is that equipment must be safe. The HSE recommend policies use phrases such as "equipment that is brought onto site for an event must be in a safe condition" and refrain from overzealous statements such as "must be PAT inspected" which can be restrictive without improving safety. This can be done by hiring an external company to test all
2000-449: Is less than 1 Ω . The equipment shall have a measured resistance of the protective earth circuit or the earthing conductor of an extension cord or appliance cord set, which does not exceed 1Ω. Testing is performed using an ohmmeter or PAT tester The choice of which of the tests to use is at the operator's discretion as there is merit in each test for given situations. Later model testers that are battery powered are limited to doing
2080-404: Is less than 5 mWcm which indicates that the door and casing are not distorted and any seals are intact so that there is no hazard to those in the vicinity of the equipment. A piece of calibrated equipment is required for these tests to detect and measure leakage of the 2.4 GHz microwave radiation, it is usually a hand-held device with a sensing antenna that can be scanned over the areas where
2160-600: Is offered by City & Guilds : 2377-77 Level 3 Award in the In-service Inspection and Testing of Electrical Equipment (603/6790/8), while the current (2023) guidance is the 'Code of Practice for In-service Inspection and Testing of Electrical Equipment – 5th Edition' published by the Institution of Engineering and Technology in October 2021. In Australia it is not a legal requirement to have attended
2240-530: Is operating at the expected power levels indicated by labelling. Microwave leakage testing was removed in version 4 of the IET Code of Practice, to revert microwave oven testing to the same as any other appliance, but with emphasis put on the visual inspection of the door seal. Electrical appliance classes are differentiated by a series of IEC protection classes. The protocols for PAT Testing vary by appliance class: Classes such as Class 0 are not legal in
2320-558: Is required at Level 3 to practice as a 'qualified electrician' in the UK. Once qualified and demonstrating the required level of competence an Electrician can apply to register for a Joint Industry Board Electrotechnical Certification Scheme card in order to work on building sites or other controlled areas. Although partly covered during Level 3 training, more in depth knowledge and qualifications can be obtained covering subjects such as Design and Verification or Testing and Inspection among others. These additional qualifications can be listed on
2400-568: Is still protecting the worker. Because of the high risk involved in this trade, this testing needs to be performed regularly and regulations vary according to state. Industry best practice is the Queensland Electrical Safety Act 2002, and requires six-monthly testing. Training of electricians follows an apprenticeship model, taking four or five years to progress to fully qualified journeyperson level. Typical apprenticeship programs consists of 80-90% hands-on work under
2480-604: Is the test button on the RCD tester not the TEST button on the RCD itself. If the RCD is live, pressing the RCD's own test button should always trip the RCD). The RCD tester should be connected with the socket, with earth terminal and This test requires specialised test equipment, knowledge and training; In addition to this, many technicians also test; Best Practice is to test the RCD under 1/2, 1X and 5X rated tripping current, each at both
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2560-514: Is unable to work for profit or gain without having the further qualifications necessary to become a Registered Electrical Contractor (REC) or being in the employment of a person holding REC status. However, some exemptions do exist. In most cases a certificate of electrical safety must be submitted to the relevant body after any electrical works are performed. Safety equipment used and worn by electricians in Australia (including insulated rubber gloves and mats) needs to be tested regularly to ensure it
2640-506: The Building Regulations cover the legal requirements of the installation of electrical technical equipment with Part P outlining most of the regulations covering dwellings Information regarding design, selection, installation and testing of electrical structures is provided in the non-statutory publication 'Requirements for Electrical Installations, IET Wiring Regulations, Eighteenth Edition, BS 7671:2018' otherwise known as
2720-582: The Industrial Revolution . Traditional handicraft roles included, for example: " sail-maker , candle-maker, cooper , japanner , lapidary and taxidermist , canister-maker, furrier , cap-maker, dobbin-maker, french-polisher , baker , miller , brewer , confectioner , watch-maker , tinsmith , glazier , maltster , wood-turner , saddler, shipwright , scale-maker, engraver and cutler ." Tradesmen/women are contrasted with laborers , agricultural workers, and professionals (those in
2800-949: The International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers , Canadian Union of Public Employees , and the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers . The International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers provides its own apprenticeships through its National Joint Apprenticeship and Training Committee and the National Electrical Contractors Association . Many merit shop training and apprenticeship programs also exist, including those offered by such as trade associations as Associated Builders and Contractors and Independent Electrical Contractors . These organizations provide comprehensive training, in accordance with U.S. Department of Labor regulations. In
2880-563: The Property Services Agency – prior to 1972 the Ministry of Public Building and Works . In some cases testing was conducted on a three-month (high-risk) and six-month (low-risk) cycle from the early 1960s onwards. Extensive record-keeping was made into log-books and generally the equipment used was an insulation resistance tester, simple hand tools and visual inspection. Evidence of testing was clearly visible to workers in
2960-433: The "screen test". Older mains powered units can do all tests. The purpose of the high current test is to simulate a fault condition: if a live part contacts the earthed metalwork, the earth conductor should be able to carry sufficient current to blow the fuse and render the appliance safe, without the earth conductor itself burning out. On the other hand, some equipment (especially IT equipment) could be damaged by this test, as
3040-469: The 0 degree and 180 degree phases. Specific microwave leakage testing was recommended for microwave ovens in the United Kingdom up until version 3 of the IET Code of Practice. The first is that the device immediately ceases production of the microwave radiation when the door is opened, which checks that the safety interlock systems are functional; and the second is that any leakage when operating
3120-567: The Dakotas, Idaho, Iowa, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Utah, and Wyoming. Electricians use a range of hand and power tools and instruments. Some of the more common tools are: In addition to the workplace hazards generally faced by industrial workers, electricians are also particularly exposed to injury by electricity. An electrician may experience electric shock due to direct contact with energized circuit conductors or due to stray voltage caused by faults in
3200-418: The Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 is an obligation on UK businesses, there is no obligation to undertake PAT inspection. In reality neither act nor their corresponding regulations and associated statutory instruments detail PAT inspection as an obligation, but rather impose a requirement of maintenance of safety and evidence of routine maintenance for all hand-held, portable and plug-in equipment. Today
3280-425: The UK and other countries. By treating all appliances without Class II or III markings as Class I by default, Class 0 appliances will fail testing as a Class I device. Similarly, Class II or III with stickers that have fallen off will also fail. The earth lead is connected to metal parts on both Class I and Class II appliances. For "Class I" during the earth test to prove continuity between earth pin and metal parts on
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3360-536: The United Kingdom, electricians are represented by several unions including Unite the Union In the Republic of Ireland there are two self-regulation/self certification bodies RECI Register of Electrical Contractors of Ireland and ECSSA. An auto electrician is a tradesperson specializing in electrical wiring of motor vehicles. Auto electricians may be employed in the installation of new electrical components or
3440-539: The United States between 1992 and 2003. Working conditions for electricians vary by specialization. Generally an electrician's work is physically demanding such as climbing ladders and lifting tools and supplies. Occasionally an electrician must work in a cramped space or on scaffolding, and may frequently be bending, squatting or kneeling, to make connections in awkward locations. Construction electricians may spend much of their days in outdoor or semi-outdoor loud and dirty work sites. Industrial electricians may be exposed to
3520-475: The Wiring Regulations or 'Regs'. Usual amendments are published on an ad hoc bases when minor changes occur. The first major update of the 18th Edition were published during February 2020 mainly covering the section covering Electric vehicles charger installations although an addendum was published during December 2019 correcting some minor mistakes and adding some small changes. The IET also publish
3600-471: The appliance. For "Class II" during the insulation test to prove the insulation between active-neutral and the metal parts of the appliance. i.e. there is no leakage from mains coming into the appliance to the metal parts that are exposed. In the UK, there is no requirement to have a formal qualification for persons carrying out PAT Testing. The Electricity at Work regulations of 1989 simply state that where required, inspecting and testing must be carried out by
3680-402: The appliances can largely be carried out in-house in many organisations. This can result in cost savings and more flexibility as to exactly when a PAT is carried out. Portable appliance testing is abbreviated as PAT. The correct term for the whole process is "In-service Inspection & Testing of Electrical Equipment" (as defined by IET/IEE and City and Guilds ). In Australia and New Zealand,
3760-513: The average for all Australians is $ 85,800. Test and tagging In electrical safety testing , portable appliance testing ( PAT , PAT inspection or PAT testing ) is a process by which electrical appliances are routinely checked for safety, commonly used in the United Kingdom , Ireland , New Zealand and Australia . The formal term for the process is "in-service inspection & testing of electrical equipment". Testing involves
3840-493: The category of equipment being tested. Other countries have similar procedures, for example, testing of equipment according to DGUV Vorschrift 3 in Germany . Health and safety regulations require that electrical appliances are safe and well maintained to prevent harm to workers. Many equipment manufacturers recommend testing at regular intervals to ensure continual safety, with the interval between tests varying based on both
3920-635: The common name for PAT is simply 'Test and Tag.' The regulatory guidelines are set out in AS/NZS 3760. British law (the Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 ) requires that all electrical systems (including electrical appliances) are maintained (so far as it is reasonable and practicable) to prevent risk of injury or danger. Private houses are not covered by this legislation, although occupiers' liability requires householders not to deliberately expose occupants or visitors to unreasonable risks. The HSE and
4000-421: The condition that licenses are in good standing and have been held at the other state for five years. Nevada reciprocates with Arizona, California, and Utah. Maine reciprocates with New Hampshire and Vermont at the master level, and the state reciprocates with New Hampshire, North Dakota, Idaho, Oregon, Vermont, and Wyoming at the journeyperson level. Colorado maintains a journeyperson alliance with Alaska, Arkansas,
4080-505: The devices being installed, or by inside wiremen. Electricians are trained to one of three levels: Apprentice, Journeyperson, and Master Electrician. In the US and Canada, apprentices work and receive a reduced compensation while learning their trade. They generally take several hundred hours of classroom instruction and are contracted to follow apprenticeship standards for a period of between three and six years, during which time they are paid as
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#17327758617124160-405: The door is required to be opened by whatever means is provided and the measurement device is not to record a level above the given limit. In some scenarios a known quantity of water is heated for a known period of time and the temperature rise over the period of operation is used to generate an indication of the effective power output of the magnetron. This can be helpful to determine whether the oven
4240-435: The door meets the casing to find any radiation hot-spots whilst the unit is operating. As microwave ovens are not normally designed to be operated without a load this will usually take the form of an open container containing a quantity of water which is used to absorb the energy and as it gets warmed gives an indication that a unit not previously examined by a tester is actually producing microwaves. After checking for leakage
4320-404: The earth connection is only for functional purposes and is not meant to be relied upon for safety. A leakage current test performed at rated voltage with values not exceeding 5mA for Class I appliances or 1mA for Class II appliances. Alternatively, measured insulation resistance (IR ) values are not less than 1MΩ for Class I and Class II appliances at 500 V d.c., or at 250 V d.c. to avoid
4400-426: The earthed parts of a Class I appliance or the external metal parts of a Class II appliance; Insulation resistance testing is performed using an ohmmeter or portable appliance tester by applying a nominal voltage to the live conductors (active and neutral) of an appliance, and placing 0 volt reference on the earthed parts of a Class I appliance or the external metal parts of a Class II appliance; A deficiency of
4480-421: The electrical products in a business (someone who has had some PAT training, either by an official qualification or by attending a health and safety course offered by some electrical health and safety companies) or it can be done in-house by a competent person. In a low-risk environment most dangerous defects can be found simply by checking the appliances for obvious signs of damage such as frayed cables. Advising
4560-436: The electrical trade and have a different set of skills and qualifications from the electricians that work on building wiring. In the film industry and on a television crew the head electrician is referred to as a Gaffer . Electrical contractors are businesses that employ electricians to design, install, and maintain electrical systems. Contractors are responsible for generating bids for new jobs, hiring tradespeople for
4640-403: The equipment apparently failing the test because the metal oxide varistors (MOVs) or electro-magnetic interference (EMI) suppression triggered, for equipment containing voltage limiting devices such as MOVs or EMI suppression. Leakage current testing is performed using a PAT by applying a nominal voltage to the live conductors (active and neutral) of an appliance, and placing 0 volt reference on
4720-523: The form of "passed," "tested for electrical safety," and "do not use after..." labels affixed to various parts of the electrical equipment used. This early testing and inspection was done under a planned maintenance scheme and pre-dated both the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and the Electricity at Work Act 1989. In the UK there is no legal instrument that requires a sub-contractor to ensure that all tools and equipment are PAT inspected before bringing onto
4800-682: The heat, dust, and noise of an industrial plant. Power systems electricians may be called to work in all kinds of adverse weather to make emergency repairs. Some electricians are union members and work under their union's policies. Electricians can choose to be represented by the Electrical Trade Union (ETU). Electrical Contractors can be represented by the National Electrical & Communications Association or Master Electricians Australia. Some electricians are union members. Some examples of electricians' unions include
4880-468: The holder to carry out all types of electrical installation work in Australia without supervision. However, to contract, or offer to contract, to carry out electrical installation work, a licensed electrician must also be registered as an electrical contractor. Under Australian law, electrical work that involves fixed wiring is strictly regulated and must almost always be performed by a licensed electrician or electrical contractor. A local electrician can handle
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#17327758617124960-448: The insulation resistance (500 V /250 V DC) test is that the DC voltage will not activate electromagnetic switches or internal relays etc. that are common in many modern power tools, computers, TVs etc. and therefore it can only test the appliance up to that point. Appliances with these components / design should be tested using the leakage current test. AS/NZS 3760:2010 section 2.3.3.2 requires
5040-514: The job training (usually 4,000 to 6,000 hours) and classroom hours (about 144 hours). Requirements include completion of two to six years of apprenticeship training and passing a licensing exam. An electrician's license is valid for work in the state where the license was issued. In addition, many states recognize licenses from other states, sometimes called interstate reciprocity participation, although there can be conditions imposed. For example, California reciprocates with Arizona, Nevada, and Utah on
5120-571: The job training. They also need to attend school for 4 terms and pass a provincial exam. This training enables them to become journeyperson electricians. Furthermore, in British Columbia, an individual can go a step beyond that and become a "FSR", or field safety representative. This credential gives the ability to become a licensed electrical contractor and to pull permits. Notwithstanding this, some Canadian provinces only grant "permit pulling privileges" to current Master Electricians, that is,
5200-492: The job, providing material to electricians in a timely manner, and communicating with architects, electrical and building engineers, and the customer to plan and complete the finished product. Many jurisdictions have regulatory restrictions concerning electrical work for safety reasons due to the many hazards of working with electricity. Such requirements may be testing, registration or licensing. Licensing requirements vary between jurisdictions. An electrician's license entitles
5280-461: The learned professions). Skilled tradesmen are distinguished: A British study found that, after taking student loan repayments into account, a higher apprenticeship (at level 5 in the national qualifications frameworks ) delivered higher lifetime median earnings than a degree from a university outside the Russell Group . Despite this, polling for the report found that apprenticeships have
5360-662: The local authority are responsible for the policing of this legislation. Guidance from the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET, published under the IEE brand) and the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) recommends that a competent person must inspect the installation regularly in any public building or a place that people work. They suggest initial intervals for combined inspection and testing that range from three months (for construction equipment) to one year, and in many cases, longer periods for re-testing (certain types of appliance in schools, hotels, offices and shops). Although
5440-422: The maintenance and repair of existing electrical components. Auto electricians specialize in cars and commercial vehicles . The auto electrical trade is generally more difficult than the electrical trade due to the confined spaces, engineering complexity of modern automotive electrical systems, and working conditions (often roadside breakdowns or on construction sites, mines, quarries to repair machinery etc.) Also
5520-531: The plug end are correctly connected to the corresponding terminals at the socket end. Note: The earth is tested during the earth continuity test . In the UK, as per BS 7671 , the phase ('Live' or 'Hot') cable should connect with the right hand side terminal of the socket (if we face the socket outlet). For residual-current devices (RCDs), a type of earth-leakage circuit breaker (ELCB), there are two test methods to be used: This test requires specific test equipment RCD tester: (the TEST button referred to here
5600-435: The presence of high-current DC electricity makes injury from burns and arc-flash injury possible. Tradesman As opposed to a master craftsman or an artisan , a tradesperson (tradesman/woman) is not necessarily restricted to manual work . In Victorian England , The terms "skilled worker," "craftsman," "artisan," and "tradesman" were used in senses that overlap. All describe people with specialized training in
5680-635: The principles of electricity , often electrostatic generators of one form or another. In the United States, electricians are divided into two primary categories: lineperson , who work on electric utility company distribution systems at higher voltages, and wiremen, who work with the lower voltages utilized inside buildings. Wiremen are generally trained in one of five primary specialties: commercial, residential, light industrial, industrial, and low-voltage wiring, more commonly known as Voice-Data-Video, or VDV. Other sub-specialties such as control wiring and fire-alarm may be performed by specialists trained in
5760-509: The process and could command high wages and steady employment. Skilled workers in the building trades (e.g. carpenters , masons, plumbers , plasterers, glaziers, painters etc) were also referred to by one or another of these terms. One study of Caversham, New Zealand , at the turn of the century notes that a skilled trade was considered a trade that required an apprenticeship to entry. Skilled tradesmen worked either in traditional handicraft workshops or newer factories that emerged during
5840-403: The results are generally not recorded unless a defect is identified. This is a process of simply inspecting the appliance, the cable and the plug for any obvious signs of damage. According to the HSE, this process can find more than 90% of faults. At periodic intervals, the portable appliances are tested to measure that the degree of protection to ensure that it is adequate. At these intervals,
5920-479: The reverse of the JIB card. Beyond this level is additional training and qualifications such as EV charger installations or training and working in specialist areas such as street furniture or within industry. The Electricity at Work Regulations are a statutory document that covers the use and proper maintenance of electrical equipment and installations within businesses and other organisations such as charities. Parts of
6000-430: The skills needed for a particular kind of work. Some of them produced goods that they sold from their own premises (e.g. bootmakers , saddlers, hatmakers , jewelers , glassblowers ); others (e.g. typesetters , bookbinders , wheelwrights ) were employed to do one part of the production in a business that required a variety of skilled workers. Still others were factory hands who had become experts in some complex part of
6080-481: The standard used is AS/NZS3760. Testing equipment has been specifically developed for PAT inspections, based on the testing equipment used by manufacturers to ensure compliance with the British Standard Code of Practice and European product standards relevant to that type of appliance. This in turn allows testing and the interpretation of results to be de-skilled to a large extent. The inspection of
6160-506: The supervision of journeymen and 10-20% classroom training. Training and licensing of electricians is regulated by each province, however professional licenses are valid throughout Canada under Agreement on Internal Trade . An endorsement under the Red Seal Program provides additional competency assurance to industry standards. In order for individuals to become a licensed electricians, they need to have 9000 hours of practical, on
6240-472: The type of appliance and the environment in which it is to be used. The European Low Voltage Directive governs the manufacture or importation of electrical appliances. Compliance with these standards has to be declared and indicated by the display of the CE mark on the product. The responsibility for testing lies with the manufacturer or the importer and is policed by Trading Standards. In Australia and New Zealand
6320-432: The type of equipment in use, and how it was used, the HSE looked back at the results from its annual testing of portable appliances across its estate over the last five years. Using the results of the previous tests, the HSE decided that further portable appliance tests are not needed within the foreseeable future or at all for certain types of portable equipment. Also, they decided to continue to monitor any faults reported as
6400-403: The user of potential danger signs can result in problems being picked up before they can result in any danger. For example, if the power cable is frayed or the plug is cracked, users need to be advised not to use the appliance and report the fault to a supervisor. This information can be put across, say by the use of a poster or in a memo. User checks are always carried out before the operation, and
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