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98-463: Baca was born in 1865 in Socorro, New Mexico , to Francisco and Juana Maria Baca. His family moved to Topeka, Kansas , when he was a young child. Upon his mother's death in 1880, Baca returned with his father to Belen, New Mexico , where his father became a marshal . In 1884, at the age of 19, Baca acquired some guns and became a deputy sheriff (whether through purchasing a badge or by being appointed

196-592: A community that grew in importance as commerce between Santa Fe and Chihuahua passed through it. The wood for the first bridge across the Rio Grande came from Santa Fe, New Mexico , in the late 18th century. The original population of Mansos , Suma , Jumano , and other natives from the south brought by the Spanish from Central New Spain grew around the mission. In 1680 during the Pueblo Revolt , most of

294-543: A compilation of episodes was released as a film, Elfego Baca: Six Gun Law . It was directed by Christian Nyby and starred Robert Loggia's Elfego Baca. The film premiered in theaters in West Germany on May 20, 1966, and was later broadcast on American television with the title Elfego Baca: Attorney at Law . Other popular culture depictions include Dynamite Entertainment 's Lone Ranger and Green Hornet comic, where he cameos alongside other Western heroes including

392-601: A concealed palm pistol standing at the El Paso Chamber of Commerce building along the procession route. Burnham and Moore captured, disarmed, and arrested the assassin within only a few feet of Díaz and Taft. The city was Mexico's largest border town by 1910. As such, it held strategic importance during the Mexican Revolution . In May 1911, about 3,000 revolutionary fighters under the leadership of Francisco I. Madero laid siege to Ciudad Juárez, which

490-517: A female householder with no husband present, and 37.0% were non-families. 29.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.02. In the City of Socorro 25.4% of the total population was under the age of 18, 16.9% from 18 to 24, 25.7% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 11.6% were 65 years of age or older. The median age

588-560: A lot of air pollution. Along with rapid industrialization, small brick kilns have been a big contributor to the high amount of air pollution in Ciudad Juárez. While the Ciudad Juárez economy has largely been dependent on Maquiladora program, business leaders have undertaken initiatives to upskill and secure the city are larger stake in the global manufacturing economy. Technology Hub is a business incubator that works with regionally based companies, on programs in skill development, and

686-468: A major point of entry and transportation into the U.S. for all of central northern Mexico. The city has a growing industrial center, which in large part is made up by more than 300 maquiladoras (assembly plants) located in and around the city. According to a 2007 New York Times article, Ciudad Juárez was "absorbing more new industrial real estate space than any other North American city". In 2008, fDi Magazine designated Ciudad Juárez "The City of

784-536: A man had it in his mind to kill me, I made it my business to get him first." Another legend says that Baca stole a pistol from Pancho Villa and the angry Villa put a price of $ 30,000 on Baca's head. One often-told story says that once when he was practicing law in Albuquerque, Baca received a telegram from a client in El Paso, Texas. "Need you at once," it said. "Have just been charged with murder," to which Baca

882-421: A more powerful trafficking network, such as Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán's Sinaloa cartel, might have moved in and restored a kind of "order among thieves." Others attribute it to the end of the cartel war between Juárez and Sinaloa, the arrest or dismissal of many policemen with cartel ties, resolutions reached by liaisons between government and a group of local leaders called "La Mesa de Seguridad y Justicia", and

980-481: A political investigator and wrote a weekly column in Spanish praising Cutting's work on behalf of local Hispanics. Baca considered running for governor despite his declining health, but he failed to secure the Democratic Party's nomination for district attorney in 1944. Metz, his biographer, wrote: "Elfego was, and is, controversial. He drank too much; talked too much ... he had a weakness for wild women. He

1078-427: A series of public works are inaugurated, including the city's sewage and drainage system, as well as potable water. A public library, schools, new public market (the old Mercado Cuauhtémoc) and parks dotted the city, making it one of many Porfirian showcases. Modern hotels and restaurants were built to cater the increased international railroad traffic from the 1880s onwards. However, national and foreign opposition to

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1176-529: A state in 1912, Baca unsuccessfully ran for Congress as a Republican. Nevertheless, he remained a valued political figure because of his ability to turn out the vote among the Hispanic population. Working at times as a private detective, Baca also took a job as a bouncer in a casino across the border in Ciudad Juárez , Mexico. Baca worked closely with New Mexico's longtime Senator Bronson Cutting as

1274-527: A territory of the United States. At the time, New Mexico encompassed what is now the states of New Mexico and Arizona . In 1850, the population of Socorro was only 543 people. This included 100 American soldiers who were soon moved to Valverde . The first military post built near Socorro was Fort Conrad , 30 miles (48 km) south of the town. Built in August 1851, the fort was badly constructed and

1372-517: A vigilante group calling itself Juárez Citizens Command threatened to put a stop to all the perpetrators of violence if the government continued to fail to curb the violence in the city. Government officials expressed concern that such vigilantism would contribute to further instability and violence. In 2008, General Moreno and the Third Infantry Company took over the fight against the cartels in town. They were removed in 2009, with

1470-522: A year), between November and March. On December 26/27, 2015, parts of the city received 40 cm (16 in) of snow within a 24-hour period beating the previous record of 28 cm (11 in) set in 1951. The record high is 49 °C (120 °F) and the record low is −23 °C (−9 °F). Ciudad Juárez has many affluent neighborhoods, such as Campestre , Campos Elíseos, and Misión de Los Lagos. Other neighborhoods, including Anapra , Chaveña , and Anáhuac, would be considered more marginal, while

1568-734: Is Cruz Pérez Cuéllar , who won as a MORENA candidate in 2021. Six national parties are represented on the council: the PRI, the National Action Party , Ecologist Green Party of Mexico , Party of the Democratic Revolution , Labor Party and the New Alliance Party . Violence towards women in the municipality increased dramatically between 1993 and the mid-2000s, with approximately 370 girls and women murdered and at least 400 women reported missing. Much of

1666-653: Is a city in Socorro County in the U.S. state of New Mexico . It is in the Rio Grande Valley at an elevation of 4,579 feet (1,396 m). At the 2020 census , the population was 8,707. It is the county seat of Socorro County. Socorro is located 74 miles (119 km) south of Albuquerque and 146 miles (235 km) north of Las Cruces . The instruments used by the LINEAR program are located at Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site (ETS) on

1764-468: Is approximately 30 miles (48 km) north of Socorro) until the 1800s. In 1800, governor Fernando Chacón gave the order to resettle Socorro and other villages in the area. However, Socorro was not resettled until about 1815. In 1817, 70 Belen residents petitioned the crown for land in Socorro. The 1833 Socorro census lists over 400 residents, with a total of 1,774 people living within the vicinity of

1862-511: Is frequently among the top five states in Mexico with the most foreign investment. Many foreign retail, banking, and fast-food businesses have locations within Juárez. In the 1990s, traditional brick kilns made up a big part of the economic informal sector. These were typically located in the poorer regions of Juárez. The kilns used open-air fires, where certain materials that were burned generated

1960-458: Is giving young people career opportunities and giving people hope. Technology HUB is a startup incubator working to diversify the city's economy and move the regions low-skill manufacturing industry into an innovation cluster. Its economic development projects are in line with the research of University of Berkeley Professor Enrico Moretti. Innovation economies are found to be more adaptive to shifting tech and trade conditions and more resilient to

2058-887: Is honored by the modern Santa Fe Street Bridge , and Santa Fe Street in downtown El Paso. Several bridges serve the El Paso–Ciudad Juárez area in addition to the Paso Del Norte Bridge also known as the Santa Fe Street Bridge, including the Bridge of the Americas , Stanton Street Bridge , and the Ysleta Bridge also known as the Zaragoza Bridge . There is also a land crossing at nearby Santa Teresa, New Mexico , and another one,

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2156-445: Is supposed to have responded with a telegram saying, "Leaving at once with three eyewitnesses." In the late 1950s, Walt Disney turned Baca into the first Hispanic popular culture hero in the United States, representing him in six comic books, a feature film, and related merchandising. Disney deliberately avoided ethnic tension by presenting Baca as a generalized Western hero, portraying "a New Mexican Davy Crockett ". They filmed most of

2254-770: Is the location of the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology , which is a state-funded research- and teaching-oriented university. New Mexico Tech has approximately 1,500 undergraduate students, 500 graduate students, and 150 academic staff. Currently, the Summer Science Program in Astrophysics is hosted at New Mexico Tech. Freight service is provided by a BNSF line from Belen, New Mexico to El Paso, Texas . Passenger service ceased in 1968, when ATSF (BNSF’s predecessor) cancelled its El Pasoan train. The Socorro airport, located on

2352-411: Is unclear) in Socorro County, New Mexico . In October 1884, in the town of Middle San Francisco Plaza (now Reserve, New Mexico), Baca arrested a drunk cowboy named Charlie McCarty, flashing his badge at him and taking his gun. McCarty's fellow cowboys tried to stop Baca, but he fought back, killing the horse of John Slaughter 's foreman, which fell on him and killed him, and shooting another cowboy in

2450-512: The Chihuahuan Desert and high altitude, Ciudad Juárez has a cold desert climate ( Köppen : BWk ). Seasons are distinct, with hot summers, mild springs and autumns, and cold winters. Summer average high is 35 °C (95 °F) with lows of 21 °C (70 °F). Winter highs average 14 °C (57 °F) with lows of 0 °C (32 °F). Rainfall is scarce and greater in summer. Snowfalls occur occasionally (about four times

2548-579: The Fabens–Caseta International Bridge located 50 km southeast of Juárez. El Paso City Lines operated a streetcar system in Juárez from 1881 until 1974. Mexico North Western Railway 's subsidiary operation, the El Paso and Southwestern Railroad , extended into the US at El Paso, Texas but no longer operates passenger rail. According to the latest estimates, the literacy rate in

2646-618: The Mexican state of Chihuahua . It was known until 1888 as El Paso del Norte ("The North Pass"). It is the seat of the Juárez Municipality with an estimated population of 2.5 million people. Juárez lies on the Rio Grande (Río Bravo del Norte) river, south of El Paso, Texas , United States. Together with the surrounding areas, the cities form El Paso–Juárez , the second largest binational metropolitan area on

2744-656: The Mexico–U.S. border (after San Diego–Tijuana ), with a combined population of over 3.4 million people. Four international points of entry connect Ciudad Juárez and El Paso: the Bridge of the Americas , the Ysleta–Zaragoza International Bridge , the Paso del Norte Bridge , and the Stanton Street Bridge . Combined, these bridges allowed 22,958,472 crossings in 2008, making Ciudad Juárez

2842-561: The New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology (NM Tech), the Bureau of Land Management , Socorro General Hospital, the National Radio Astronomy Observatory , municipal and county governments, Socorro Consolidated Schools. The Elfego Baca Golf Shoot is named after a former mayor of Socorro who survived a gun battle near what is now Reserve, New Mexico , involving over 4,000 bullets that were fired over

2940-471: The New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology ) was founded in Socorro in 1889. On April 24, 1964, Lonnie Zamora, a local policeman, claimed to have observed a flying saucer and two little beings. Zamora's claim is known as the Lonnie Zamora incident . Socorro is located 75 miles (121 km) south of Albuquerque , at an average elevation of 4,605 feet (1,404 m). The town lies adjacent to

3038-738: The Piro Pueblo and some of the Tiwa people branch of the Pueblo became refugees. A Mission was established for the Tigua in Ysleta del Sur . Piro Pueblo colonial era settlements along El Camino Real, south of the Guadalupe Mission, included Missions Real de San Lorenzo , Senecú del Sur , and Soccoro del Sur . Presidio del Nuestra Senora del Pilar del Paso del Rio Norte was established near

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3136-709: The Rio Grande in a landscape dominated by the Rio Grande rift and numerous extinct volcanoes. The immediate region encompasses approximately 6,000 feet (1,800 m) of vertical relief between the Rio Grande and the Magdalena Mountains . Notable nearby locales include the Cibola National Forest , the Bureau of Land Management Quebradas Scenic Backcountry Byway , and the Bosque del Apache and Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuges . According to

3234-522: The United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 14.4 square miles (37 km ), of which 0.04 square miles (0.10 km ), or 0.21%, is water. Socorro has a cold semi-arid climate ( BSk ). Summers are hot, reaching 90 °F (32 °C) on an average of 82 days annually. Winters are mild, but nights are cold with 126 days falling to or below freezing per year. The record high temperature of 109 °F (43 °C)

3332-642: The White Sands Missile Range (WSMR) near Socorro, New Mexico. In June 1598, Juan de Oñate led a group of Spanish settlers through the Jornada del Muerto , an inhospitable patch of desert that ends just south of the present-day city of Socorro. As the Spaniards emerged from the desert, Piro Indians of the pueblo of Teypana gave them food and water. Therefore, the Spaniards renamed this pueblo Socorro, which means "help" or "aid". Later,

3430-595: The maquiladoras . As of 2014 more technological firms have moved to the city, such as the Delphi Corporation Technical Center, the largest in the Western Hemisphere, which employs over 2,000 engineers. Large slum housing communities called colonias have become extensive. Juárez has a long, notorious history of drug trafficking and the intense related violence. Mexico's first homegrown cartel, run by Ignacia Jasso ,

3528-470: The "City of the Future" for 2007–2008. The El Paso–Juárez area is a major manufacturing center. CommScope , Electrolux , Bosch , Foxconn , Flextronics , Lexmark , Delphi , Visteon , Johnson Controls , Toro , Lear , Boeing , Cardinal Health , Yazaki , Sumitomo , and Siemens are some of the foreign companies that have chosen Ciudad Juárez for business operations. The Mexican state of Chihuahua

3626-548: The "disloyal" commercial rivalry of the free zone was not long in coming and the Mexican government was forced to modify the status of the free zone in 1891. To this must be added the worldwide devaluation of silver and water scarcity , which generated a severe economic crisis in the city, causing a significant number of workers to flee to the United States. As a result of the collapse of commercial activities and population, Ciudad Juárez focused on tourism as an economic activity at

3724-476: The Future". As 17th-century Spanish explorers sought a route through the southern Rocky Mountains , the Franciscan Friar García de San Francisco founded Ciudad Juárez in 1659 as "El Paso del Norte" ("The North Pass"). The Misión de Guadalupe de los Mansos en el Paso del río del Norte became the first permanent Spanish development in the area in the 1660s. The Franciscan friars established

3822-574: The Institute of Architecture, Design and Art ( Instituto de Arquitectura, Diseño y Arte , IADA), the Institute of Engineering and Technology ( Instituto de Ingeniería y Tecnología , IIT) and the University City ( Ciudad Universitaria , CU) located in the southern part of Ciudad Juárez. The IADA and IIT share the same location appearing to be a single institute where the students from both institutes share facilities as buildings or classrooms with

3920-503: The Lone Ranger, Bat Masterson , Buffalo Bill , Wyatt Earp , Annie Oakley , Texas John Slaughter , and Black Bart . New Mexican author Rudolfo Anaya (1937-2020) wrote four mystery novels featuring Elfego's grandson Sonny Baca of Albuquerque, New Mexico, who carries Elfego's supposed revolver; the modern stories involve sorcery and magic. Socorro, New Mexico Socorro ( / s ə ˈ k ɔːr oʊ / , sə-KOR-oh )

4018-548: The Mission in 1683. The population of the entire district was close to 5,000 in 1750 when the Apache attacked the other native towns and ranchos around the missions. Additional Presidios were established to counter them. One Presidio, San Elzeario, was established near El Porvenir in 1774, where it remained until being moved in 1788 to what is now San Elizario, Texas , where that settlement grew up around that Presidio. Another

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4116-578: The Socorro area, including several days of filming at M Mountain within the Energetic Materials Research and Testing Center 's bomb range. Fifty extras from Socorro and surrounding areas appeared in several scenes in the film. Filming also took place at White Sands National Monument and Fort Bliss . During this time, most of the production crew and actors on the film (made with the working title Horse Soldiers ) stayed at hotels in Socorro and ate at local restaurants. Chris Hemsworth

4214-405: The U.S. through Ciudad Juárez, contributing to the growing number of citizens. The average annual growth in population over a 10-year period [1990–2000] was 5.3%. According to the 2010 population census, the city had 1,321,004 inhabitants, while the municipality had 1,332,131 inhabitants. During the last decades the city has received migrants from Mexico's interior, some figures state that 32% of

4312-486: The accuracy of the 2021 figures. After the homicide rates escalated to the point of making Ciudad Juárez the most violent city in the world, violent crime began to decline in the early 2010s. In 2012, homicides were at their lowest rate since 2007 when drug violence flared between the Sinaloa and Juárez Cartel . That trend has continued in 2015 with 300 homicides reported, the lowest number since 2006. Explanations for

4410-550: The beginning of the 20th century, particularly promoting "diversions", thus beginning "the moment of scandal" In 1909, Díaz and William Howard Taft planned a summit in Ciudad Juárez and El Paso, a historic first meeting between a Mexican and a U.S. president, and also the first time a U.S. president would cross the border into Mexico. But tensions rose on both sides of the border over the disputed Chamizal strip connecting Ciudad Juárez to El Paso, even though it would have been considered neutral territory with no flags present during

4508-638: The border moved freely across it. In 1853, a new border adjustment occurred when the territory of La Mesilla was sold to the United States, with which the new border line after the Rio Grande began precisely in Paso del Norte, reinforcing its status as a border town. During the French intervention in Mexico (1862–1867), Benito Juárez 's republican forces stopped temporarily at El Paso del Norte before establishing his government-in-exile in Chihuahua. After 1882,

4606-516: The bus stops, by equipping them with shade. The ViveBus bus rapid transit (BRT) system opened to the public in November 2013 with the first route of five planned. The project was made a reality with the collaboration of the local municipal government, the private enterprise of Integradora de Transporte de Juárez (INTRA) as well as other city government agencies. Studies have shown that the current bus system averages 13 km/h (8 mph) while

4704-458: The city center, building a series of arched porticos around the main square, as well as neo-colonial façades for main public buildings such as the city health clinic, the central fire station, and city hall. The cathedral, built in the 1950s, gave the city center the flavor of central Mexico, with its carved towers and elegant dome, but structural problems required its remodeling in the 1970s. The city's population reached some 400,000 by 1970. In 1984,

4802-534: The city grew, in large part, because of the arrival of the Mexican Central Railway. Commerce thrived in the city as more banks began operating, telegraph and telephone services became available, and trams appeared. These commercial activities were under the firm control of the city's oligarchy, which consisted of the Ochoa, Samaniego, Daguerre, Provencio, and Cuarón families. In 1888, El Paso del Norte

4900-409: The city had a radiation incident after a private medical company illegally purchased a radiation therapy unit. It was dismantled, sold to a junkyard and later smelted to produce six thousand tons of rebar (which is used to reinforce buildings), exposing thousands to radiation. Juárez has grown substantially in recent decades due to a large influx of people moving into the city in search of jobs with

4998-445: The city is in line with the national average: 97.3% of people above 15 years old are able to read and write. Juárez has about 20 institutions of higher learning Universidades en Juárez, Chihuahua: 20 : Sistema de Información Cultural-Secretaría de Cultura . The largest ones are among the following: 1. The Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Juárez (ITCJ), founded in 1964, became the first public institution of higher education in

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5096-403: The city was 66.16% White , 0.74% African American , 2.77% Native American , 2.24% Asian , 0.06% Pacific Islander , 23.24% from other races , and 4.79% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 54.50% of the population. There were 3,415 households, out of which 31.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.5% were married couples living together, 14.4% had

5194-552: The city's population originate outside the state of Chihuahua, mainly from the states of Durango (9.9%), Coahuila (6.3%), Veracruz (3.7%) and Zacatecas (3.5%), as well as from Mexico City (1.7%). However, a March 2009 article noted there has been a mass exodus of people who could afford to leave the city due to the ongoing violence from the Mexican Drug War. The article quoted a city planning department estimate of over 116,000 abandoned homes, which could roughly be

5292-410: The city. 2. The Autonomous University of Ciudad Juárez ( Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez , UACJ), founded in 1968, is the largest university in the city. It has several locations inside of the city including the Institute of Biomedical Sciences ( Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas , ICB), the Institute of Social and Administrative Sciences ( Instituto de Ciencias Sociales y Administrativas , ICSA),

5390-429: The course of 36 hours. The golf shoot begins by teeing off from Socorro Peak, also known as M Mountain, at an altitude of 7,243 feet (2,208 m), golfers proceed down the side of the mountain some 2,550 vertical feet to the one hole almost three miles (5 km) away. Socorro Consolidated School District has approx. 2,000 students and 285 staff. Socorro has one public high school , Socorro High School . The town

5488-706: The creation of an anti-extortion squad to combat extortion inflicted upon local companies. Crime was significantly reduced from 2010 to 2014, with 3,500 homicides in 2010 and 430 in 2014. In 2015, there were only 311 homicides. The decrease in crime inspired more business in the city. Some citizens who left because of the violence have since returned with their families. Many of them had moved their businesses to El Paso. In addition, U.S. companies are investing more in Juárez. Community centers work with victims of crime and teach women how to defend themselves. Citizens have also formed neighborhood watch groups and patrol neighborhoods. "La Fundacion Comunitaria de la Frontera Norte"

5586-446: The door of Armijo's house was entered as evidence. It had more than 400 bullet holes in it. Purportedly, Baca's defense attorney had false documentation to prove Baca's legal deputization, as Baca's biography suggests he deputized himself just before the arrest of Charlie McCarty. Baca officially became the sheriff of Socorro County and secured indictments for the arrest of the area's lawbreakers. Instead of ordering his deputies to pursue

5684-478: The elevated Carretera Federal 2. The city is served by Abraham González International Airport , with flights to several Mexican cities. It accommodates national and international air traffic for the city. Nearby El Paso International Airport handles flights to cities within the United States. The first bridge to cross the Rio Grande at El Paso del Norte was built in the time of New Spain , over 250 years ago, from wood hauled in from Santa Fe. Today, this bridge

5782-464: The equivalent of 400,000 people who have left the city due to the violence. A September 2010 article in The Guardian said of Ciudad Juárez: "About 10,670 businesses – 40% of the total – have shut down. A study by the city's university found that 116,000 houses have been abandoned and 230,000 people have left." The city is governed by a municipal president and an 18-seat council. The president

5880-508: The exception of the laboratories of Engineering and the laboratories of Architecture, Design and Arts. The UACJ also has spaces for Fine Arts and Sports.These latter services are considered among the best because they recluse nearly 30,000 participants in sports such as swimming, racquetball, basketball and gymnastics, and arts such as Classical Ballet , Drama , Modern Dance , Hawaiian and Polynesian Dances, Folk dance , Music and Flamenco . 3. The Faculty of Political and Social Sciences of

5978-404: The famous siege in as authentic a manner as possible, given the known details. Among those who appeared in the series were Skip Homeier , Raymond Bailey , and I. Stanford Jolley . Episodes of the series were later edited into a 1962 movie titled Elfego Baca: Six Gun Law . The theme song's tag line was, "And the legend was that / Like el gato , "the cat" / Nine lives had Elfego Baca." In 1966,

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6076-407: The floor of the home is said to have been slightly lower than ground level, allowing him to escape injury. After about 33 hours and roughly 4,000 rounds fired, the battle ended when Francisquito Naranjo persuaded Baca to surrender. In May 1885, Baca was charged with murder for the death of John Slaughter's foreman and Bert Hearne, and was jailed awaiting trial. In August 1885, Baca was acquitted after

6174-497: The general and 29 of his associates now in custody and awaiting trial for charges of murder and civil rights violations. In response to increasing violence in the city, the presence of the Mexican Armed Forces and Federal Police has almost doubled. By August 2009 there were more than 7500 soldiers augmented by an expanded and highly restaffed municipal police force. As of 2019 , Juárez's murder rate placed #2 of

6272-673: The highest level of international sales in 2020 were data processing machines and data processing units, not elsewhere specified or included elsewhere (US$ 22.8B), electrical wires and cables (US$ 3.89B), and instruments and appliances used in medical sciences (US$ 2.78B). International purchases of Juárez in 2020 were US$ 48.3B, 16.7 percent more than the previous year. The products with the highest level of international purchases in 2020 were Electronic Integrated Circuits (US$ 9.96B), Parts and Accessories of Machines (US$ 8B), and data processing machines and data processing units, not elsewhere specified or included elsewhere (US$ 4.51B). Due to its location in

6370-524: The highest reported in the world, at 104 murders per 100,000 inhabitants . An August 2008 GQ article described a dispirited and disorderly atmosphere that permeated the city, caused by multiple factors including drug violence, government corruption and poverty. As of February 2022, homicides in the city have reached a three-year low, with a total of 1412 homicides in the year 2021. However, Amnesty International estimates that as many as 95 percent of violent crimes go unreported, meaning there are questions to

6468-399: The job too dangerous. The main public transportation system in the city is the public bus system. The public buses run the main streets of Ciudad Juárez throughout the day, costing eight pesos (less than 40 cents) to ride one. Due to the aging current bus fleet being considered potentially outdated, the municipal government is working on replacing the buses with new ones, along with improving

6566-470: The kind of civil unrest that plagued Ciudad Juarez in the past. City officials have said that they have plans to increase tourism in the city. For example, in April 2015, the city created a new campaign to increase tourism called "Juarez is waiting for you". That same month, U.S. representative Beto O'Rourke visited Juárez to give a speech about how much Juárez has changed for the better. A children's museum

6664-481: The knee. Subsequently, Justice of the Peace Ted White granted McCarty's freedom and summoned Bert Hearne, a rancher from Spur Lake Ranch, to bring Baca back to the justice for questioning relating to what he considered murder. After Baca refused to come out of the adobe jail, Hearne broke down the door and ordered Baca to come out with his hands up. Soon after that, shots volleyed from the jail and hit Hearne in

6762-644: The mid 1970s. The airport remains in use as a general aviation facility with several based aircraft. Actress Jodie Foster stayed in Socorro while filming the movie Contact (1997) at the Very Large Array fifty miles west of the city. Based on the map that was faxed to Jodie Foster's character (Dr. Eleanor Arroway) in the film, the Socorro airport was also the location of meeting between Dr. Arroway and S.R. Hadden. 12 Strong (2018) includes several scenes set in Afghanistan that were recorded in

6860-416: The name "Socorro" would be applied to the nearby Piro pueblo of Pilabó . Nuestra Señora de Perpetuo Socorro , the first Catholic mission in the area, was probably established c. 1626. Fray Agustín de Vetancurt would later write that around 600 people lived in the area during this period. Mines in the Socorro mountains were opened by 1626. During the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, Spanish refugees stopped in

6958-595: The new system is projected to average 26 km/h (16 mph). The BRT system studies conducted by the Instituto Municipal de Investigacion Y Planeacion project a daily ridership of 40,000. The first of the five routes opened to users in late 2013 and is officially named Presidencia-Tierra Nueva and has 34 stations distributed along the north to south corridor. The route starts at Avenida Francisco Villa, follows north to Eje Vial Norte-Sur then veers left at Zaragoza Blvd. and ends at Avenida Independencia and

7056-461: The population abandoned the city between 1914 and 1917. Tourism, gambling, and light manufacturing drove the city's recovery from the 1920s until the 1940s. A series of mayors in the 1940s–1960s, like Carlos Villareal and René Mascareñas Miranda, ushered in a period of high growth and development predicated on the PRONAF border industrialization development program. A beautification program spruced up

7154-468: The pueblo of Socorro before continuing south, out of the province, to safety. A number of Piro Indians followed them. The withdrawal of Spanish soldiers left Socorro and its Piro inhabitants vulnerable to attack by soldiers from Apache bands and other tribes. By 1692 the settlement was in ruins. The Spanish did not initially resettle Socorro when they re-conquered New Mexico . Other than El Paso , there were no Spanish settlements south of Sabinal (which

7252-470: The rapid decline in violence include the Sinaloa Cartel's success in defeating its rivals, as well as federal, state and local government efforts to combat crime and improve the city's quality of life. The cause of the reduction in crime is the subject of speculation. One theory attributes it to deals the rival gangs made to coexist once the federal police were withdrawn in 2011. Another holds that

7350-513: The remaining neighborhoods in Juárez represent the middle- to working-class, for example, Infonavit, Las Misiones, Valle de Juárez, Lindavista, Altavista, Guadalajara, Galeana, Flores Magón, Mariano Escobedo, Los Nogales, and Independencia. Between the 1960s and 1990s, Juárez saw a high level of population growth due in part to the newly established maquiladoras. The end of the Bracero Program also brought workers back from border cities in

7448-488: The revolution not only enabled the revolutionary forces to bring in weapons and supplies from El Paso, but marked the beginning of the end for the demoralized Diaz regime. During the subsequent years of the conflict, Pancho Villa and other revolutionaries struggled for the control of the town (and income from the Federal Customs House), destroying much of the city during battles in 1911 and 1913. Much of

7546-675: The series in New Mexico, particularly Cerrillos , Socorro County , and the Albuquerque–Santa Fe–Las Vegas combined statistical area . Starting in October 1958, Walt Disney Studios released a 10-part television serial entitled The Nine Lives of Elfego Baca , starring Robert Loggia in the title role. The serial aired as part of the anthology series Walt Disney Presents at irregular intervals from October 3, 1958, to March 25, 1960. Disney took significant care to depict

7644-528: The settlements of Ysleta, Socorro, and San Elzeario on the Camino Real on the north bank of the river, isolated from the rest of the towns, in Texas. Other settlements on the east bank of the Rio Grande were not part of a town at that time; as the U.S. Army set up its installations settlements grew around it. This would later become El Paso, Texas. From that time until around 1930, populations on both sides of

7742-468: The southern edge of the city, received scheduled airline service by Continental Airlines in the early 1950s. A Douglas DC-3 aircraft provided a daily northbound flight to Albuquerque (that went on to Denver after several stops) and a southbound flight to El Paso with stops at Truth or Consequences and Las Cruces. Zia Airlines, a small commuter airline, also made on-demand flag stops at the Socorro airport on their flights between Albuquerque and Las Cruces in

7840-403: The stomach, mortally wounding him. A standoff with the cowboys ensued. The number of cowboys who gathered has been disputed, with villagers at the scene reporting about 40 present, while Baca himself later claimed there had been at least 80. The cowboys are said to have fired more than 4,000 shots into the house, until the adobe building was full of holes. However, none of the bullets struck Baca;

7938-407: The summit. The Texas Rangers , 4,000 U.S. and Mexican troops, U.S. Secret Service agents, FBI agents and U.S. marshals were all called in to provide security. Frederick Russell Burnham , the celebrated scout, was put in charge of a 250 private security detail hired by John Hays Hammond . On October 16, the day of the summit, Burnham and Private C.R. Moore, a Texas Ranger, discovered a man holding

8036-401: The transition into automation and industry 4.0. Juárez has four local newspapers: El Diario , El Mexicano , El PM and Hoy . El Diario de Juárez , is the founder of El Diario de El Paso . El Norte was a fifth, but it ceased operations on April 2, 2017, following the murder of journalist Miroslava Breach , the paper explained, the recent killings of several Mexican journalists made

8134-805: The village. The mission of San Miguel de Socorro was established soon after Socorro was resettled. The church was built on the ruins of the old Nuestra Señora de Socorro. In August 1846, during the Mexican–American War , New Mexico was occupied by the American Army. In Las Vegas, New Mexico , Colonel Stephen W. Kearny proclaimed New Mexico's independence from Mexico. On their way to begin their assault on Mexico, American troops stopped in Socorro. A British officer, Lt. George Ruxton , commented that these soldiers were "unwashed and unshaven, were ragged and dirty, without uniforms..." and were lacking in discipline. In September 1850, New Mexico became

8232-425: The violence in the city is due to warring drug cartels, primarily the Juárez, Jalisco and Sinaloa cartels. As of September 2022, the war has taken the lives of 717 individuals, including 87 women. In 2012, the Juárez police department dismissed approximately 800 officers in an effort to clean up corruption within its ranks. Recruitment goals set by the department called for the force to more than double. In 2009,

8330-425: The violence the film depicted was accurate through about 2010, and that the city had made progress in restoring peace. The El Paso Regional Economic Development Corporation indicated that Ciudad Juárez is the metropolis absorbing "more new industrial real estate space than any other North American city." The Financial Times Group through its publication The Foreign Direct Investment Magazine ranked Ciudad Juárez as

8428-455: The wanted men, he sent each of the accused a letter. It said, "I have a warrant here for your arrest. Please come in by March 15 and give yourself up. If you don't, I'll know you intend to resist arrest, and I will feel justified in shooting you on sight when I come after you." Most of the offenders turned themselves in voluntarily. In 1888, Baca became a U.S. marshal . He served for two years and then began studying law. In December 1894, he

8526-557: Was Presidio de San Fernando de Carrizal , which was established in 1774 at the San Fernando settlement that became present-day Carrizal, Chihuahua . During the Mexican–American War , the Battle of El Bracito took place nearby on Christmas Day, 1846. The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo established the Rio Grande as the border between Mexico and the United States. The main channel of the Rio Grande had moved southwestward leaving

8624-593: Was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.6 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 22,530, and the median income for a family was $ 33,013. Males had a median income of $ 31,517 versus $ 23,071 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 13,250. About 24.1% of families and 32.3% of the population were below the poverty line , including 44.4% of those under age 18 and 23.6% of those age 65 or over. The languages spoken at home were 62.41% English, 35.64% Spanish, 0.90% Chinese, 0.76% German, and 0.36% Navajo. Major employers in Socorro include

8722-569: Was abandoned for Fort Craig , located a few miles away. Fort Craig was first occupied on March 31, 1854. The New Mexico and Southern Pacific Railroad (a subsidiary of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe ) arrived in July 1880, as it built south through the Rio Grande valley on its way toward El Paso. Its presence contributed to growth of the community, as it also became a center of mining activity of lead and zinc. The New Mexico School of Mines (now

8820-495: Was admitted to the bar by Judge A.A. Freeman and briefly joined Freeman's Socorro law firm in February 1895. He practiced law on San Antonio Street in El Paso between 1902 and 1904. Baca held a succession of public offices, including county clerk, mayor, and school superintendent of Socorro County and district attorney for Socorro and Sierra Counties. In his book The Shooters , historian Leon Metz writes, "most reports say he

8918-420: Was garrisoned by 500 regular Federal troops under the command of General Juan José Navarro. Navarro's force was supported by 300 civilian auxiliaries and local police. After two days of heavy fighting most of the city had fallen to the insurrectionists and the surviving federal soldiers had withdrawn to their barracks. Navarro then formally surrendered to Madero. The capture of a key border town at an early stage of

9016-638: Was often arrogant, and, of course, he showed no compunction about killing people." On his 75th birthday, Baca told the Albuquerque Tribune that as a lawyer he had defended 30 people charged with murder and that only one went to the penitentiary. In July 1936, several years before his death, Janet Smith conducted an interview with Baca. Her notes can be found in the Library of Congress , Manuscript Division, WPA Federal Writers' Project Collection. Baca told Smith, "I never wanted to kill anybody, but if

9114-408: Was opened in honor of the children who lost their parents during the violent years. Businesses that were closed because of the violence and extortion have reopened in recent years. The city's violence was depicted in the 2015 film Sicario , drawing criticism and calls for a boycott from Juárez mayor Enrique Serrano Escobar , who said the film presented a false and negative image of the city. He said

9212-536: Was recorded on June 26, 1994, while the record low of −16 °F (−27 °C) was recorded on December 21, 1909. Socorro averages 10.05 inches (255 mm) of annual precipitation, with a peak of 2.43 inches (62 mm) in July. As of the census of 2000, there were 8,877 people, 3,415 households, and 2,151 families residing in the city. The population density was 615.8 inhabitants per square mile (237.8/km ). There were 3,940 housing units at an average density of 273.3 per square mile (105.5/km ). The racial makeup of

9310-479: Was renamed in honor of Benito Juárez. The city expanded significantly thanks to Porfirio Díaz 's free-trade policy, creating a new retail and service sector along the old Calle del Comercio (now Vicente Guerrero) and September 16 Avenue. A bullring opened in 1899. The Escobar brothers founded the city's first institution of higher education in 1906, the Escuela Particular de Agricultura. That same year,

9408-482: Was seated in the city, and for a time controlled much of the border drug trade. Today the Juárez Cartel controls the routes in Juárez. Related violence in the city is responsible for more than 1,000 unsolved murders of young women from 1993 to 2003. Juárez is known for being a leading export city. International sales of Juárez in 2020 were US$ 54.9B, 13.7 percent more than the previous year. The products with

9506-471: Was spotted at the Socorro Springs restaurant and New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology 's gym. Ciudad Ju%C3%A1rez Ciudad Juárez ( US : / s juː ˌ d ɑː d ˈ h w ɑːr ɛ z / syoo- DAHD HWAR -ez , Spanish: [sjuˈðað ˈxwaɾes] ; "Juárez City"), commonly referred to as just Juárez ( Lipan : Tsé Táhú'ayá ), is the most populous city in

9604-580: Was the best peace officer Socorro ever had." From 1913 to 1916, Baca served as the official U.S. representative of Victoriano Huerta 's government during the Mexican Revolution . In April 1915, Baca was charged with criminal conspiracy for allegedly masterminding the November 1914 escape of Mexican general José Inés Salazar from the Albuquerque jail. Successfully defended by New Mexican lawyer and politician Octaviano Larrazolo , Baca's reputation grew among Southwestern residents. When New Mexico became

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