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66-645: Aside from the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 and the Harrison Act of 1914 banning the sale of some narcotic drugs, there was no federal regulatory control in the United States of America for drugs until Congress enacted the 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act in response to the elixir sulfanilamide poisonings. In 1937, S. E. Massengill Company , a pharmaceutical manufacturer, created an oral preparation of sulfanilamide using diethylene glycol (DEG) as

132-502: A contaminant . Formaldehyde appears to be a useful probe in astrochemistry due to prominence of the 1 10 ←1 11 and 2 11 ←2 12 K -doublet transitions. It was the first polyatomic organic molecule detected in the interstellar medium . Since its initial detection in 1969, it has been observed in many regions of the galaxy . Because of the widespread interest in interstellar formaldehyde, it has been extensively studied, yielding new extragalactic sources. A proposed mechanism for

198-472: A bleak outlook on the future as I have tonight." Congress responded to public outrage by passing the 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, which required companies to perform animal safety tests on their proposed new drugs and submit the data to the FDA before being allowed to market their products. The Massengill Company paid a minimum fine under provisions of the 1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act, which prohibited labeling

264-558: A chemical necessary in synthesizing PETN , a high explosive: An aqueous solution of formaldehyde can be useful as a disinfectant as it kills most bacteria and fungi (including their spores). It is used as an additive in vaccine manufacturing to inactivate toxins and pathogens. Formaldehyde releasers are used as biocides in personal care products such as cosmetics. Although present at levels not normally considered harmful, they are known to cause allergic contact dermatitis in certain sensitised individuals. Aquarists use formaldehyde as

330-470: A common state. The trimer 1,3,5-trioxane, (CH 2 O) 3 , is a typical oligomer. Many cyclic oligomers of other sizes have been isolated. Similarly, formaldehyde hydrates to give the geminal diol methanediol , which condenses further to form hydroxy-terminated oligomers HO(CH 2 O) n H. The polymer is called paraformaldehyde . The higher concentration of formaldehyde—the more equilibrium shifts towards polymerization. Diluting with water or increasing

396-454: A doctor for [Joan] and she was given Elixir of Sulfanilamide. All that is left to us is the caring for her little grave. Even the memory of her is mixed with sorrow for we can see her little body tossing to and fro and hear that little voice screaming with pain and it seems as though it would drive me insane. ... It is my plea that you will take steps to prevent such sales of drugs that will take little lives and leave such suffering behind and such

462-461: A federal cadre of food and drug inspectors that one Southern opponent of the legislation criticized as "a Trojan horse with a bellyful of inspectors and other employees." Penalties under the law were modest, but an under-appreciated provision of the Act proved more powerful than monetary penalties. Goods found in violation of various areas of the law were subject to seizure and destruction at the expense of

528-456: A period of rapid changes in the food supply brought about by the need to feed cities and support an industrializing nation increasingly dependent on immigrant labor. Wiley recruited young men to eat all their meals at a common table as he added increased "doses" of preservatives including borax, benzoate, formaldehyde, sulfites, and salicylates. The table trials captured the nation's fancy and were soon dubbed "The Poison Squad" by newspapers covering

594-614: A positive correlation between exposure to formaldehyde and the development of leukemia , particularly myeloid leukemia . Nasopharyngeal and sinonasal cancers are relatively rare, with a combined annual incidence in the United States of < 4,000 cases. About 30,000 cases of myeloid leukemia occur in the United States each year. Some evidence suggests that workplace exposure to formaldehyde contributes to sinonasal cancers. Professionals exposed to formaldehyde in their occupation, such as funeral industry workers and embalmers , showed an increased risk of leukemia and brain cancer compared with

660-468: A protein to form methylol , which loses a water molecule to form a Schiff base . The Schiff base can then react with DNA or protein to create a cross-linked product. This reaction is the basis for the most common process of chemical fixation . Formaldehyde is readily oxidized by atmospheric oxygen into formic acid . For this reason, commercial formaldehyde is typically contaminated with formic acid. Formaldehyde can be hydrogenated into methanol . In

726-628: A settlement with the United States government to reduce the caffeine amount. In addition to caffeine, the Pure Food and Drug Act required that drugs such as alcohol , cocaine , heroin , morphine , and cannabis , be accurately labeled with contents and dosage. Previously many drugs had been sold as patent medicines with secret ingredients or misleading labels. Cocaine, heroin, cannabis, and other such drugs continued to be legally available without prescription as long as they were labeled. It

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792-593: A significant danger to human health. In 2011, the US National Toxicology Program described formaldehyde as "known to be a human carcinogen". Concerns are associated with chronic (long-term) exposure by inhalation as may happen from thermal or chemical decomposition of formaldehyde-based resins and the production of formaldehyde resulting from the combustion of a variety of organic compounds (for example, exhaust gases). As formaldehyde resins are used in many construction materials , it

858-542: A significant source of formaldehyde in homes. The eyes are most sensitive to formaldehyde exposure: The lowest level at which many people can begin to smell formaldehyde ranges between 0.05 and 1 ppm. The maximum concentration value at the workplace is 0.3 ppm. In controlled chamber studies, individuals begin to sense eye irritation at about 0.5 ppm; 5 to 20 percent report eye irritation at 0.5 to 1 ppm; and greater certainty for sensory irritation occurred at 1 ppm and above. While some agencies have used

924-590: A treatment for the parasites Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Cryptocaryon irritans . Formaldehyde is one of the main disinfectants recommended for destroying anthrax . Formaldehyde is also approved for use in the manufacture of animal feeds in the US. It is an antimicrobial agent used to maintain complete animal feeds or feed ingredients Salmonella negative for up to 21 days. Formaldehyde preserves or fixes tissue or cells. The process involves cross-linking of primary amino groups . The European Union has banned

990-855: Is a common precursor to more complex compounds and materials. In approximate order of decreasing consumption, products generated from formaldehyde include urea formaldehyde resin , melamine resin , phenol formaldehyde resin , polyoxymethylene plastics , 1,4-butanediol , and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate . The textile industry uses formaldehyde-based resins as finishers to make fabrics crease-resistant. When condensed with phenol , urea , or melamine , formaldehyde produces, respectively, hard thermoset phenol formaldehyde resin, urea formaldehyde resin, and melamine resin. These polymers are permanent adhesives used in plywood and carpeting . They are also foamed to make insulation , or cast into moulded products. Production of formaldehyde resins accounts for more than half of formaldehyde consumption. Formaldehyde

1056-407: Is also a precursor to polyfunctional alcohols such as pentaerythritol , which is used to make paints and explosives . Other formaldehyde derivatives include methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, an important component in polyurethane paints and foams, and hexamine , which is used in phenol-formaldehyde resins as well as the explosive RDX . Condensation with acetaldehyde affords pentaerythritol ,

1122-444: Is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH 2 O and structure H−CHO , more precisely H 2 C=O . The compound is a pungent, colourless gas that polymerises spontaneously into paraformaldehyde . It is stored as aqueous solutions ( formalin ), which consists mainly of the hydrate CH 2 (OH) 2 . It is the simplest of the aldehydes ( R−CHO ). As a precursor to many other materials and chemical compounds, in 2006

1188-570: Is concealed, or it is made to appear better than it really is, or of greater value" ― Scientific American , 7 Jan 1882 It took 27 years to adopt the 1906 statute, during which time the public was made aware of many problems with foods and drugs in the U.S. Muckraking journalists, such as Samuel Hopkins Adams , targeted the patent medicine industry with its high-alcoholic content patent medicines, soothing syrups for infants with opium derivatives, and "red clauses" in newspaper contracts providing that patent medicine ads (upon which most newspapers of

1254-581: Is estimated that sale of patent medicines containing opiates decreased by 33% after labeling was mandated. The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 is cited by drug policy reform advocates such as Jim Gray as a successful model for re-legalization of currently prohibited drugs by requiring accurate labels, monitoring of purity and dose, and consumer education . Formaldehyde Formaldehyde ( / f ɔːr ˈ m æ l d ɪ h aɪ d / for- MAL -di-hide , US also / f ə r -/ fər- ) ( systematic name methanal )

1320-750: Is exploited in ChIP-on-chip or ChIP-sequencing genomics experiments, where DNA-binding proteins are cross-linked to their cognate binding sites on the chromosome and analyzed to determine what genes are regulated by the proteins. Formaldehyde is also used as a denaturing agent in RNA gel electrophoresis , preventing RNA from forming secondary structures. A solution of 4% formaldehyde fixes pathology tissue specimens at about one mm per hour at room temperature. Formaldehyde and 18  M (concentrated) sulfuric acid makes Marquis reagent —which can identify alkaloids and other compounds. In photography, formaldehyde

1386-440: Is one of the more common indoor air pollutants . At concentrations above 0.1 ppm in air, formaldehyde can irritate the eyes and mucous membranes . Formaldehyde inhaled at this concentration may cause headaches, a burning sensation in the throat, and difficulty breathing, and can trigger or aggravate asthma symptoms. The CDC considers formaldehyde as a systemic poison. Formaldehyde poisoning can cause permanent changes in

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1452-559: Is produced by paints, varnishes , floor finishes, and cigarette smoking as well. In July 2016, the U.S. EPA released a prepublication version of its final rule on Formaldehyde Emission Standards for Composite Wood Products. These new rules impact manufacturers, importers, distributors, and retailers of products containing composite wood, including fiberboard, particleboard, and various laminated products, who must comply with more stringent record-keeping and labeling requirements. The U.S. EPA allows no more than 0.016 ppm formaldehyde in

1518-451: Is produced industrially by the catalytic oxidation of methanol . The most common catalysts are silver metal, iron(III) oxide , iron molybdenum oxides (e.g. iron(III) molybdate ) with a molybdenum -enriched surface, or vanadium oxides . In the commonly used formox process , methanol and oxygen react at c. 250–400 °C in presence of iron oxide in combination with molybdenum and/or vanadium to produce formaldehyde according to

1584-417: Is produced via several enzyme-catalyzed routes. Living beings, including humans, produce formaldehyde as part of their metabolism. Formaldehyde is key to several bodily functions (e.g. epigenetics ), but its amount must also be tightly controlled to avoid self-poisoning. Formaldehyde is catabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase ADH5 and aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH2 . Formaldehyde is a building block in

1650-422: Is summarised by the condensed formula H 2 C=O. The molecule is planar, Y-shaped and its molecular symmetry belongs to the C 2v point group . The precise molecular geometry of gaseous formaldehyde has been determined by gas electron diffraction and microwave spectroscopy . The bond lengths are 1.21 Å for the carbon–oxygen bond and around 1.11 Å for the carbon–hydrogen bond , while

1716-432: Is used in low concentrations for the process C-41 (color negative film) stabilizer in the final wash step, as well as in the process E-6 pre-bleach step, to make it unnecessary in the final wash. Due to improvements in dye coupler chemistry, more modern (2006 or later) E-6 and C-41 films do not need formaldehyde, as their dyes are already stable. In view of its widespread use, toxicity, and volatility, formaldehyde poses

1782-435: Is usually added to suppress oxidation and polymerization . A typical commercial-grade formalin may contain 10–12% methanol in addition to various metallic impurities. "Formaldehyde" was first used as a generic trademark in 1893 following a previous trade name, "formalin". Molecular formaldehyde contains a central carbon atom with a double bond to the oxygen atom and a single bond to each hydrogen atom . This structure

1848-556: The American Medical Association received a report of several deaths caused by the medication. The Food and Drug Administration was notified, and an extensive search was conducted to recover the distributed medicine. Frances Oldham Kelsey assisted on a research project that verified that the DEG solvent was responsible for the fatal adverse effects . At least 100 deaths were blamed on the medication. The owner of

1914-458: The Cannizzaro reaction , formaldehyde and base react to produce formic acid and methanol, a disproportionation reaction . Formaldehyde reacts with many compounds, resulting in hydroxymethylation : The resulting hydroxymethyl derivatives typically react further. Thus, amines give hexahydro-1,3,5-triazines : Similarly, when combined with hydrogen sulfide , it forms trithiane : In

1980-605: The US Bureau of Chemistry to inspect products and refer offenders to prosecutors. It required that active ingredients be placed on the label of a drug's packaging and that drugs could not fall below purity levels established by the United States Pharmacopeia or the National Formulary . In the late 1800s, the quality of food in the US decreased significantly as populations moved to cities and

2046-713: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classified it as a probable human carcinogen , and after more studies the WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 1995 also classified it as a probable human carcinogen . Further information and evaluation of all known data led the IARC to reclassify formaldehyde as a known human carcinogen associated with nasal sinus cancer and nasopharyngeal cancer . Studies in 2009 and 2010 have also shown

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2112-425: The chemical equation : The silver-based catalyst usually operates at a higher temperature, about 650 °C. Two chemical reactions on it simultaneously produce formaldehyde: that shown above and the dehydrogenation reaction: In principle, formaldehyde could be generated by oxidation of methane , but this route is not industrially viable because the methanol is more easily oxidized than methane. Formaldehyde

2178-438: The nervous system 's functions. A 1988 Canadian study of houses with urea-formaldehyde foam insulation found that formaldehyde levels as low as 0.046 ppm were positively correlated with eye and nasal irritation. A 2009 review of studies has shown a strong association between exposure to formaldehyde and the development of childhood asthma . A theory was proposed for the carcinogenesis of formaldehyde in 1978. In 1987

2244-418: The solvent or excipient , and called the preparation "Elixir Sulfanilamide". DEG is poisonous to humans and other mammals, but Harold Watkins, the company's chief pharmacist and chemist, was not aware of this. (Although the first case of a fatality from the related ethylene glycol occurred in 1930 and studies had been published in medical journals stating DEG could cause kidney damage or failure, its toxicity

2310-732: The FDA) regulated food safety. In 1927, the Bureau was reorganized into the Food, Drug, and Insecticide Administration and the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils. The FDIA was renamed the FDA in 1930." The law itself was largely replaced by the much more comprehensive Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938. The Pure Food and Drug Act was initially concerned with ensuring products were labeled correctly. Later efforts were made to outlaw certain products that were not safe, followed by efforts to outlaw products which were safe but not effective. For example, there

2376-576: The H–C–H bond angle is 117°, close to the 120° angle found in an ideal trigonal planar molecule . Some excited electronic states of formaldehyde are pyramidal rather than planar as in the ground state . Processes in the upper atmosphere contribute more than 80% of the total formaldehyde in the environment. Formaldehyde is an intermediate in the oxidation (or combustion ) of methane , as well as of other carbon compounds, e.g. in forest fires , automobile exhaust, and tobacco smoke . When produced in

2442-508: The air in new buildings constructed for that agency. A U.S. EPA study found a new home measured 0.076 ppm when brand new and 0.045 ppm after 30 days. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has also announced limits on the formaldehyde levels in trailers purchased by that agency. The EPA recommends the use of "exterior-grade" pressed-wood products with phenol instead of urea resin to limit formaldehyde exposure, since pressed-wood products containing formaldehyde resins are often

2508-456: The article *If any valuable constituent of the article has been wholly or is part abstracted * If it be an imitation of or be sold under the name of another article * If it consists wholly or in part of a diseased or decomposed, or putrid or rotten, animal or vegetable substance, whether manufactured or not, or in the case of milk, if it is the produce of a diseased animal * If it be colored, or coated, or polished, or powdered, whereby damage

2574-664: The atmosphere by the action of sunlight and oxygen on atmospheric methane and other hydrocarbons , it becomes part of smog . Formaldehyde has also been detected in outer space. Formaldehyde and its adducts are ubiquitous in nature. Food may contain formaldehyde at levels 1–100 mg/kg. Formaldehyde, formed in the metabolism of the amino acids serine and threonine , is found in the bloodstream of humans and other primates at concentrations of approximately 50  micromolar . Experiments in which animals are exposed to an atmosphere containing isotopically labeled formaldehyde have demonstrated that even in deliberately exposed animals,

2640-456: The company, when pressed to admit some measure of culpability, infamously answered, "We have been supplying a legitimate professional demand and not once could have foreseen the unlooked-for results. I do not feel that there was any responsibility on our part." Watkins, the chemist, committed suicide while awaiting trial. A woman wrote to U.S. President Roosevelt and described the death of her daughter: "The first time I ever had occasion to call in

2706-563: The draft stated: "An article shall be deemed to be adulterated within the meaning of this act. A.-In the case of drugs: * If, when sold under or by a name recognized in the United States Pharmacopeia, it differs from the standard of strength, quality, or purity laid down in such work. * If when sold under or by a name not recognized in the United States Pharmacopeia, but which is found in some other pharmacopeia or ether standard work on materia medica, it differs from

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2772-462: The food and drug industries and protect the reputations and pocketbooks of honest businessmen. Under the law, drug labels, for example, had to list any of 10 ingredients that were deemed "addictive" and/or "dangerous" on the product label if they were present, and could not list them if they were not present. Alcohol , morphine , opium , and cannabis were all included on the list of these "addictive" and/or "dangerous" drugs. The law also established

2838-565: The formation is the hydrogenation of CO ice: HCN , HNC , H 2 CO, and dust have also been observed inside the comae of comets C/2012 F6 (Lemmon) and C/2012 S1 (ISON) . Formaldehyde was discovered in 1859 by the Russian chemist Aleksandr Butlerov (1828–1886) when he attempted to synthesize methanediol ("methylene glycol") from iodomethane and silver oxalate . In his paper, Butlerov referred to formaldehyde as "dioxymethylen" (methylene dioxide) because his empirical formula for it

2904-417: The general population. Other factors are important in determining individual risk for the development of leukemia or nasopharyngeal cancer. In yeast, formaldehyde is found to perturb pathways for DNA repair and cell cycle. In the residential environment, formaldehyde exposure comes from a number of routes; formaldehyde can be emitted by treated wood products, such as plywood or particle board , but it

2970-579: The global production of formaldehyde was estimated at 12 million tons per year. It is mainly used in the production of industrial resins , e.g., for particle board and coatings . Small amounts also occur naturally. Formaldehyde is classified as a carcinogen and can cause respiratory and skin irritation upon exposure. Formaldehyde is more complicated than many simple carbon compounds in that it adopts several diverse forms. These compounds can often be used interchangeably and can be interconverted. A small amount of stabilizer , such as methanol ,

3036-524: The law drew upon many precedents, provisions, and legal experiments pioneered in individual states, the federal law defined "misbranding" and "adulteration" for the first time and prescribed penalties for each. The law recognized the U.S. Pharmacopeia and the National Formulary as standards authorities for drugs, but made no similar provision for federal food standards. The law was principally a "truth in labeling" law designed to raise standards in

3102-439: The majority of formaldehyde-DNA adducts found in non-respiratory tissues are derived from endogenously produced formaldehyde. Formaldehyde does not accumulate in the environment, because it is broken down within a few hours by sunlight or by bacteria present in soil or water. Humans metabolize formaldehyde quickly, converting it to formic acid , so it does not accumulate. It nonetheless presents significant health concerns , as

3168-472: The manufacturer. That, combined with a legal requirement that all convictions be published as Notices of Judgment, proved to be important tools in the enforcement of the statute and had a deterrent effect upon would-be violators. Deficiencies in this original statute, which had become noticeable by the 1920s, led to the replacement of the 1906 statute with the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act which

3234-434: The practices of food and drug industries and caused public outcry. Foremost among such exposés was The Jungle by Upton Sinclair , published the same year as the act. With its graphic and revolting descriptions of unsanitary conditions and unscrupulous practices rampant in the meat-packing industry , it kept the public's attention on the extreme unhygienic conditions in meat processing plants. Sinclair quipped, "I aimed at

3300-678: The preparation an " elixir " if it contained no ethanol . Pure Food and Drug Act The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 , also known as the Wiley Act and Dr. Wiley 's Law , was the first of a series of significant consumer protection laws enacted by the United States Congress , and led to the creation of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Its main purpose was to ban foreign and interstate traffic in adulterated or mislabeled food and drug products, and it directed

3366-610: The presence of acids, it participates in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions with aromatic compounds resulting in hydroxymethylated derivatives: When conducted in the presence of hydrogen chloride, the product is the chloromethyl compound, as described in the Blanc chloromethylation . If the arene is electron-rich, as in phenols, elaborate condensations ensue. With 4-substituted phenols one obtains calixarenes . Phenol results in polymers. Many amino acids react with formaldehyde. Cysteine converts to thioproline . Formaldehyde

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3432-498: The public's heart and by accident I hit it in the stomach," as an outraged public demanded government action, resulting in the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1906 . The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was a key piece of Progressive Era legislation, signed by President Theodore Roosevelt on the same day as the Federal Meat Inspection Act . Enforcement of the Pure Food and Drug Act

3498-454: The solution temperature, as well as adding alcohols (such as methanol or ethanol) lowers that tendency. Gaseous formaldehyde polymerizes at active sites on vessel walls, but the mechanism of the reaction is unknown. Small amounts of hydrogen chloride , boron trifluoride , or stannic chloride present in gaseous formaldehyde provide the catalytic effect and make the polymerization rapid. Formaldehyde forms cross-links by first combining with

3564-425: The standard of strength, quality, or purity laid down in such work. * If its strength or purity fall below the professed standard under which it is sold B.-In the case of food or drink: * If any substance or substances has or have been mixed with it as to reduce or lower or injuriously affect its quality of strength * If any inferior or cheaper substance or substances have been substituted wholly or in part for

3630-555: The story. The men soon adopted the motto "Only the Brave dare eat the fare" and at times the publicity given to the trials became a burden. Though many results of the trial came to be in dispute, there was no doubt that formaldehyde was dangerous and it disappeared quickly as a preservative. Wiley himself felt that he had found adverse effects from large doses of each of the preservatives and the public seemed to agree with Wiley. In many cases, most particularly with ketchup and other condiments,

3696-406: The synthesis of many other compounds of specialised and industrial significance. It exhibits most of the chemical properties of other aldehydes but is more reactive. Monomeric CH 2 O is a gas and is rarely encountered in the laboratory. Aqueous formaldehyde, unlike some other small aldehydes (which need specific conditions to oligomerize through aldol condensation ) oligomerizes spontaneously at

3762-442: The time from farm to market increased. Many food producers turned to using dangerous preservatives, including formaldehyde , to keep food appearing fresh. Simultaneously, the quality of medicine was appalling. Quack medicine was common, and many drugs were addictive or dangerous without actually providing a curative effect. Opium and alcohol were chief ingredients, even in infant medicines. The work of muckraking journalists exposed

3828-428: The time were dependent) would be withdrawn if the paper expressed support for food and drug regulatory legislation. The Chief Chemist of the Bureau of Chemistry, Dr. Harvey Washington Wiley , captured the country's attention with his hygienic table studies, which began with a modest Congressional appropriation in 1902. The goal of the table trial was to study the human effects of common preservatives used in foods during

3894-708: The use of formaldehyde as a biocide (including embalming ) under the Biocidal Products Directive (98/8/EC) due to its carcinogenic properties. Countries with a strong tradition of embalming corpses, such as Ireland and other colder-weather countries, have raised concerns. Despite reports to the contrary, no decision on the inclusion of formaldehyde on Annex I of the Biocidal Products Directive for product-type 22 (embalming and taxidermist fluids) had been made as of September 2009 . Formaldehyde-based crosslinking

3960-655: The use of preservatives was often used to disguise unsanitary production practices. Although the law itself did not proscribe the use of some of these preservatives, consumers increasingly turned away from many products with known preservatives. The 1906 statute regulated food and drugs moving in interstate commerce and forbade the manufacture, sale, or transportation of poisonous patent medicines. The Act arose due to public education and exposés from public interest guardians such as Upton Sinclair and Samuel Hopkins Adams, social activist Florence Kelley , researcher Harvey W. Wiley , and President Theodore Roosevelt. The 1906 Act paved

4026-451: The way for the eventual creation of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and is generally considered to be that agency's founding date, though the agency existed before the law was passed and was not named FDA until later. "While the Food and Drug act remains a foundational law of the FDA mission, it's not the law that created the FDA. [Initially,] the Bureau of Chemistry (the precursor to

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4092-534: Was an attempt to outlaw Coca-Cola in 1909 because of its excessive caffeine content; caffeine had replaced cocaine as the active ingredient in Coca-Cola in 1903. In the case United States v. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola , the judge found that Coca-Cola had a right to use caffeine as it saw fit, although Coca-Cola eventually lost when the government appealed to the Supreme Court. It reached

4158-509: Was assigned to the Bureau of Chemistry in the U.S. Department of Agriculture which was renamed the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1930. The Meat Inspection Act was assigned to what is now known as the Food Safety and Inspection Service , which remains in the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The first federal law regulating foods and drugs, the 1906 Act's reach was limited to foods and drugs moving in interstate commerce . Although

4224-579: Was enacted in 1938 and signed by President Franklin Roosevelt. This act, along with its numerous amendments, remains the statutory basis for federal regulation of all foods, drugs, biological products, cosmetics, medical devices, tobacco, and radiation-emitting devices by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration . An 1882 article in Scientific American describes "New Laws for Analyzing Food and Drugs" and highlights historical aspects. Part of

4290-529: Was incorrect, as atomic weights were not precisely determined until the Karlsruhe Congress . The compound was identified as an aldehyde by August Wilhelm von Hofmann , who first announced its production by passing methanol vapor in air over hot platinum wire. With modifications, Hoffmann's method remains the basis of the present day industrial route. Solution routes to formaldehyde also entail oxidation of methanol or iodomethane . Formaldehyde

4356-456: Was not widely known prior to the incident.) Watkins simply mixed raspberry flavoring into the powdered drug and then dissolved the mixture in DEG. Animal testing was not required by law, and Massengill performed none; there were no regulations at the time requiring premarket safety testing of drugs. The company started selling and distributing the medication in September 1937. By October 11,

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