Misplaced Pages

#32967

41-539: Elkem manufactures silicone and carbon products. Elkem was founded in 1904 by the industrial entrepreneur Sam Eyde (1866 – 1940). In 1917 a ferroalloy plant was acquired and Elkem started production of the Söderberg electrode. In 1972 the company merged with Christiania Spigerverk . In 1981-84 Elkem acquired Union Carbides plants in Norway and North America and in 1986 the plants at Thamshavn and Bjølvefossen. In

82-614: A First Secretary (Economic) would represent an officer/middle-manager from the Ministry of Trade and Industry. While such persons may hold diplomatic status temporarily, they are not considered to be part of the Foreign Service. After the merger of the Consular and Diplomatic Corps, the current eight grades of Spanish career diplomats are (in ascending order): His Majesty's Diplomatic Service differentiates between officers in

123-551: A hierarchy between careers. However, when working abroad, it is common for Chancery Assistants and Chancery Officers to be assigned to sensitive functions, such as the Vice-Consul, and/or as Head of Sectors such as administration, accounting, communications, processing of political, commercial, diplomatic or consular information. There are six ranks in the Diplomat career, in hierarchical order: Embaixador / Embaixadora

164-728: A limited number of low-level BB1 staff abroad. In large Australian missions an SES officer who is not the head of mission could be posted with the rank of Minister. The Brazilian Foreign Service ( Serviço Exterior Brasileiro ) is made up of three careers: the Diplomat Career, the Chancery Officer Career and the Chancery Assistant Career. There are no ranks in the Chancery Assistant or Chancery Officer careers, nor

205-572: A matter of custom. Furthermore, outside this traditional pattern of bilateral diplomacy, as a rule on a permanent residency basis (though sometimes doubling elsewhere), certain ranks and positions were created specifically for multilateral diplomacy: Special envoys have been created ad hoc by individual countries, treaties and international organizations including the United Nations. A few examples are provided below: Most countries worldwide have some form of internal rank, roughly parallel to

246-696: A minister to a smaller monarchy or a republic. For example, in the waning years of the Second French Empire , the United Kingdom sent an ambassador to Paris, while Sweden-Norway and the United States sent ministers. The rule that only monarchies could send ambassadors was more honored in the breach than the observance. This had been true even before the Congress of Vienna, as England continued to appoint ambassadors after becoming

287-486: A number are still degree-holders, they are usually candidates from mainstream universities, or top university graduates who did so without "good" Honours. The FSAS class also include Polytechnic graduates (who possess Diplomas). Given the above, FSOs typically occupy the managerial positions, while FSASes generally perform more operational roles. [ Note : FSOs are typically the diplomats, while FSASes serve as support staff.] Officials from both schemes occupy billets at both

328-651: A republic in 1649. Countries that overthrew their monarchs proved to be unwilling to accept the lower rank accorded to a republic. After the Franco-Prussian War , the French Third Republic continued to send and receive ambassadors. The rule became increasingly untenable as the United States grew into a Great Power. The United States followed the French precedent in 1893, and began to exchange ambassadors with other Great Powers. Historically,

369-584: A specific or technical field. Since administrative and technical staff benefit from only limited diplomatic immunity , some countries may routinely appoint support staff as attachés. Attaché does not, therefore, denote any rank or position (except in Soviet and post-Soviet diplomatic services, where attaché is the lowest diplomatic rank of a career diplomat). Note that many traditional functionary roles, such as press attaché or cultural attaché , are not formal titles in diplomatic practice, although they may be used as

410-420: Is a system of professional and social rank used in the world of diplomacy and international relations . A diplomat's rank determines many ceremonial details, such as the order of precedence at official processions, table seatings at state dinners, the person to whom diplomatic credentials should be presented, and the title by which the diplomat should be addressed. The current system of diplomatic ranks

451-675: Is the honorary dignity conceded permanently when a Minister of First Class assumes a Post overseas. It can also be a temporary assignment, when carried on by a lower-rank diplomat or Brazilian politician of high level. The ranks of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China are defined by the Law on Diplomatic Personnel Stationed Abroad, passed in 2009 by the National People's Congress : The following ranks are used in

SECTION 10

#1732793990033

492-436: Is used for any diplomatic agent who does not fit in the standard diplomatic ranks, often because they are not (or were not traditionally) members of the sending country's diplomatic service or foreign ministry , and were therefore only "attached" to the diplomatic mission. The most frequent use is for military attachés , but the diplomatic title may be used for any specific individual or position as required, generally related to

533-791: The Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) are graded into four broad bands (BB1 to BB4), with the Senior Executive Service (SES Band 1 to SES Band 3) following above. Ambassadors, High Commissioners and Consuls-General usually come from the Senior Executive Service, although in smaller posts the head of mission may be a BB4 officer. Generally speaking (and there are variations in ranking and nomenclature between posts and positions), Counsellors are represented by BB4 officers; Consuls and First and Second Secretaries are BB3 officers and Third Secretaries and Vice Consuls are BB2 officers. DFAT only posts

574-805: The University of Christiania . Birkeland was working on developing an electric arc , while Eyde had recently bought the rights to several waterfalls in Telemark. They agreed to cooperate to develop an electric flame. This allowed Eyde to establish Det Norske Aktieselskap for Eletrokemisk Industri (today Elkem) along with members of the Wallenberg family who he had met in Sweden. The factory at Notodden opening on 2 May 1905. In 1905 he founded Norsk Hydro-Elektrisk Kvælstofaktieselskab (now Norsk Hydro ). Eyde remained director-general of both companies. He

615-505: The order of precedence had been a matter of great dispute. European powers agreed that the papal nuncio and imperial ambassador would have precedence, but could not agree on the relative precedence of the kingdoms and smaller countries. In 1768, the French and Russian ambassadors to Great Britain even fought a duel over who had the right to sit next to the imperial ambassador at a court ball. After several diplomatic incidents between their ambassadors, France and Spain agreed in 1761 to let

656-878: The "Senior Management Structure" (SMS; equivalent to the Senior Civil Service grades of the Home Civil Service ) and those in the "delegated grades". SMS officers are classified into four pay-bands, and will serve in the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office in London as (in descending order of seniority) Permanent Under-Secretary (O-10), Directors-General (O-9), Directors (O-8), and Heads of department or deputy directors (O-7). Overseas Ambassadors and High Commissioners (in Commonwealth countries) are generally drawn from all four SMS bands (and

697-544: The 2000s Elkem had acquired Icelandic Alloy, Remi Claeys Aluminium and Sapa . In January 2011 Elkem was sold to China National Bluestar Group. As of 31.12.2021, the China National BlueStar-controlled company Bluestar Elkem Int.Co.LTD S.A is Elkem's largest shareholder, with 52.91% of the shares, ahead of Folketrygdfondet (4.59%) and Alfred Berg Kapitalforvaltning (3.51%) Sam Eyde Samuel Eyde (29 October 1866 – 21 June 1940)

738-649: The D7 delegated grade) depending on the size and importance of the mission, as are Consuls-General, Deputy Heads of Mission, and Counsellors in larger posts. (Deputy Heads of Mission at the most significant Embassies, for example those in Washington and in Paris , are known as Ministers.) In the "delegated grades", officers are graded by number from 1 to 7; the grades are grouped into bands lettered A‑D (A1 and A2; B3; C4 and C5; and D6 and D7). Overseas, A2 grade officers hold

779-564: The Egyptian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: There are five ranks in the French Diplomatic Service: (in ascending order) There are two additional ranks for ICT specialists (also in ascending order): The German Foreign Service uses a rank system that is connected to that of the rest of the civil administration and to military ranks through a common pay table. All ranks also occur in female form. The ranks at

820-644: The Federal Law of 27 July 2010 No.205-FZ. Diplomatic ranks are not to be confused with diplomatic positions (posts). The Singapore Foreign Service also has a merged Diplomatic and Consular Corps. Its career diplomats and diplomatic support staff are split across two discrete career schemes, namely: (a) Foreign Service Officers ; and (b) Foreign Service Administration Specialists . Foreign Service Officers (FSOs) FSOs are selected through multiple rounds of highly competitive written and observational psychometric and neuropsychological evaluations. Being one of

861-489: The Hungarian Foreign Service are the following.: In Italy , ranks and functions are not exactly connected: each rank can cover several functions. Moreover, several exceptions apply. There are about 30 people who hold the rank of Ambassador. Therefore, most of the about 150 Italian embassies or permanent representations are held by a Minister Plenipotentiary: traditionally, ambassadors are appointed to

SECTION 20

#1732793990033

902-860: The Mexican Foreign Service. In ascending order, the five ranks of the Portuguese diplomatic career are, as defined in the Statute of the Diplomatic Career ( Estatuto da Carreira Diplomática ): Ministers Plenipotentiary who have been in that rank for three or more years are called "Minister Plenipotentiary, First Class" ( ministro plenipotenciário de 1.ª classe ), those who have been in the rank for less than three years are called "Minister Plenipotentiary, Second Class" ( ministro plenipotenciário de 2.ª classe ). Embassy Secretaries who have been in that rank for six years or more and in

943-529: The Political track take precedence over the rest, as all Heads of Mission (HOMs) or Deputy Chiefs of Mission (DCMs) are generally Political Officers. [ Note : The Political track is solely for FSOs.] Other ministries and agencies Personnel seconded from other government agencies receive different protocol-based suffixes and titles from those in the Foreign Service, which differ from the wider public and military services' ranks/grades and titles. For instance,

984-491: The Singapore Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as well as Singapore's Overseas Missions (Embassies/High Commissions/Consulates-General/Consulates) - which number over 50. FSOs are appointed to the rank of Second Secretary or higher, while FSASes are posted according to their substantive grades (typically ranging from Mission Support Officer to Attache - although in very rare cases some senior FSASes may be promoted up to

1025-461: The date of arrival determine their precedence. In 1760, Portugal attempted to apply seniority to all ambassadors, but the rule was rejected by the other European courts. The Congress of Vienna finally put an end to these disputes over precedence. After an initial attempt to divide countries into three ranks faltered on the question of which country should be in each rank, the Congress instead decided to divide diplomats into three ranks. A fourth rank

1066-592: The diplomatic career for eight years or more are called "First Embassy Secretary" ( primeiro-secretário de embaixada ), those who have been in the rank for three years or more and for five years or more in the diplomatic career are called "Second Embassy Secretary" ( segundo-secretário de embaixada ), and those who have been in that rank for less than three years are called "Third Embassy Secretary" ( terceiro-secretário de embaixada ). The diplomatic ranks in Russian Federation were introduced with enactment of

1107-585: The diplomatic corps , who speaks for the entire diplomatic corps on matters of diplomatic privilege and protocol. In many Catholic countries, the papal nuncio is always considered the dean of the diplomatic corps. The ranks established by the Vienna Convention (1961) modify a more elaborate system of ranks that was established by the Congress of Vienna (1815): The rank of envoy was short for "envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary", and

1148-421: The diplomatic ranks, which are used in their foreign service or civil service in general. The correspondence is not exact, however, for various reasons, including the fact that according to diplomatic usage, all Ambassadors are of equal rank, but Ambassadors of more senior rank are typically sent to more important postings. Some countries may make specific links or comparisons to military ranks . Officers from

1189-765: The likes of Oxford/Cambridge University in the United Kingdom, or any of the Ivy League institutions in the United States) or from Singapore's two most prestigious universities (i.e. the National University of Singapore/Nanyang Technological University - which are consistently ranked in the world's top 20 universities). Foreign Service Administration Specialists (FSASes) FSASes, on the other hand, while still selected through some manner of written and observational assessments, are typically those bearing more conventional educational qualifications. While

1230-615: The marriage was dissolved in 1912. In February 1913 he married actress Elly Simonsen (1885–1960). Eyde studied engineering in Berlin where he graduated in 1891. He started his career in Hamburg , working with the railways where he planned new lines, bridges and stations. In 1897 he started the engineering firm Gleim & Eyde with his previous boss from Hamburg . He soon established offices in Kristiania (now Oslo) and Stockholm . By

1271-489: The most exclusive and sought-after roles in the entire Singapore Civil Service, FSO candidates are typically drawn from graduates of the world's top universities. This is especially the case for candidates vying to be emplaced on the extremely competitive Political Track, of which only around 20 are recruited nationwide annually. Regardless, most candidates who are eventually selected, possess degrees with First Class Honours either from either top universities globally (particularly

Elkem - Misplaced Pages Continue

1312-638: The most important representations, such as London , Paris , Washington , New Delhi and Peking embassies and representations to the UN in New York City and the EU in Brussels . After the merger of the Consular and Diplomatic Corps, the current grades of Mexican career diplomats are (in ascending order) There are additional ranks for Administrative specialists and Staff, this civil servants are also part of

1353-428: The other ambassadors. In modern diplomatic practice, there are a number of diplomatic ranks below Ambassador. Since most missions are now headed by an ambassador, these ranks now rarely indicate a mission's (or its host nation's) relative importance, but rather reflect the diplomat's individual seniority within their own nation's diplomatic career path and in the diplomatic corps in the host nation: The term attaché

1394-411: The rank of Third/Second/First Secretary). [ Note : FSOs and FSASes are on discrete career tracks. Hence, even the rare FSAS who holds a senior diplomatic rank on post, will not enjoy a similar substantive grade or pay to that of an FSO.] Regardless of rank, personnel are typically split across three tracks: (a) Political , (b) Administration and Consular , (c) Administration and Technical . Officers on

1435-456: The town of Rjukan as an industrial centre. In 1912 Eyde contributed to the development of Arendal Smelteverk at Eydehavn for the production of silicon carbide . The plant is now part of the Norwegian company Fiven ASA and one of the oldest silicon carbide producing plants worldwide. In 1903, Eyde met with Kristian Birkeland , who was a scientist, inventor and professor of physics at

1476-528: The turn of the century the firm was one of the largest in Scandinavia , with some 30 engineers. In 1902, Eyde acquired control over Rjukan Falls in Telemark . He also held rights to waterfalls at Arendal and Notodden . Eyde planned to use the hydropower for industrial purposes. In 1905 Rjukan Falls was producing hydro electrical power for Potassium nitrate production. This led to the development of

1517-515: Was a Norwegian engineer and industrialist . He was the founder of both Norsk Hydro and Elkem . Eyde was born in Arendal in Aust-Agder , Norway. He was a son of ship-owner Samuel Eyde (1819–1902) and his wife Elina Christine Amalie Stephansen (1829–1906). He was a first cousin of Alf Scott-Hansen on the maternal side. In August 1895 he married Countess Ulla Mörner (1873–1961), but

1558-469: Was added by the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818) . Each diplomatic rank had precedence over the lower ranks, and precedence within each rank was determined by the date that their credentials were presented. The papal nuncio could be given a different precedence than the other ambassadors. The Holy Roman Empire had ceased to exist in 1806, so the Austrian ambassador would accumulate seniority along with

1599-559: Was director-general of Norsk Hydro until 1917. He was offered a position on the board, where he remained until 1925, and a compensation of 250,000  kr for ten years, and 100,000  kr for the rest of his life. He was a member of the Norwegian Parliament in the period 1918–1920. In 1920, Eyde was appointed as Norwegian Minister to the United States . Minister (diplomacy) Diplomatic rank

1640-472: Was established by the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961). There are three top ranks, two of which remain in use: The body of diplomats accredited to a country form the diplomatic corps . Ambassadors have precedence over chargés, and precedence within each rank is determined by the date on which diplomatic credentials were presented. The longest-serving ambassador is the dean of

1681-606: Was more commonly known as "minister". For example, the "envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of the United States to the French Empire" was known as the " United States Minister to France " and addressed as "Monsieur le Ministre". An Ambassador was regarded as the personal representative of his sovereign as well as his government. Only major monarchies would exchange Ambassadors with each other, while smaller monarchies and republics only sent Ministers. Because of diplomatic reciprocity, Great Powers would only send

Elkem - Misplaced Pages Continue

#32967