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46-585: The Epirus Army Section was established on 14 February 1941, with the I Army Corps and II Army Corps fighting on the western and central sections of the Albanian front. Until that point, the two corps had been under the direct control of the General Field Headquarters at Ioannina , led by the Greek commander-in-chief Lt. General Alexandros Papagos . However, the increasing possibility of

92-659: A "metropolitical see" whose diocesan bishop is ex officio metropolitan (such as the Archbishops of Canterbury and Sydney), while in Canada metropolitans are elected by the provincial houses of bishops from among the sitting diocesans. Prior to 1970, however, the metropolitan of the Province of Rupert's Land was always the bishop of the eponymous diocese , centred on Winnipeg. (Since then, only one Bishop of Rupert's Land, Walter Jones , has been elected metropolitan). The title

138-673: A German attack through Bulgaria necessitated the relocation of GHQ back to Athens and the establishment of a new higher command. The first commander of the Epirus Army Section was Lt. General Markos Drakos , who until then had commanded the Eastern Macedonia Army Section . After vehement disagreements with GHQ on the future course of operations, on 6 March Drakos was retired along with his two corps commanders, Lt. Generals Panagiotis Demestichas (I Corps) and Dimitrios Papadopoulos (II Corps). Markos

184-475: A cathedral church, the diocesan bishop has been informed beforehand. The metropolitan is obliged to request the pallium , a symbol of the power that, in communion with the Church of Rome, he possesses over his ecclesiastical province. This holds even if he had the pallium in another metropolitan see. It is the responsibility of the metropolitan, with the consent of the majority of the suffragan bishops, to call

230-491: A new force structure for the Greek armed forces, in April 2013 KYSEA decided the disbandment of I Army Corps. From its component units, 24th Armored Brigade came under 2nd Mechanized Infantry Division , the 15th Infantry Brigade was reduced to regimental level, the 8th Infantry Division was reduced to a brigade—while retaining its former name—and along with the 9th Infantry Brigade came under III Army Corps . The motto at

276-643: A permanent basis. Six corps were provisionally envisioned in August 1913. On 28 November 1913 (O.S.), by Royal Decree the Athens Army Corps was reorganized as a "model" formation. Alongside its constituent units, it was to serve as a training formation for the entire Army. For this purpose, it also included all military schools and academies, and was to be commanded by the head of the French military mission to Greece and extensively staffed by French officers of

322-496: A position similar to that of metropolitans in the Latin Church. Among the differences is that Eastern Catholic metropolitans within the territory of the patriarchate are to be ordained and enthroned by the patriarch, who may also ordain and enthrone metropolitans of sees outside that territory that are part of his Church. Similarly, a metropolitan has the right to ordain and enthrone the bishops of his province. The metropolitan

368-425: A provincial council, decide where to convene it, and determine the agenda. It is his prerogative to preside over the provincial council. No provincial council can be called if the metropolitan see is vacant. The Metropolitans of a given territory are also involved in the selection of bishops. Every three years, they compile a list of promovendis - a list of priests who may be suitable for the office of bishop. This

414-502: A single province and headed by a metropolitan. Metropolitan archbishops of Eastern Catholic Churches sui juris are appointed by the Pope (rather than elected by their synod) and have much less authority even within their own churches. Metropolitans of this kind are to obtain the pallium from the Pope as a sign of his metropolitan authority and of his Church's full communion with the Pope, and only after his investment with it can he convoke

460-827: Is a title used by all Oriental Orthodox Churches in Malankara . Malankara Metropolitan was a legal title given to the head of the Malankara Syrian Church , aka Puthencoor (New Allegiance) Syrian Christians, by the Government of Travancore and Cochin in South India. This title was awarded by a proclamation from the King of Travancore and the King of Cochin to the legal head of the Malankara Church. The Supreme Court of India has authenticated

506-572: Is forwarded to the local Apostolic Nuncio , who evaluates the candidates in a consultative and confidential process. The Nuncio in turn forwards the best candidates to the Congregation for Bishops in Rome, who conduct a final evaluation of candidates and offer their findings to the Pope for his final decision of appointment. In those Eastern Catholic Churches that are headed by a patriarch , metropolitans in charge of ecclesiastical provinces hold

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552-801: Is given to diocesan bishops of some important historical sees (Article 14 of the Constitution of Serbian Orthodox Church). For example, diocesan bishop of the Eparchy of Montenegro and the Littoral is given the honorary title of metropolitan, but without any jurisdiction over other diocesan bishops in Montenegro . Diocesan bishop of the Eparchy of Dabar-Bosnia is also given the honorary title of metropolitan, but without any jurisdiction over other diocesan bishops in Bosnia and Herzegovina . Metropolitan

598-498: Is headed by a metropolitan, the archbishop of the diocese designated by the Pope . The other bishops are known as suffragan bishops . The metropolitan's powers over the dioceses of his province, other than his own diocese, are normally limited to: The metropolitan also has the liturgical privilege of celebrating sacred functions throughout the province, as if he were a bishop in his own diocese, provided only that, if he celebrates in

644-468: Is reversed. Primates of autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches below patriarchal rank are generally designated as archbishops. In the Greek Orthodox churches , archbishops are ranked above metropolitans in precedence. The reverse is true for some Slavic Orthodox churches (Russian Orthodox, Bulgarian Orthodox ) and also for Romanian Orthodox Church , where metropolitans rank above archbishops and

690-479: Is to be commemorated in the liturgies celebrated within his province. A major archbishop is defined as the metropolitan of a certain see who heads an autonomous Eastern Church not of patriarchal rank. The canon law of such a Church differs only slightly from that regarding a patriarchal Church. Within major archepiscopal churches, there may be ecclesiastical provinces headed by metropolitan bishops. There are also autonomous Eastern Catholic Churches consisting of

736-625: The Roman Empire , larger concentrations of believers were to be found in urban environs. The Bishop of such cities came to hold a pre-eminence of honour in the province of which his diocese was the capital , with some eventually gaining a primacy even over other provinces with their own primus inter pares . By the middle of the 3rd century Carthage had become the leading see in Roman North Africa . The Council of Nicea codified this arrangement into canon law in accordance with

782-631: The 51st and 61st Brigades, and later the 81st Military Region ( Corinth ), the 82nd Mil. Region (Athens) and the Lamia Military Command. With the outbreak of the Greek Civil War , the corps was engaged in combat against the Communist-led Democratic Army of Greece . Under the command of Lt. Gen. Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos , it played a major role in clearing southern Greece of the guerrillas and then in

828-616: The Council of Hierarchs and ordain the bishops of his autonomous Church. In his autonomous Church it is for him to ordain and enthrone bishops and his name is to be mentioned immediately after that of the Pope in the liturgy. In the Eastern Orthodox Church , the title of metropolitan is used variously, in terms of rank and jurisdiction. In terms of rank, in some Eastern Orthodox churches metropolitans are ranked above archbishops in precedence , while in others that order

874-447: The Epirus Army Section comprised I Corps, with the 2nd Infantry Division , 3rd Infantry Division and 8th Infantry Division (three Evzone and eight standard infantry regiments) plus a cavalry regiment, and II Corps with the 1st Infantry Division , 4th Infantry Division , 5th Infantry Division , 6th Infantry Division , 11th Infantry Division , 15th Infantry Division and 17th Infantry Division (21 infantry regiments). Following

920-522: The Germans. When he refused, the others decided to bypass him and selected Tsolakoglou, as the senior of the three generals, to carry out the task. Tsolakoglou delayed for a few days, sending his chief of staff to Athens to secure permission from Papagos. The chief of staff reported the chaos in Athens and urged his commander to take the initiative in a message that implied permission by Papagos, although this

966-709: The battles of the Asia Minor Campaign until the final Greek defeat and evacuation in August–September 1922. During the Interwar years, I Corps, still at Athens, comprised the 2nd Infantry Division (Athens), 3rd Infantry Division ( Patras ), and 4th Infantry Division ( Nauplia ). The corps was a mainly reserve formation, covering southern Greece while the majority of the Greek army was concentrated in Macedonia and Thrace against Bulgaria. Following

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1012-436: The city. By virtue of their authority over multiple provinces, the sees of Rome, Alexandria, and Antioch were by this time already exercising "supra-metropolitan" reach that would later be extended and become known as Patriarchates . After Nicaea the designation of Metropolitan applied to such sees as Caesarea and Carthage, which by the late 4th century had a recognised primacy over multiple provinces of Syria Palaestina and

1058-621: The divisions of I Corps and begged him to "save the army from the Italians", i.e. to be allowed to capitulate to the Germans, before the military situation collapsed completely. On the next day, the Western Macedonia Army Section (Lt. General Georgios Tsolakoglou ) was renamed to III Army Corps and placed under Pitsikas' command. The three corps commanders, along with the metropolitan bishop of Ioannina, Spyridon, pressured Pitsikas to unilaterally begin negotiations with

1104-481: The ecclesiastical province. Metropolitan (arch)bishops preside over synods of the bishops of their ecclesiastical province, and canon law and tradition grant them special privileges . In some churches, such as the Church of Greece , a metropolis is a rank granted to all episcopal sees. Their bishops are all called metropolitans, the title of archbishop being reserved for the primate . As Christianity expanded in

1150-594: The final defeat of the Communists in the battles of Grammos and Vitsi in 1948–1949. Following the end of the civil war, I Corps, since 1951 based at Trikala , was also responsible for the recruitment of the Greek Expeditionary Force in Korea . In 1962, the corps headquarters was moved to Kozani , where it remained until its disbandment. Following a wide-ranging defence review that decided upon

1196-605: The growing standardisation of ecclesiastical diocesan structure along the lines of secular Roman blueprints. It also gave the first documented use of the term "Metropolitan" in reference to such bishops as had the presidency over a province. Meanwhile, Rome, Alexandria, and Antioch had grown in ecclesiastical prominence such that by the early 4th century they had long-recognised jurisdiction over more than one province of bishops each. Alexandria had attained primacy over Roman Egypt , Roman Libya , and Pentapolis . The Bishop of Rome had Primatial authority over provinces within 100 miles of

1242-575: The head of an ecclesiastical province (or cluster of dioceses ). In the few Anglican churches with multiple provinces headed by metropolitans (namely the Church of England , the Church of Ireland , the Anglican Church of Canada , the Anglican Church of Australia , and the Church of Nigeria ), a metropolitan ranks immediately under the primate or senior metropolitan of the national church. Most metropolitans, but not all, are styled archbishop. In England, Ireland, and Australia, each province has

1288-574: The major part of its force (2nd and 13th Divisions under Major Gen. Konstantinos Nider ) to the Crimea and Ukraine , as part of the unsuccessful Southern Russia intervention . 1st Division was tasked with the occupation of Smyrna and the Erythrae peninsula, and then formed part of the Army of Asia Minor along with the rest of I Corps, evacuated from Russia in late 1919. I Corps then participated in

1334-531: The metropolitan also known as the Mar Thoma is the primate and supreme head of the church who is entitled to special privileges and remains the ultimate authority over the synod. Philipose Mar Chrysostom is the senior metropolitan as of 28 August 2007, and Joseph Mar Thoma was installed on 2 October 2007 as the 21st Malankara Metropolitan. In the Anglican Communion , a metropolitan is generally

1380-503: The middle (regional) level of church administration. In Romanian Orthodox Church there are six regional metropolitans who are the chairmen of their respective synods of bishops, and have special duties and privileges. For example, metropolitan of Oltenia has regional jurisdiction over four dioceses. On the other hand, in some Eastern Orthodox churches title of metropolitan is only honorary, with no special or additional jurisdiction. In Serbian Orthodox Church , honorary title of metropolitan

1426-479: The mission. The new peacetime establishment was further modified and formalized by Royal Decree on 23 December 1913 (O.S.), and the I Army Corps was officially established on that date, comprising three infantry divisions ( 1st Infantry Division at Larissa , 2nd Infantry Division at Athens, and the newly raised 13th Infantry Division at Chalkis ), a cavalry regiment, an artillery regiment, an engineers regiment and other attendant services. The first Corps commander

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1472-664: The orders to retreat, coupled with the disheartening news of the Yugoslav collapse and of the rapid German advance, led to a breakdown of the morale of the Greek troops, many of whom had been fighting without reprieve for five months and were now forced to abandon hard-won ground. By 15 April, the divisions of II Army Corps, beginning with the Cretan 5th Division, began to disintegrate, with men and even entire units abandoning their positions. On 16 April, Pitsikas reported to Papagos that signs of disintegration had also begun to appear among

1518-638: The outbreak of the Greco-Italian War in October 1940, the corps was mobilized and sent to the Albanian front under its commander, Lt. Gen. Panagiotis Demestichas . The Corps was demobilized and disbanded in April 1941, following the Battle of Greece . I Corps was re-established on 16 May 1946 as part of the post-war reconstruction of the Greek armed forces, and comprised the 2nd Infantry Division,

1564-499: The physical exhaustion of the Greek army and the poor transport network of Epirus , any retreat was likely to end up in disintegration. They had pressed in vain for a retreat already before the start of the German attack but now they petitioned Pitsikas to surrender. Although Pitsikas forbade such talk, he notified Papagos of these developments and urged a solution that would secure "the salvation and honour of our victorious Army". Indeed,

1610-413: The provincial capital, the metropolitan, enjoyed certain rights over other bishops in the province, later called " suffragan bishops ". The term metropolitan may refer in a similar sense to the bishop of the chief episcopal see (the "metropolitan see") of an ecclesiastical province . The head of such a metropolitan see has the rank of archbishop and is therefore called the metropolitan archbishop of

1656-471: The rank of metropolitan bishop , or simply metropolitan (alternative obsolete form: metropolite ), pertains to the diocesan bishop or archbishop of a metropolis . Originally, the term referred to the bishop of the chief city of a historical Roman province , whose authority in relation to the other bishops of the province was recognized by the First Council of Nicaea (AD 325). The bishop of

1702-455: The start of the German invasion of Greece on 6 April and the rapid progress of the German troops with the capture of Thessaloniki three days later, on 12 April GHQ in Athens gave the order of retreat to the Greek forces on the Albanian front. The decision came too late. The Greek commanders were aware that, given the continued Italian pressure, the lack of Greek motor transport and pack animals,

1748-714: The time of the presidency of Ambrose (374-397) and temporarily exercised primacy over Northern Italy (the Diocesis Italia annonaria , which included territory across the Alps to the Danube). All provinces of Italy were under the broader Primatial oversight of the Archbishop of Rome at least by the end of the 4th century. In the Latin Church , an ecclesiastical province , composed of several neighbouring dioceses,

1794-538: The title can be used for important regional or historical sees . In terms of jurisdiction, there are two basic types of metropolitans in Eastern Orthodox Church: real metropolitans, with actual jurisdiction over their ecclesiastical provinces, and honorary metropolitans who are in fact just diocesan bishops with honorary title of metropolitan and no jurisdiction outside their own diocese. Some Eastern Orthodox churches have functioning metropolitans on

1840-653: The top of the emblem, Μολών Λαβέ , means "Come and take them", and was uttered by the Spartan King Leonidas I , just prior to the Battle of Thermopylae , as a response to the Persian King Xerxes I 's demand for the surrender of the Spartans' arms. 40°17′30″N 21°46′54.4″E  /  40.29167°N 21.781778°E  / 40.29167; 21.781778 Metropolitan bishop In Christian churches with episcopal polity ,

1886-680: The usage of the title by the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church in its verdict in the Malankara Church case. Baselios Marthoma Mathews III was enthroned as Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan on 15 October 2021 at Parumala , Kerala. Under his see , the dioceses are further headed by diocesan metropolitans. In the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church which is based in India,

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1932-667: The wider Mahgreb , respectively. With the Imperial Capital having moved to Byzantium in 330, the renamed city of Constantinople became increasingly important in church affairs of the Greek East. The See of Constantinople was granted Archepiscopal status prior to a council held in the city in 381 . Coinciding with the city's use as the Imperial residence, the See of Milan was elevated to Metropolitan/Archepiscopal status by

1978-913: Was Lt. General Konstantinos Kallaris , who had commanded the 2nd Division during the Balkan Wars. I Corps remained loyal to the royal government during National Schism , and was demobilized after the Noemvriana . After Greece's entry in World War I in June 1917, the Corps was reformed and participated in the Macedonian front operations in 1917–1918, fighting against the Bulgarians on the Struma front in eastern Macedonia. It subsequently dispatched

2024-743: Was an army corps of the Hellenic Army , founded in December 1913. Originally based in Athens and covering southern Greece, since 1962 it was responsible for covering Greece's northwestern borders ( Epirus and Western and Central Macedonia ). It was disbanded in 2013. Following the Balkan Wars of 1912–13, the Hellenic Army began a major reorganization and expansion. For the first time, army corps -level formations were established on

2070-587: Was not in fact the case. On 20 April, Tsolakoglou contacted Obergruppenführer Sepp Dietrich , the commander of the nearest German unit, the Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler (LSSAH) brigade, to offer surrender. The protocol of surrender was signed at 18:00 of the same day between Tsolakoglou and Dietrich. Presented with the fait accompli , Pitsikas was informed an hour later and resigned his command. I Army Corps (Greece) The I Army Corps ( Greek : Α' Σώμα Στρατού, abbr. Α' ΣΣ )

2116-627: Was replaced by the commander of the Western Macedonia Army Section , Lt. General Ioannis Pitsikas . I Corps went to V Corps commander Lt. General Panagiotis Demestichas and II Corps to 3rd Infantry Division commander Major General Georgios Bakos . From 9–24 March, II Corps faced successive attacks in the Italian Spring Offensive in the Klisura sector, which were repulsed. At the end of March,

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