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37-498: The municipality lies in Rhenish Hesse . The council is made up of 16 council members, who were elected at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairwoman. The municipal election held on 7 June 2009 yielded the following results: The municipality’s arms are blazoned : Per pale Sable a lion rampant Or armed and langued Gules, and Or an apple twig fructed of two Vert. The first discovery of

74-526: A fossil femur of a great ape Paidopithex rhenanus (now considered to be an ape relative not an ape - possibly being a Pliopithecoid ) was made near Eppelsheim in 1820. The finding was made in deposits of the prehistoric Rhine river and are about 10 million years old. These deposits are known as the Deinotherium Sands , because they often contain teeth and bones from the extinct proboscid Deinotherium . In October 2017, scientists from

111-411: A ground area of some 10 m × 10 m. Besides the ground floor, there are also five upper floors. The ground floor’s walls are some 1.5 m thick. Once, the only way in was through the first of the upper floors by way of a ladder or movable stairway. The tower was surrounded by a further wall with a parapet walk, and was part of the village’s fortifications. The roof, converted in 1602,

148-463: A large number of specialities, with Weck, Worscht un Woi , not least through the Mainz carnival , has achieved supra-regional fame. Rhine Hesse is the largest of 13 regions producing German wine . Outside Germany, it is best known as the home of Liebfraumilch . Most is made from white varieties such as Riesling , Silvaner , Müller-Thurgau , Kerner , and Scheurebe . The best-known white wine area

185-818: Is characterised by large Loess and Marl deposits. Due to the favourable climatic conditions of Rhenish Hesse, agriculture covers most of the region. As the Hunsrück and Taunus ranges protect it from cold winds, wine and fruit production is practised on a large scale. The region comprises the cities of Mainz – the Rhineland-Palatinate capital – and Worms , surrounded by the administrative districts of Mainz-Bingen and Alzey-Worms . Other towns include Bingen , Alzey , Nieder-Olm , Ingelheim , Nierstein , Oppenheim , and Osthofen . Many inhabitants commute to work in Mainz or Wiesbaden and Frankfurt in

222-517: Is the Rhine Terrace near Oppenheim and Nierstein . Some red varieties are grown, particularly around Ingelheim and Gundersheim , including Pinot noir , Blauer Portugieser , Dornfelder , and the recently established Regent . Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907) The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 are a series of international treaties and declarations negotiated at two international peace conferences at The Hague in

259-660: The Chemical Weapons Convention (1993). Many of the rules laid down at the Hague Conventions were violated in World War I. The German invasion of neutral Luxembourg and Belgium in August 1914 in order to outflank France, for instance, was a violation of Convention (V) of 1907, which states that belligerents must not violate neutral territory and move troops across said territory. Poison gas

296-585: The Dinotherium-Museum is the cast of a Deinotherium skull that was unearthed in 1835 near Eppelsheim. The Dinotherium-Museum was former mayor Heiner Roos's brainchild. The Dorfgraben , also called the Effenring , was a heart-shaped ditch that surrounded the mediaeval village, serving along with its banked walls as both a flood ditch and a village fortification. Its beginnings seem to have brought woes, though. History records only one dispute, in

333-782: The Flomborner Pforte , the Dintesheimer Pforte and the Alzeyer Pforte ). At the dawn of the 20th century, the dyke had become overgrown mainly with elms and since 11 March 1927 it has been a protected natural monument called the Effenkranz (“Elm Wreath”), or sometimes the Allee . Dutch elm disease , however, did not spare the Effenkranz , and between 1976 and 1981, all elms had to be felled, and they were replaced with 550 other trees. The Dalberger Turm

370-558: The Netherlands . Along with the Geneva Conventions , the Hague Conventions were among the first formal statements of the laws of war and war crimes in the body of secular international law . A third conference was planned for 1914 and later rescheduled for 1915, but it did not take place because of the start of World War I . The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 were the first multilateral treaties that addressed

407-728: The Palatinate in the southwest, and on South Hesse beyond the Rhine. The Rhenish-Hessian Hills along the Selz river, also called the "land of the thousand hills", reach up to 358 m (1,175 ft) at the summit of the Kappelberg and about 330 m (1,080 ft) in Rhenish-Hessian Switzerland . The Mainz Basin , a Cenozoic marine basin , covered the area about 38 to 12 million years ago. The landscape

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444-482: The United States , Great Britain , Russia , France , China and Persia , favoured a process for binding international arbitration, but the provision was vetoed by a few countries, led by Germany . The First Hague Conference came from a proposal on 24 August 1898 by Russian Tsar Nicholas II . Nicholas and Count Mikhail Nikolayevich Muravyov , his foreign minister , were instrumental in initiating

481-867: The Weimar Republic , the People's State of Hesse from 1816 to 1945. The hilly countryside is largely devoted to vineyards, comprising the Rheinhessen wine region. Rhine Hesse stretches from the Upper Rhine Plain on the west bank of the Rhine up to the Nahe and Alsenz rivers in the west and down to the mouth of the Isenach in the south. The region borders on the Rhineland in the northwest, on

518-493: The laws of war and war crimes . A major effort in both conferences was the creation of a binding international court for compulsory arbitration to settle international disputes, which was considered necessary to replace the institution of war. This effort failed at both conferences. Instead, a voluntary forum for arbitration, the Permanent Court of Arbitration , was established. Most of the countries present, including

555-414: The 1899 Convention. However, the meeting of major powers did prefigure later 20th-century attempts at international cooperation. The second conference was called at the suggestion of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904. It was postponed because of the war between Russia and Japan . The Second Peace Conference was held from 15 June to 18 October 1907. The intent of the conference was to expand upon

592-584: The 1899 Hague Convention by modifying some parts and adding new topics; in particular, the 1907 conference had an increased focus on naval warfare . The British attempted to secure the limitation of armaments, but these efforts were defeated by the other powers, led by Germany, which feared a British attempt to stop the growth of the German fleet. As Britain had the world's largest navy , limits on naval expansion would preserve that dominant position. Germany also rejected proposals for compulsory arbitration. However,

629-509: The Hague conferences as a nucleus of a future international federation that was to meet at regular intervals to administer justice and develop international law procedures for the peaceful settlement of disputes, asserting that "a definite political union of the states of the world has been created with the First and Second Conferences". After World War II , the judges of the military tribunal of

666-644: The Natural History Museum at Mainz reported that two teeth about 5 to 8 million years old had been found in 2016, that resemble those of extinct human relatives Ardipithecus ramidus and Australopithecus afarensis . Early reactions to the "Eppelsheim teeth" ranged from interest to dismissal while the researchers indicated that they will continue their investigations and analysis. The Dinotherium-Museum in Eppelsheim shows original finds of fossil mammals from local deposits. One attraction at

703-544: The Trial of German Major War Criminals at Nuremberg Trials found that by 1939, the rules laid down in the 1907 Hague Convention IV – Laws and Customs of War on Land were recognized by all civilized nations and were regarded as declaratory of the laws and customs of war. Under this post-war decision, a country did not have to have ratified the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare in order to be bound by them. Although their contents have largely been superseded by other treaties,

740-463: The conditions of any armistice , and respect for human life; assassination and murder of soldiers or citizens in hostile territory; and the status of individuals engaged in a state of civil war against the government. As such, the code was widely regarded as the best summary of the first customary laws and customs of war in the 19th century. It was welcomed and adopted by military establishments of other nations. The 1874 Brussels Declaration, which

777-841: The conduct of warfare and were largely based on the Lieber Code , which was signed and issued by US President Abraham Lincoln to the Union Forces of the United States on 24 April 1863, during the American Civil War . The Lieber Code was the first official comprehensive codified law that set out regulations for behavior in times of martial law ; protection of civilians and civilian property and punishment of transgression ; deserters , prisoners of war , hostages , and pillaging ; partisans ; spies ; truces and prisoner exchange ; parole of former rebel troops;

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814-533: The conference did enlarge the machinery for voluntary arbitration and established conventions regulating the collection of debts, rules of war, and the rights and obligations of neutrals. The treaties, declarations, and final act of the Second Conference were signed on 18 October 1907; they entered into force on 26 January 1910. The 1907 Convention consists of thirteen treaties—of which twelve were ratified and entered into force—and one declaration: At

851-570: The conference. The conference opened on 18 May 1899, the Tsar's birthday. The treaties, declarations, and final act of the conference were signed on 29 July of that year, and they entered into force on 4 September 1900. What is referred to as the Hague Convention of 1899 consisted of three main treaties and three additional declarations: The Second Hague Conference , in 1907, resulted in conventions containing only few major advancements from

888-505: The defense of the principle of legal equality of nations. The British delegation included Sir Edward Fry , Sir Ernest Satow , the 11th Lord Reay (Donald James Mackay) and Sir Henry Howard as delegates, and Eyre Crowe as a technical delegate. The Russian delegation was led by Friedrich Martens . The Uruguayan delegation was led by José Batlle y Ordóñez , a defender of the idea of compulsory arbitration. With Louis Renault and Léon Bourgeois , Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant

925-525: The late 14th century, between the von Dalberg family and the municipality. One family member claimed part of the dyke as his own. The ensuing negotiations ended with a compromise: one part each was allotted to the von Dalberg family and the municipality. The four roads leading out of the village in the cardinal compass directions were particularly well secured with portcullises at the four gates ( Pforten ), (the Hangen-Weisheimer Pforte ,

962-667: The neighbouring state of Hesse . The importance of the Rhine Hessian lands increased when they were allotted to King Louis the German by the 843 Treaty of Verdun . The region was part of the core territory of Rhenish Franconia . It comprised the Imperial Cathedrals of Worms and Mainz which were erected in the High Middle Ages . The Worms Synagogue and the Jewish Cemetery count among

999-984: The oldest in Europe. Devastated by the Thirty Years' War , the area became a patchwork of possessions of the Catholic Electorate of Mainz and the Prince-Bishopric of Worms as well as of the Protestant Electoral Palatinate . Rhine Hesse was occupied by the First French Republic in 1792, during the War of the First Coalition . At the Congress of Vienna in 1814–15, Grand Duke Louis I of Hesse

1036-655: The protection of the Hague Conventions . Rhenish Hesse Rhenish Hesse or Rhine Hesse ( German : Rheinhessen , pronounced [ʁaɪnˈhɛsn̩] ) is a region and a former government district ( Regierungsbezirk ) in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate . It is made up of territories west of the Upper Rhine river that were part of the Grand Duchy of Hesse and its successor in

1073-568: The same time an International socialist Congress was standing in Stuttgart, in which the British delegate Harry Quelch labelled the Hague Convention a "thieves' supper." German authorities were swift in expelling Quelch from the country for his remarks, an action which boosted British esteem in the eyes of their radical peers. The Brazilian delegation was led by Ruy Barbosa , whose contributions are seen today by some analysts as essential for

1110-571: The use of all forms of chemical and biological warfare in interstate armed conflicts. The protocol grew out of the increasing public outcry against chemical warfare following the use of mustard gas and similar agents in World War I , and fears that chemical and biological warfare could lead to horrific consequences in any future war. The protocol has since been augmented by the Biological Weapons Convention (1972) and

1147-667: Was a member of the French delegation for both the 1899 and 1907 delegations. He later won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1909 for his efforts. The U.S. representative, with the rank of ambassador, was former American Bar Association president U. M. Rose . The main representative of the Chinese Empire was Lu Zhengxiang , who would become Prime Minister of the Republic of China in 1912. Also in attendance on behalf of China

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1184-673: Was built about 1500 by the Chamberlains Dalberg from Worms, who nonetheless never lived in Eppelsheim, as a defensive tower and a dwelling for the Cathedral Foundation at Worms . It is nowadays under private ownership. In old documents, the Dalberger Turm is described as the "Wasserhaus" (“Waterhouse”), because there was a moat around the tower, fed by the nearby village dyke. The building has walls wholly built out of quarrystones ( limestone ) and covers

1221-720: Was former U.S. Secretary of State John Watson Foster. China's main military representative was Colonel Ding Shiyuan, whose suggestion regarding the need for a more specific legal definition of "war" was rejected by most of the Western participants. Though not negotiated in The Hague, the Geneva Protocol to the Hague Conventions is considered an addition to the Conventions. Signed on 17 June 1925 and entering into force on 8 February 1928, its single article permanently bans

1258-463: Was introduced and used by all major belligerents throughout the war, in violation of the Declaration (IV, 2) of 1899 and Convention (IV) of 1907, which explicitly forbade the use of "poison or poisoned weapons". Writing in 1918, the German international law scholar and neo-Kantian pacifist Walther Schücking called the assemblies the "international union of Hague conferences". Schücking saw

1295-598: Was never adopted by all major nations, listed 56 articles that drew inspiration from the Lieber Code. Much of the regulations in the Hague Conventions borrowed heavily from the Lieber Code. The Hague Convention of 1899 was notably attended by the Korean Empire as an independent country, prior to its loss of independence in 1905 that prevented it from attending the Hague Convention of 1907. Both conferences included negotiations concerning disarmament ,

1332-632: Was obliged to give up his Westphalian territories. In compensation, he received the district on the left bank of the Rhine. Because of this addition, he amended his title to Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine and the name of the region was created. In Allied-occupied Germany , the Rhine Hessian lands were incorporated as a district into the newly established state of Rhineland-Palatinate in 1946. Each region has developed its own cuisine dependent on geography, climate, soils, seasons and wealth. These vary from plain home cooking with simple dishes to culinary specialities for festive occasions. Rhine Hesse also has

1369-424: Was originally steeper; the less steep tent roof comes from a later time. Windows and arrowslits are framed with red sandstone . Heating facilities could not be ascertained, and therefore the tower’s use as a dwelling, at least in times of danger, must be assumed (it was later used as a warehouse and a fruit store). The Dalberger Turm and the townscape with the village walls have since 30 September 1988 been under

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