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129-632: The French king, Louis XIV. (the "Sun King") made claims to the inheritance of Liselotte of the Palatinate ( Elizabeth Charlotte ). She had married Duke Philip of Orleans , the brother of Louis XIV . This conflict resulted in the War of the Palatine Succession . The Eppingen lines were built between 1695 and 1697 under Margrave Louis William of Baden , also known as "Turkish Louis", using socage labour, in order to prevent French raids during

258-466: A "wild child" ( rauschenplattenknechtgen ). The marriage of Liselotte's parents soon turned into a disaster, and Liselotte was frequently witness to acts of domestic violence. In 1657, Elector Charles I Louis separated from his wife Charlotte in order to marry morganatically with Marie Luise von Degenfeld , who thus became Liselotte's stepmother. Liselotte likely perceived her as an intruder, but had good relationships with many of her 13 half-siblings,

387-578: A 'rough' and 'uncultivated' foreigner. Madame de Sévigné remarked "What a delight to have a woman again who can't speak French!", in reference to Queen Maria Theresa , who had never really learned to speak French and was sensitive to the teasing and jokes of the Précieuses . Later, however, the marquise praised Liselotte's "charming directness" and said: "I was amazed at her jokes, not at her lovable jokes, but of her common sense ( esprit de bon sens )...I assure you that it cannot be expressed better. She

516-536: A 12.5-metre-high wooden observation tower was built at the Waldschanz south of Niefern-Öschelbronn near 48°54′16″N 8°46′55.5″E  /  48.90444°N 8.782083°E  / 48.90444; 8.782083  ( Aussichtsturm Waldschanz ) . In the south, near Pforzheim, the line is linked to the Black Forest lines . The Eppingen Lines Way ( Eppinger-Linien-Weg ), a footpath, runs along

645-489: A Madame is a great craft, I would have sold it like the batches here in the country, I would have long since carried it for sale". Sophia, who grew up in relatively modest circumstances in exile in Holland , commented on her niece's lamentations in a letter to her (rather poor) half-brother Karllutz : Madame too has her worries, but in the position of being in where she is, she has enough to console herself with. When Sophia

774-593: A convent (as stipulated in her marriage contract ), leading her to attempt a reconciliation with Madame de Maintenon. To the King, she explained frankly and freely: "If I hadn't loved you, then I would not have hated Madame de Maintenon so much, precisely because I believed she was robbing me of your favor". Madame de Maintenon confronted Liselotte with secretly-made copies of Liselotte's candid letters to correspondents abroad, which were bursting with abuse against Maintenon, and were read with relish in foreign courts. Liselotte

903-529: A currency devaluation and speculative bubble (the so-called Mississippi bubble ): House of Wittelsbach Palatinate branch : (extant) Löwenstein : (morganatic, extant) The House of Wittelsbach ( German : Haus Wittelsbach ) is a former Bavarian dynasty , with branches that have ruled over territories including the Electorate of Bavaria , the Electoral Palatinate ,

1032-603: A different religion". This religious tolerance was quite unusual in its time and stemmed from the relatively relaxed attitude of her father Charles I Louis, who was a Calvinist himself, but had a built in Mannheim a Concordia church ( Konkordienkirche ), where the followers of the Calvinist (or Reformed), Lutheran and Catholic denominations could celebrate their rituals. Liselotte benefited from this relatively open religious attitude throughout her life; she had learned about

1161-404: A further consequence of the disease, from 1694 onwards she gained so much weight, that it began to interfere with her walks. Even so, she continued to hunt, but only with horses that were big and strong enough to support her weight. The external change in her appearance is clearly documented in the surviving portraits from this period. In September 1700 she complained to her aunt Sophia: "Being

1290-541: A great-grandson of Otto I, Count of Scheyern, became Duke of Merania in 1153 and was succeeded by his son Conrad II . It was the first duchy held by the Wittelsbach family (until 1180/82). Otto I's eldest son Eckhard I, Count of Scheyern was father of the count palatine of Bavaria, Otto IV (died 1156), who was the first Count of Wittelsbach and whose son Otto was invested with the Duchy of Bavaria in 1180 after

1419-442: A humiliation, and she reacted with indignation and anger. Various chroniclers report that she was no longer in control of her emotions, and burst into tears of desperation in front of the whole court. Saint-Simon writes that she slapped her son in front of the whole court for consenting to the marriage. The wedding took place on 18 February 1692. The King gave his daughter a pension of 50,000 écus and jewelry worth 200,000 écus, and

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1548-478: A long and rather narrow face, a big nose, a mouth that was too small and ugly teeth, more feminine than masculine manners, loved neither horses nor hunting, nothing but games, holding cercle, eating well, dancing and being dressed, in a word, everything that ladies love. ... The King loved gallantry with ladies, I do not believe that my husband has been in love in his life. Until her husband's death in 1701, she resided in her own apartments in her husband's residences,

1677-935: A member of the Bavarian branch. As a result, the Upper Palatinate had to be ceded to the Bavarian branch in 1623, along with the Imperial office of Arch-Steward. When the Thirty Years' War concluded with the Treaty of Münster (also called the Peace of Westphalia ) in 1648, a new additional electorate was created for the Count Palatine of the Rhine, along with the new office of Imperial Arch-Treasurer. During their exile Frederick's sons, especially Prince Rupert of

1806-467: A miserable life here, but my game is settled, I let everything go as it goes and amuse myself as best I can, think: the old one is not immortal and everything ends in the world; they won't get me out of here except through death. That makes you despair with evil... Louis XIV died on 1 September 1715 after a reign of 72 years and 110 days; one of the last people he summoned to his deathbed was Liselotte, saying goodbye to her with noble compliments. In his will,

1935-403: A new society was born, lively, disrespectful, eager to move and live freely, curious about the joys of the senses and the adventures of the spirit". For example, she strictly refused to receive visitors who were not properly dressed in courtly regalia: Because the ladies cannot resolve to wear body pieces and to lace up...over time they will pay dearly for their laziness; because compt once again

2064-547: A position that his younger brother Duke Max Emanuel in Bavaria , has since taken over, through which the House of Wittelsbach still maintains a connection to one of its former main territories, the Electoral Palatinate . With Duke Otto III of Lower Bavaria , who was a maternal grandson of Béla IV of Hungary and was elected anti-king of Hungary and Croatia as Bela V (1305–1308) the Wittelsbach dynasty came to power outside

2193-426: A queen, you will all have to be dressed like before this day, which will be an agony for you; - "You don't know anymore what was farm"...there is no more farm in all of France. The Maintenon invented that first; because, as she saw that the King didn't want to declare her before the queen, she had the young Dauphine (prevented) to hold a court, as keep yourself in your chamber where there is neither rank nor dignity; yes,

2322-501: A roughly 2.5-metre-deep ditch . The spoil from the ditch was used to build a rampart behind the ditch. The ditch and bank system of the Eppingen lines was guarded by watchtowers , called chartaques . A chartaque was a tower-like blockhouse with a plan measuring 6×6m and a height of about 12 metres. Civilians from Durlach and Baden were forced to work on the construction of the defences. These so-called schanzers came from

2451-485: A secret homosexual 'brotherhood' of French nobles and courtiers, which required members to "swear an oath to renounce all women." Several incidents were reported in which women were sadistically tortured, and also was reported that a poor waffle seller was raped, castrated and killed by courtiers. Though the Duke of Orléans didn't belong to this brotherhood himself, many of his favorites did. In June 1682, it became known that

2580-527: A total of three trips to The Hague , where Liselotte met her paternal grandmother Elizabeth Stuart, the "Winter Queen" of Bohemia, who was still living in exile. Elizabeth wasn't particularly fond of children, but she became very fond of her granddaughter, whom she found similar to her own family, the Stuarts : "She is not like the House of Hesse...she is like ours". Her relatives in The Hague also included

2709-639: A transformation from a philanderer who was primarily interested in his pleasure and not infrequently crept into the apartments of Liselotte's maid of honor, into a man obsessed with morality, piety and religion. In 1685, he issued the Edict of Fontainebleau , which ended the religious tolerance of the Edict of Nantes and renewed persecution of Protestants, in France known as Huguenots. Many French Protestants emigrated to Holland and Germany, including Liselotte's aunt, Emilie of Hesse-Kassel. The emigrants were supported by

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2838-618: A two million dowry was promised in the marriage contract, which, in the end, was never paid. The marriage was not a happy one, and Philippe would have affairs throughout his entire life. In 1693, Elisabeth Charlotte fell ill with life-threatening smallpox . She defied the instructions of contemporary doctors and managed to survive the disease, but ended up with a pockmarked face. She did not concern herself with this, since she had always considered herself ugly (in excessive exaggeration, as earlier portraits by Mignard and Largillière , among others, prove) and had no interest in make-up. Possibly as

2967-548: A very poor reputation even by the standards of the time: "He stole, he lied, he swore, was atheist and sodomite and sold boys like horses." Liselotte had no choice but to come to terms with these conditions, and she ultimately became an unusually enlightened woman for her time, albeit in a somewhat resigned way: Where have you and Louisse got stuck that you know so little about the world? (...) those who want to hate everyone who loves young guys wouldn't be able to love 6 people here [...] there are all kinds of genres; [...] (This

3096-430: A walk in the park at night ) but the King was delighted: "The King used to say: il n’y a que Vous qui jouissés des beautés de Versailles (you are the only one who enjoys the beauties of Versailles)". Despite the fact that she was not particularly beautiful (considered an important asset at French court) and was somewhat unconventional in manners, Liselotte made a good impression on the courtiers. Originally they expected

3225-461: A widow's seat. Liselotte maintained her own court of 250 people, which cost 250,000 livres annually, while her husband maintained an even larger one. This was the Duke of Orléans' second marriage, his first wife and cousin Henrietta of England died suddenly and under mysterious circumstances in 1670. He brought two daughters into his new marriage, 9-year-old Marie-Louise (with whom Liselotte

3354-521: A word about our Bible ; he had never been allowed to read it; said that if he only listened to his confessor and talked about his Pater Noster , everything would be fine and he would be completely godly; I often complained about it, because his intention has always been sincere and good. But he was made to believe, the old witch and the Jesuits , that if he would plague the Reformed, that would replace

3483-745: Is a very idiosyncratic person, very determined and certainly has taste." Madame de La Fayette was also surprised by and made similar comments about Liselotte's esprit de bon sens . When the Electress Sophia and her daughter visited Liselotte in Paris and Versailles in 1679, she stated: "Liselotte...lives very freely, and with more innocence: her cheerfulness cheers up the King. I have not noticed that her power goes further than making him laugh, nor that she tries to carry it further." In France, Liselotte only had two German relatives, two older aunts, with whom she had regular contact: Louise Hollandine of

3612-407: Is followed by a list of various types of homo and bisexuality, as well as pederasty and sodomy, editor's note) [...] You tell, dear Amelisse, that the world is even worse than you never thought. Her most important biographer, the historian and Antwerp professor of French baroque literature Dirk Van der Cruysse, judges: "She was providentially placed between two completely dissimilar brothers, of whom

3741-591: Is said to have been the Chevalier de Lorraine—her husband's lover and her avowed enemy. Other problems arose in the following years due to quarrels with Madame de Maintenon , the last important mistress and, from the end of 1683, the secret wife of Louis XIV. Liselotte regarded the marquise with contempt due to her low social rank and her perceived lust for power. She described her in numerous letters with epithets like "the King's old drab", "old whore", "old witch", " Megaera ", " Pantocrat " or as "mouse filth mixed with

3870-603: The Raugrafen . With two of her half-sisters, Louise (1661–1733) and Amalie Elisabeth, called Amelise (1663–1709), she kept a lifelong correspondence. Her half-brother Charles Louis (1658–1688), called Karllutz , was a particular favorite of hers; she also called him "Black Head" ( Schwarzkopfel ) because of his hair color and was ecstatic when he later visited her (1673) in Paris. His early death in battle deeply saddened her. The most important caregiver in Liselotte's life

3999-690: The Cathedral of Saint Stephen in Metz by Bishop Georges d'Aubusson de La Feuillade ; in representation of the groom was the Duke of Plessis-Praslin. The day before, she solemnly renounced her old Reformed faith and converted to the Catholic faith. She met her husband, who was 12 years her senior, for the first time on 20 November 1671 in Châlons . Monsieur didn't look ignoble, but he was very short, had pitch black hair, eyebrows and eyelids, big brown eyes,

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4128-625: The Electorate of Cologne , Holland , Zeeland , Sweden (with Swedish-ruled Finland ), Denmark, Norway, Hungary , Bohemia , and Greece . Their ancestral lands of Bavaria and the Palatinate were prince-electorates , and the family had three of its members elected emperors and kings of the Holy Roman Empire . They ruled over the Kingdom of Bavaria which was created in 1805 and continued to exist until 1918. The House of Windsor ,

4257-652: The German Empire was formed in 1871, Bavaria became the new empire's second most powerful state after Prussia. The Wittelsbachs reigned as kings of Bavaria until the German Revolution of 1918–1919 . On 12 November 1918 Ludwig III issued the Anif declaration (German: Anifer Erklärung ) at Anif Palace in Austria, in which he released his soldiers and officials from their oath of loyalty to him and ended

4386-614: The Holy Roman Empire for the first time. Otto had abdicated the Hungarian throne by 1308. The Bill of Rights 1689 and the Act of Settlement 1701 excluded non- Protestants from inheriting the throne of Great Britain , making Sophia of Hanover , a born princess of the House of Palatinate-Simmern , the heir presumptive upon Anne's death. Sophia died two months before Anne, however, and Sophia's eldest son George I of Great Britain succeeded

4515-660: The House of Luxembourg . On Duke Albert's death in 1404, he was succeeded in the Netherlands by his eldest son, William . A younger son, John III , became Prince- Bishop of Liège . However, on William's death in 1417, a war of succession broke out between John and William's daughter Jacqueline of Hainaut . This last episode of the Hook and Cod wars finally left the counties in Burgundian hands in 1433. Emperor Louis IV had reunited Bavaria in 1340 but from 1349 onwards Bavaria

4644-629: The Palais Royal in Paris , and the Château de Saint-Cloud . The couple lived mostly at the royal court, where they had to be present for about three-quarters of the year, first in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye and, after its completion in 1682, in the Palace of Versailles , where they had two adjacent apartments in the main wing. They also had apartments in the Palace of Fontainebleau , where

4773-560: The Treaty of Pavia , Emperor Louis IV granted the Palatinate including the Bavarian Upper Palatinate to his brother Duke Rudolf's descendants, Rudolf II , Rupert I and Rupert II . Rudolf I in this way became the ancestor of the older (Palatinate) line of the Wittelsbach dynasty, which returned to power also in Bavaria in 1777 after the extinction of the younger (Bavarian) line, the descendants of Louis IV. Through

4902-521: The Upper Palatinate for the Palatinate branch of the Wittelsbach in 1329. His six sons succeeded him as Duke of Bavaria and Count of Holland and Hainaut in 1347. The Wittelsbachs lost the Tyrol with the death of Duke Meinhard and the following Peace of Schärding – the Tyrol was finally renounced to the Habsburgs in 1369. In 1373 Otto , the last Wittelsbach regent of Brandenburg, released the country to

5031-783: The War of the Jülich succession broke out, ended by the 1614 Treaty of Xanten , which divided the separate duchies between Palatinate-Neuburg and the Margraviate of Brandenburg . Jülich and Berg fell to the Wittelsbach Count Palatine Wolfgang William of Neuburg . In 1619, the Protestant Frederick V, Elector Palatine became King of Bohemia but was defeated by the Catholic Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria ,

5160-511: The 'brotherhood' included the Prince of la Roche-sur-Yon and the young Comte of Vermandois, among other notable figures at court. Louis XIV punished his own son severely and sent him to war, where he died shortly afterwards at the age of 16. Liselotte later recalled: "The Comte de Vermandois was very good-natured. The poor person loved me as if I were his birth mother...He told me his whole story. He had been horribly seduced." One of his 'seducers'

5289-600: The 738-year rule of the House of Wittelsbach in Bavaria. The republican movement thereupon declared a republic. Before and during the Second World War , the Wittelsbachs were anti-Nazi. Crown Prince Rupert had earned Hitler 's eternal enmity by opposing the Beer Hall Putsch in 1923. In 1933, shortly after Hitler's rise to power , he protested against the appointment of governors at the head of

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5418-629: The Bavarian dukes became leaders of the German Counter-Reformation . From 1583 to 1761, the Bavarian branch of the dynasty provided the Prince-electors and Archbishops of Cologne and many other bishops of the Holy Roman Empire, namely Liège (1581–1763). Wittelsbach princes served at times as Bishops of Regensburg , Freising , Münster , Hildesheim , Paderborn and Osnabrück , and as Grand Master of

5547-630: The Bavarian prince Clement . In the imperial election a few days later Charles III Philip voted for his Bavarian cousin Prince-Elector Charles Albert . After extinction of the Neuburg branch in 1742, the Palatinate was inherited by Duke Charles Theodore of the branch Palatinate-Sulzbach . After the extinction of the Bavarian branch in 1777, a succession dispute and the brief War of the Bavarian Succession ,

5676-576: The Brandenburg ambassador, Ezekiel Spanheim , to whom Liselotte was very close because he had once been the tutor of both her father and brother. Since Liselotte herself was originally a Protestant and (in contrast to the half-Huguenot Maintenon) had only become a half-hearted Catholic, this became an important part of her problematic situation. She blamed the situation on the influence of Madame de Maintenon, who she regarded as hypocritically bigoted, corrupt and greedy for power: The King...didn't know

5805-551: The Duke of Orléans died of a stroke at the Château de Saint-Cloud . Earlier, he had a heated argument with his brother at the Château de Marly about the conduct of his son—who was also Louis XIV's son-in-law. He left only debts, and Liselotte wisely renounced their common property. In his will, which was published publicly in the Mercure galant and the Gazette d’Amsterdam , he did not mention his wife. Liselotte personally burned

5934-741: The Duke. Among other things, her enemies conspired to have her confidantes, including her beloved lady-in-waiting Lydie de Théobon-Beuvron and her husband, the Chamberlain Count de Beuvron, dismissed from court. After these departures she was defenseless against the intrigues of the favorites and the arbitrary whims of her husband. To make matters worse, her personal relationship with the King had cooled as his mistress Madame de Maintenon gained influence, leading Louis XIV to be less and less inclined to intervene in Liselotte's quarrels with his brother. Liselotte became isolated, withdrawing more and more into her writing room. Monsieur...has nothing in

6063-527: The Electoral residence moved to Düsseldorf in Berg. His brother and successor Charles III Philip, Elector Palatine moved the Palatinate's capital back to Heidelberg in 1718 and then to Mannheim in 1720. To strengthen the union of all lines of the Wittelsbach dynasty Charles Philip organized a wedding on 17 January 1742 when his granddaughters were married to Charles Theodore of Palatinate-Sulzbach and to

6192-458: The Empire and also as Elector-Archbishop-Electors of Mainz and Archbishop-Electors of Trier . After the death of the Wittelsbach king Rupert of Germany in 1410 the Palatinate lands began to split under numerous branches of the family such as Neumarkt , Simmern , Zweibrücken , Birkenfeld , Neuburg and Sulzbach . When the senior branch of the Palatinate branch died out in 1559,

6321-482: The French throne with Louis Philippe I , the so-called "Citizen King" from 1830 to 1848, but also became the ancestress of numerous European royal families, so she was also called the "Grandmother of Europe". Through her daughter she was the grandmother of Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor , the husband of Maria Theresa , and great-grandmother of Joseph II and Leopold II (both Holy Roman Emperors) and Marie Antoinette ,

6450-643: The French victory over the Russians and Austrians at the Battle of Austerlitz (2 December), allowed Maximilian to raise Bavaria to the status of a kingdom. Accordingly, Maximilian proclaimed himself king on 1 January 1806. The King still served as an elector until Bavaria seceded from the Holy Roman Empire on 1 August 1806, joining the Confederation of the Rhine . The Duchy of Berg was ceded to Napoleon only in 1806. The Congress of Vienna 1814−15 led to

6579-771: The Heidelberg residence. Immediately afterwards the Elector brought his daughter back to the court in Heidelberg. Liselotte now received a courtly education customary for princely houses at the time, consisting of lessons in French, dancing, playing the spinet , singing, handicrafts and history. In addition, she was regularly read to from the Bible "in two languages, German and French". Her new governess, Maria Ursula Kolb von Wartenberg, called "the Kolbin", instructed her against "any hatred or prejudice against someone because they belong to

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6708-485: The Holy Roman Empire (1 August 1806). The Bavarian Army was involved in the Austrian defeat at Hohenlinden , and General Jean Victor Marie Moreau once more occupied Munich. By the Treaty of Lunéville (9 February 1801), Bavaria lost the Palatinate and the duchies of Zweibrücken and Jülich . In view of the scarcely disguised ambitions and intrigues of the Austrian court, prime minister Montgelas now believed that

6837-403: The King and his inner circle. Her husband Philippe generously distributed the spoils of war that befell him (the so-called Orléans money) to his favorites, in particular to the Chevalier de Lorraine. In 1692, Liselotte learned that her powerlessness extended even to her own children when Louis XIV married her son Philippe, Duke of Chartres, to Françoise Marie de Bourbon , legitimized daughter of

6966-402: The King and his mistress Madame de Montespan. The King's other "bastards from double adultery" also married within the extended royal family, as their status as illegitimate barred them from marrying into foreign courts and even into other noble families in France, yet the King refused to have them marry below their "station". Liselotte and the courtiers viewed this marriage as a mésalliance and

7095-609: The King under the Ancien Régime . As wife of the Duke of Orléans, Liselotte assumed the style of Madame . This political union was conceived by Anna Gonzaga , Liselotte's aunt (as widow of Edward, Count Palatine of Simmern , Charles I Louis' younger brother) and an old friend of the Duke of Orléans; she negotiated the marriage contract, including the terms surrounding Liselotte's required conversion to Catholicism. Anna escorted Liselotte from Heidelberg to Paris. The wedding per procurationem took place on 16 November 1671 at

7224-452: The King". Her attitude towards the deceased's mignons was no longer prudish, but rather serene: when she was reported in 1702 that the Earl of Albemarle , lover of the recently deceased King William III of England , almost died of heartache, she remarked dryly: "We have not seen such friends here with my lord...". After her husband's death, Liselotte feared that the King would send her to

7353-414: The King's table; when I go to her, she looks at me through an axel and says nothing to me or laughs at me with her ladies; The old woman ordered that express, hoping I would get angry and amport myself so that they could say they couldn't live with me and send me to Montargis. But I notice the farce, so just laugh at everything you start and don't complain, don't say a word; but to confess the truth, so I lead

7482-606: The Lutheran denomination at court in Hanover and, decades later, she still knew how to sing Lutheran chorals by heart. Before her marriage, she was required to convert to the Catholic faith for dynastic reasons, though she remained skeptical of dogmatism throughout her life, and was often critical of "the priests", even while attending mass on a daily basis. She remained convinced of the Calvinist doctrine of predestination and

7611-485: The Palais Royal and Saint Cloud until 1715 in order not to be a burden to her son and his wife. She rarely went to her remote widow's residence, Montargis Castle; but she refrained from selling it in case the King should grow tired of her presence at Versailles, which Maintenon endeavored to work towards: ...she does every day (Madame de Maintenon) abrupt to me, have the bowls I want to eat taken away from my nose at

7740-454: The Palatinate (a sister of her father and Abbess of Maubuisson since 1664) and Emilie of Hesse-Kassel (a sister of her mother, who had married the Huguenot general Henri Charles de La Trémoille , Prince of Taranto and Talmont). From around 1680 massive problems arose in the Orléans marriage, as the Chevalier de Lorraine, the Marquis d'Effiat and other favorites of her husband intrigued against Liselotte in order to eliminate her influence on

7869-489: The Palatinate , German : Elisabeth Charlotte ; 27 May 1652 – 8 December 1722), also known as Liselotte von der Pfalz , was a German member of the House of Wittelsbach who married into the French royal family . She was the second wife of Monsieur Philippe I, Duke of Orléans (younger brother of Louis XIV of France ). By Philippe, Liselotte was the mother of Philippe II, Duke of Orléans , and Élisabeth Charlotte, Duchess of Lorraine . Philippe II

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7998-595: The Palatinate-Sulzbach branch under Elector Charles Theodore succeeded also in Bavaria. With the death of Charles Theodore in 1799 all Wittelsbach land in Bavaria and the Palatinate was reunited under Maximilian IV Joseph , a member of the branch Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld . At the time there were two surviving branches of the Wittelsbach family: Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (headed by Maximilian Joseph) and Palatinate-Birkenfeld-Gelnhausen (headed by Count Palatine William ). Maximilian Joseph inherited Charles Thedore's title of Elector of Bavaria, while William

8127-402: The Palatine succession crisis (1688–1697). Louis William of Baden understood the geographical advantage and the need for a state line of defence ( Landesdefensionslinie ). The location of the Eppingen lines had the benefit that the terrain could be held even against a stronger enemy. The bulwark consisted of a roughly 40-metre-wide Verhack , an abatis of branches and logs that was followed by

8256-455: The Pinakotheken. The former Bavarian Royal Family receives around 14 million Euros in payments annually from the proceeds of the Wittelsbach Compensation Fund which also owns agricultural and forestry lands, while its main source of income is urban real estate in Munich. The respective head of the family decides on their distribution and use. He has the right to live in the castles mentioned. While Albrecht lived in Berg Palace from 1949 until

8385-401: The Rhine , gained fame in England. The house of Palatinate of Zweibrücken-Kleeburg as heir to the Swedish throne ruled simultaneously the Duchy of Bremen-Verden (1654–1719). In 1685, the Simmern line died out, and the Catholic Philip William , Count Palatine of Neuburg inherited the Palatinate (and also Duke of Jülich and Berg ). During the reign of Johann Wilhelm (1690–1716)

8514-434: The Rhine. When Henry's branch died out in 1340 the Emperor Louis IV , a son of Duke Louis II, reunited the duchy. The family provided two Holy Roman Emperors : Louis IV (1314–1347) and Charles VII (1742–1745), both members of the Bavarian branch of the family, and one German King with Rupert of Germany (1400–1410), a member of the Palatinate branch. The House of Wittelsbach split into these two branches in 1329: Under

8643-431: The Romans (1400–1410), two Anti-Kings of Bohemia (1619–20/1742–43), one King of Hungary (1305–1308), one King of Denmark and Norway (1440–1448), and one King of Greece (1832–1862). The Wittelsbach dynasty ruled the German territories of Bavaria from 1180 to 1918 and the Electorate of the Palatinate from 1214 until 1805. In both countries they had succeeded rulers from the House of Welf . The Duchy of Bavaria

8772-436: The Second World War: the Ducal Bavarian Brewery of Tegernsee and the König Ludwig Schlossbrauerei . Since 2011, the Nymphenburg Porcelain Manufactory is also owned by a member of the family. The head of the house is also Grand Master of the Wittelsbach House Orders , the Royal Order of Saint George for the Defense of the Immaculate Conception , the Order of Saint Hubert and the Order of Theresa . Duke Franz maintained

8901-412: The Teutonic Order . In 1623 under Maximilian I the Bavarian dukes were invested with the electoral dignity and the duchy became the Electorate of Bavaria . His grandson Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria served also as Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands (1692–1706) and as Duke of Luxembourg (1712–1714). His son Emperor Charles VII also claimed the throne of Bohemia (1741–1743). With

9030-449: The agony here if one does the poor Reformed, one does not hear a single word about it. On what EL say about this, EL can surely think that I am not allowed to say anything, but the thoughts are duty-free; but i have to say that whatever IM (Her Majesty) may be saying on this, don't believe anything if it's mad. The Maintenon, nor does the Archbishop of Paris say; only the King believes in them in religious matters. Liselotte, however, also saw

9159-776: The area in front of the Eppingen lines and were thus at the mercy of French forces. The French army threatened to raze villages if schanzen were built. The German generals, for their part, threatened executions if the population did not assist with building the defences. Thus the people who lived in front of the lines often had to suffer twice as much. Examples of the typical wooden watchtowers have been reconstructed and may be seen today at Eppingen ( 49°6′40″N 8°56′26″E  /  49.11111°N 8.94056°E  / 49.11111; 8.94056  ( Chartaque Eppingen ) ) and Mühlacker ( 48°58′08″N 8°49′54″E  /  48.96889°N 8.83167°E  / 48.96889; 8.83167  ( Chartaque Mühlheim ) ). In 1988

9288-474: The bad Parisian air from the smoke from the many chimneys (and "because in the morning you can only smell empty night chairs and chamber pot") and the bad memories of her marriage: Unfortunately I have to go back to morose Paris, where I have little rest. But one must do one's duty; I am in the Parisian grace that it would sadden you if I should no longer live there; must therefore sacrifice several months for

9417-531: The claim. Christopher III of the House of Palatinate-Neumarkt was king of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway in 1440/1442–1448, but left no descendants. The House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken succeeded to the monarchy of Sweden again 1654–1720 when Queen Christina of Sweden abdicated her throne on 5 June 1654 in favour of her cousin Charles X Gustav . Under Charles X, Charles XI , Charles XII , Sweden reached its greatest power (see Swedish Empire ). Charles XII

9546-654: The course of the defensive lines and through parts of the Stromberg-Heuchelberg Nature Park . It has display boards with information about the historic monument. The way is marked with a stylised symbol of a chartaque . 48°54′16″N 08°46′57″E  /  48.90444°N 8.78250°E  / 48.90444; 8.78250 Liselotte of the Palatinate Madame Elizabeth Charlotte, Duchess of Orléans (born Princess Elizabeth Charlotte of

9675-456: The court went in autumn for the hunting season. Liselotte (unlike her husband) took part in this tradition with enthusiasm. She often rode with the King through the woods and fields all day long, from morning to night, without being deterred by occasional falls or sunburn. From Fontainebleau, the couple made regular visits to Montargis Castle, which belonged to Monsieur and which, according to their marriage contract, would later fall to Madame as

9804-534: The death of Charles' son Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria the Bavarian branch died out in 1777. The Palatinate branch kept the Palatinate until 1918, having succeeded also to Bavaria in 1777. With the Golden Bull of 1356 the Counts Palatine were invested with the electoral dignity, their county became the Electorate of the Palatinate . Princes of the Palatinate branch served as bishops of

9933-488: The death of Liselotte's brother, Charles II, Elector Palatine , Louis XIV raised a claim to the Electoral Palatinate on behalf of Liselotte, contrary to her marriage contract, and began the Palatinate War of Succession . Heidelberg (including the electoral palace) and Mannheim , were systematically destroyed. The experience was extremely traumatic for Liselotte: the death of her beloved half-brother Karllutz and

10062-476: The deceased monarch divided the regnal prerogatives among relatives and courtiers, allocating to his legitimized son, the Duke of Maine , guardianship of the new monarch, Louis XV , who was just 5 years old. The Parlement of Paris overturned the will's provisions at the request of Liselotte's son, Philippe II, Duke of Orléans , who, being the only legitimate agnate of the royal family in France, became Regent for

10191-465: The devastation of her homeland by her brother-in-law in her own name. ...as soon as I had recovered a little from poor Karllutz's death, the terrible and pathetic misery in the poor Palatinate began, and what hurts me most about it is that my name is used to plunge poor people into utter misfortune... So I can not help but regret and weep that, so to speak, I am the downfall of my homeland... This situation inevitably brought her into serious conflict with

10320-509: The efforts of Louis IV, the Wittelsbachs controlled the Duchy of Bavaria , the Electorate of the Palatine , the County of Tyrol , the Margraviate of Brandenburg , the County of Holland , County of Zeeland and the County of Hainault . This gave them a chance to dominate the Empire as the previous imperial houses of Hohenstaufen , Salians , Ottonians and Carolingians had. However, in

10449-530: The electorate passed to Frederick III of Simmern , a staunch Calvinist , and the Palatinate became one of the major centers of Calvinism in Europe, supporting Calvinist rebellions in both the Netherlands and France . The Neuburg cadet branch of the Palatinate branch also held the Duchy of Jülich and Berg from 1614 onwards: When the last duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg died without direct heirs in 1609,

10578-762: The end of Wittelsbach rule in Sweden. Prince Otto of Bavaria was chosen by the London Conference of 1832 to be king of newly independent Greece . This was confirmed by the Treaty of Constantinople , whereby Greece became a new independent kingdom under the protection of the Great Powers (the United Kingdom , France and the Russian Empire ). Throughout his reign, Otto faced political challenges concerning Greece's financial weakness and

10707-617: The end of his life in 1996, his son and successor Franz primarily uses the side wing of the Nymphenburg Palace that is available to him. The administration of the House of Wittelsbach is also based there. The private assets of the House of Wittelsbach include the castles of Tegernsee Abbey , Wildenwart (near Frasdorf ), Leutstetten (near Starnberg ) and Kaltenberg as well as agricultural lands and forestry with an area of 12,500 hectares, real estate and industrial shares. These include two breweries that only became significant after

10836-574: The end of the kingdom, the Wittelsbach Compensation Fund (Wittelsbacher Ausgleichsfonds) was established through a compromise in 1923 and the Wittelsbach State Foundation for Art and Science was established by the former Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria . The Wittelsbach State Foundation received the Wittelsbach family's art treasures acquired before 1804 and has since been the owner, although not

10965-468: The establishment of significant territorial gains for the Kingdom of Bavaria . Although the Duchy of Berg remained lost, almost all of Franconia , previously ruled by a number of Prince-bishops , as well as parts of Swabia , which had belonged to various mediatised secular and ecclesiastic princes, came under Bavarian rule. In both areas a number of formerly free imperial cities were also integrated into

11094-818: The fall of Henry the Lion and hence the first Bavarian ruler from the House of Wittelsbach. Duke Otto's son Louis I, Duke of Bavaria acquired the Electorate of the Palatinate in 1214. Throughout history, members of the royal house have reigned as Dukes of Merania (1153–1180/82); Dukes, Electors, and Kings of Bavaria (1180–1918); Counts Palatine of the Rhine (1214–1803 and 1816–1918); Margraves of Brandenburg (1323–1373); Counts of Holland , Hainaut , and Zeeland (1345–1433); Elector-Archbishops of Cologne (1583–1761); Dukes of Jülich and Berg (1614–1794/1806); Kings of Sweden (1441–1448 and 1654–1720); and Dukes of Bremen-Verden (1654–1719). The family also provided two Holy Roman Emperors (1328–1347/1742–1745), one King of

11223-792: The federal states and thus the de facto abolition of German federalism. In 1938, he emigrated to Italy and, after the German Army occupied Italy in September 1943, went into hiding in Florence. His son, Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria , initially left Germany for Hungary with his family, but was eventually arrested by the Gestapo in October 1944, after Germany had occupied Hungary in March. With his wife, four children and three half-sisters, he

11352-597: The former was given to monks to establish Scheyern Abbey . The origins of the Counts of Scheyern are unclear. Some speculative theories link them to Margrave Henry of Schweinfurt and his father Berthold , whose background is also disputed. Some speculate that the Schweinfurters may be descendants of the Luitpolding dynasty, the Bavarian dukes of the 10th century. The Wittelsbach Conrad of Scheyern-Dachau ,

11481-551: The foundation Wittelsbach Compensation Fund . He also appoints one of the 3 board members of the Wittelsbach State Foundation for Art and Science , while the other two are a representative of the Bavarian Ministry of Culture and a museum specialist appointed by the latter. There are around 13,500 cultural items belonging to the Wittelsbach State Foundation while another 43,000 are owned by the Wittelsbach Compensation Fund , mainly shown in museums and collections such as

11610-521: The good people. They deserve (it) from me, prefer me to their born princes and princesses; they curse you and give me blessings when I drive through town. I also love the Parisians, they are good people. I love it myself that I hate your air and home so much. Although she had not made it a habit to interfere in politics, only one month after the Louis XIV's death, Liselotte successfully campaigned for

11739-478: The interests of Bavaria lay in a frank alliance with the French Republic ; he succeeded in overcoming the reluctance of Maximilian Joseph; and, on 24 August, a separate treaty of peace and alliance with France was signed at Paris, which allied Bavaria with France. The 1805 Peace of Pressburg (now Bratislava ) between Emperor Napoleon of France and Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor , as a consequence of

11868-463: The kingdom. The previously heavily fragmented Palatinate territory was rounded off and partially moved. Smaller, mostly ecclesiastical territories on the southern border with Austria were also added. In this way, the border of Bavaria, which largely still exists today, was redefined and the state grew by more than a third in size. Under Maximilian's descendants, Bavaria became the third most powerful German state, behind only Prussia and Austria . When

11997-502: The last Queen of France before the French Revolution . Elizabeth Charlotte was born on 27 May 1652 in the castle of Heidelberg as the second child and only daughter of Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine , and his wife Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel . Named after her paternal grandmother Elizabeth Stuart and her own mother, from a young age she was nicknamed Liselotte , a portmanteau of both her names. An emergency baptism

12126-509: The late Louis XIV had ordered, and Liselotte was soon able to return to her beloved Saint-Cloud, where she spent seven months of the year from then on, with her old ladies-in-waiting keeping her company: the "Marschallin" Louise-Françoise de Clérambault and the German Eleonore von Venningen (by marriage von Rathsamshausen). She didn't like to spend the winter in the Palais Royal (the official residence of her son and his family) because of

12255-417: The love letters he had exchanged with his lovers so that they would not fall into the hands of the notaries: "...in the boxes I locked up all the letters the boys wrote to him, and then spent them unread so that it might not come into contact with others". She wrote to her aunt Sophia: "I must confess that I was much more saddened than I am if Monsieur had not done so böße officien (that is, 'bad services') to

12384-455: The manager, of a large part of the holdings of the ancient and classical art museums in Munich, while more recent art collections came into the possession of the compensation fund, into which most of the possessions from the former Wittelsbach House Property Fund were transferred in 1923, including art treasures and collections (in particular the art collection of King Ludwig I , today mostly in

12513-781: The museums Alte Pinakothek and Neue Pinakothek and in the Glyptothek in Munich), the Secret House Archives (today a department of the Bavarian State Archives) and the former royal castles of Berg , Hohenschwangau (including the Museum of the Bavarian Kings ), Berchtesgaden and Grünau hunting lodge. The respective head of the House of Wittelsbach appoints a board of up to 8 directors of

12642-596: The next generation they were outmaneuvered in Imperial politics by the Habsburgs and the most importantly by the Luxemburgs who both held compact and large possessions in the Duchy of Austria for the former and the Kingdom of Bohemia for the latter that allowed them to expand eastward. The Bavarian branch kept the Duchy of Bavaria until its extinction in 1777. The Wittelsbach Emperor Louis IV acquired Brandenburg (1323), Tyrol (1342), Holland , Zeeland and Hainaut (1345) for his House but he had also released

12771-812: The older made up for the fundamental inability of his younger brother through his appreciation and friendship: to love anyone other than herself. She showed her affection to both of them, wholeheartedly and without any ulterior motives, and accepted the overwhelming power of the one as well as the Italian inclinations of the other without complaint, as destined by fate." Philippe fulfilled his marital duties rather reluctantly; he didn't want to be hugged by Liselotte if possible and even scolded her when she accidentally touched him in his sleep. After fathering three children with his new wife, in 1676 he finally ended their sexual relationship, to Liselotte's own relief. Liselotte became very close to her brother-in-law Louis XIV . He

12900-675: The opportunities that the Huguenots brought to Protestant countries after emigrating: The poor Reformed ... who settled in Germany will make the French common. Colbert is said to have said that many are subjects of king's and prince's wealth, therefore wanted everyone to marry and have children: so these new subjects of the German electors and princes will become wealthy. When the Wittelsbach line of Palatinate-Simmern ended in 1685 with

13029-423: The peppercorns". At the instigation of the increasingly powerful Maintenon, contact between Liselotte and her brother-in-law was restricted to formal occasions, and if the King retired to his private apartments with some chosen relatives after dinner, she was no longer admitted. In 1686, she wrote to her aunt Sophia: "Where the devil can't get there, he sends an old woman, whom we all want to find out, being part of

13158-472: The princes and the Dauphine had to wait for this lady at her toilet and at the table on the pretext that it was going to be a game. Most of all, Liselotte was worried about the many intrigues and conspiracies against her son. She loathed the foreign minister and later prime minister, Father Guillaume Dubois (cardinal from 1721) and mistrusted the economist and chief financial controller John Law , who caused

13287-604: The reigning royal house of the British monarchy , are descendants of Sophia of Hanover (1630–1714), a Wittelsbach Princess of the Palatinate by birth and Electress of Hanover by marriage, who had inherited the succession rights of the House of Stuart and passed them on to the House of Hanover . When Otto I, Count of Scheyern died in 1072, his third son Otto II, Count of Scheyern acquired Wittelsbach Castle (near Aichach ). The Counts of Scheyern left Scheyern Castle (constructed around 940) in 1119 for Wittelsbach Castle and

13416-449: The release of Huguenots who had been sent to the galleys for many years because of their beliefs. 184 people, including many preachers, were released; two years later she managed to release a further 30. Despite her elevation in status, Liselotte did not share in the country's relief after the long rule of Louis XIV; she "was unable to decipher the signs of the times; she saw nothing but the decline and decline of morality, where in reality

13545-621: The role of the government in the affairs of the Church. The politics of Greece of this era was based on affiliations with the three Great Powers, and Otto's ability to maintain the support of the powers was key to his remaining in power. To remain strong, Otto had to play the interests of each of the Great Powers’ Greek adherents against the others, while not aggravating the Great Powers. Otto's standing amongst Greeks suffered when Greece

13674-571: The royal family..." Since Liselotte's correspondence was secretly monitored, the King and the Maintenon were privy to her insults, which further degraded her relationship with the King. In addition, since 1680 —after the Affair of the Poisons , in which the previous maîtresse-en-titre Madame de Montespan was involved— Louis XIV, under the influence of the bigoted Madame de Maintenon, underwent

13803-476: The scandal with God and people, as he did with the double adultery he committed with the Montespan. That's how you betrayed the poor gentleman. I have often told these priests my opinion about it. Two of my confessors, pére Jourdan and pére de St. Pierre , agreed with me; so there were no disputes. At the royal court, however, the topic was taboo: EL [her lover] are right to say that one does not talk about

13932-642: The slightly older William of Orange-Nassau , who was her playmate and was later to become King of England. She later also remembered the birth of Sophia's son George Louis , who also became King of Great Britain. Liselotte was fluent in French as early as 1661, when a French woman named Madame Trelon, who did not understand German, was appointed as her governess. When Duke Ernest Augustus of Brunswick took office as Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück in September 1662, Liselotte moved with Sophia to Iburg Castle . In 1663 Elector Charles I Louis granted Liselotte's mother Charlotte monetary compensation in exchange for her vacating

14061-496: The throne in 1714. In this way, the House of Hanover inherited the British crown. It remained on the throne until the death of Queen Victoria in 1901. The line of Jacobite succession, which recognises the right for a Catholic monarch from the House of Stuart , acknowledges Franz, Hereditary Prince of Bavaria to be the rightful heir as "Francis II". However, no individual since Henry Benedict Stuart has publicly taken up

14190-439: The tradition founded by his father of holding a large annual reception with a sit-down dinner at Nymphenburg Palace. Around 1,500 mostly changing guests from state politics, municipalities, churches and sciences, art and medicine as well as friends and relatives are invited. He also invites smaller groups of changing guests to Berchtesgaden Castle to discuss specific topics that are important to him. His 80th birthday party, in 2013,

14319-473: The underage sovereign, beginning the time known as the Régence . Liselotte became the first lady of the court; as she had been at least officially once before, between the death of Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria, Dauphine of France (20 April 1690) and the marriage of Marie Adélaïde of Savoy with Louis, Duke of Burgundy (7 December 1697). The court at Versailles dissolved until the new King came of age, as

14448-433: The world on his mind but his young boys to eat and drink with them all nights and gives them unheard-of sums of money, nothing costs him nor is too expensive in front of his boys; meanwhile, his children and I hardly have what we need. Simultaneously, Liselotte was drawn into a larger court scandal through her wardship of Comte of Vermandois , whose mother had left court to become a nun. The young comte had become embroiled in

14577-404: Was "...enchanted by the fact that this was an extremely witty and lovely woman, that she danced well...". He was often quite amused by her open, humorous and refreshingly uncomplicated nature. They often went hunting together—a rather unusual occupation for a noble lady of the time. Her habit of going for long walks was also noticed by the French court and was initially mocked (she even went for

14706-534: Was France's ruler during the Regency . Liselotte gained literary and historical importance primarily through preservation of her correspondence, which is of great cultural and historical value due to her sometimes very blunt descriptions of French court life and is today one of the best-known German-language texts of the Baroque period. Liselotte not only became the ancestress of the House of Orléans , which came to

14835-514: Was a spoiled child, but an outspoken favorite of both the monarch and his mistress. After Monsieur's death, Liselotte lived in his former apartment in Versailles and took part in visits to the court in Marly or Fontainebleau . She was still allowed to take part in the court hunts, in which she and the King no longer rode on horseback, but sat and shot together from a calash . Liselotte avoided

14964-626: Was able to build a warm, sisterly relationship ) and 2-year-old Anne Marie (who had no memory of her birth mother and whom Liselotte loved like her own child ). Liselotte and Philippe's marriage was difficult, as he was bisexual and lived quite openly as such. He led a largely independent life, together with and influenced by his long-time lover, the Chevalier de Lorraine . He had many other favorites and numerous affairs with younger men, including Antoine Morel de Volonne (whom Monsieur made Liselotte's Hofmarschall during 1673–1683 ). Morel had

15093-593: Was also skilled as a politician, he was reluctant in making peace. While Sweden achieved several large scale military successes early on, and won the most battles, the Great Northern War eventually ended in Sweden's defeat and the end of the Swedish Empire . Charles was succeeded to the Swedish throne by his sister, Ulrika Eleonora. Her abdication in favour of her husband Frederick I in 1720 marked

15222-731: Was blockaded by the British Royal Navy in 1850 and 1853 to stop Greece from attacking the Ottoman Empire during the Crimean War . As a result, there was an assassination attempt on his wife Queen Amalia in 1861. In 1862, Otto was deposed while in the countryside, and in 1863, the Greek National Assembly elected George I of the House of Glücksburg , aged only 17, King of the Hellenes , marking

15351-480: Was compensated with the title of Duke in Bavaria. The form Duke in Bavaria was selected because in 1506 primogeniture had been established in the House of Wittelsbach resulting in there being only one reigning Duke of Bavaria at any given time. Maximillian Joseph assumed the title of king as Maximilian I Joseph on 1 January 1806. The new king still served as a Prince-elector until the Kingdom of Bavaria left

15480-407: Was critical of the Catholic veneration of the saints. Etienne Polier, her first stable master and steward, became a lifelong confidante, whom she took with her to France after her marriage and who remained in her service for life. Liselotte was married in 1671 to the brother of King Louis XIV of France , Philippe I, Duke of Orléans , known as "Monsieur", the title given to the eldest brother of

15609-567: Was declared heir to the British throne in the spring of 1701 by the Act of Settlement , Liselotte (who would have had a better claim had she not become Catholic) commented on 15 May in a letter to her half-sister Raugräfin Luise: "I would rather be elector than king in England. The English humor and their parliament are not my business, my aunt is better than me; she will also know how to deal with them better than I would have done". On 9 June 1701,

15738-563: Was elevated to the Electorate of Bavaria in 1623, and in 1806, Napoleon elevated it to the Kingdom of Bavaria . In 1815, the majority of the Palatinate was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Baden , with the remainder becoming the Circle of the Rhine . On Duke Otto II 's death in 1253, his sons divided the Wittelsbach possessions between them: Henry became Duke of Lower Bavaria , and Louis II Duke of Upper Bavaria and Count Palatine of

15867-688: Was held at the Schleissheim Palace near Munich. The party was attended by 2,500 guests including the then-incumbent Minister-President of Bavaria , Horst Seehofer . In addition to numerous honorary positions in Bavaria , including many cultural and scientific institutions, Franz was also a member of the European Foundation for the Imperial Cathedral of Speyer in the State of Rhineland-Palatinate for many years,

15996-654: Was her aunt Sophia of the Palatinate , her father's youngest sister, who also lived in Heidelberg Castle with Charles I Louis until her marriage in 1658 with Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg . In 1659, Liselotte's father sent her to her aunt's court in Hanover in an attempt to separate her from his estranged wife Charlotte. Liselotte later remembered this time as the happiest of her life. Sophia became an important motherly figure for her niece, and remained her most important confidante and correspondent throughout her life. During this time she also underwent

16125-475: Was performed shortly after her birth due to her being very weak and thin. She was raised in the Reformed Protestant faith, the most widespread denomination in the Electoral Palatinate at that time. Liselotte was a lively child who liked to run around and climb trees to nibble on cherries. She sometimes claimed that she would have preferred to be a boy, and referred to herself in her letters as

16254-488: Was sent to a series of Nazi concentration camps , including Oranienburg , Flossenbürg and Dachau . Badly hit by hunger and disease, the family barely survived. At the end of April 1945, they were liberated by the United States Third Army . Albrecht's eldest son, Franz von Bayern (Francis of Bavaria) is the current head of the house. In the course of the division of state and house assets after

16383-545: Was split among the descendants of Louis IV, who created the branches Bavaria-Landshut , Bavaria-Straubing , Bavaria-Ingolstadt and Bavaria-Munich . With the Landshut War of Succession Bavaria was reunited in 1505 against the claim of the Palatinate branch under the Bavarian branch Bavaria-Munich . From 1549 to 1567 the Wittelsbach owned the County of Kladsko in Bohemia. Strictly Catholic by upbringing,

16512-429: Was succeeded by his sister Ulrika Eleonora . Sweden reached its largest territorial extent under the rule of Charles X after the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658. Charles's son Charles XI rebuilt the economy and refitted the army. His legacy to his son Charles XII was one of the finest arsenals in the world, a large standing army, and a large fleet. Charles XII was a skilled military leader and tactician. However, although he

16641-405: Was warned to change her attitude towards Madame de Maintenon, but the peace between the two women was fleeting, and Liselotte was "more tolerated than loved." Except on official occasions, she was rarely admitted to the King's inner circle. She was punished with contempt above all by Marie Adélaïde of Savoy, Monsieur's granddaughter from his first marriage and granddaughter-in-law of Louis XIV, who

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