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80-641: Equality Party can refer to the following political organisations: Equality Party (Azerbaijan) Equality Party (Chile) Equality Party (Quebec) Social Democratic Party (Faroe Islands) Socialist Equality Party (various countries) Women's Equality Party (UK) Women's Equality Party (New York) Australian Equality Party (Marriage) See also [ edit ] Samata Party (disambiguation) ( lit.   ' Equality Party ' ), various political parties in India Topics referred to by

160-459: A constitutionalist broad opposition-movement in the late Ottoman Empire against the absolutist régime of Sultan Abdul Hamid II ( r.  1876–1909 ). The most powerful organization of the movement, and the most conflated, was the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP, founded in 1889), though its goals, strategies, and membership continuously morphed throughout Abdul Hamid's reign. By

240-589: A Foreign Bureau of Musavat in 1923, but also created the Azerbaijani National Center in order to coordinate their activity with other Azeri political immigrants not affiliated with Musavat. Istanbul became the center of Musavat-in-exile in the 1920s and early 30s, before moving to Ankara in the late 1940s. The resurrection of Musavat in Azerbaijan came in 1989, during the second independence of Azerbaijan. A group of intellectuals created

320-461: A Young Turk party was identified in situations where an amorphous "Old Turk" faction was being confronted. The Young Ottomans , the liberal and Islamist opposition movement to Fuad and Aali Pasha 's regime, were also known as Jeunes Turcs , though they called themselves Yeni Osmanlılar , or New Ottomans. Historiographically, the group which became definitively known as the Young Turks was

400-508: A base for the desired strong government. After the CUP took power in the 1913 coup and Mahmud Şevket Pasha 's assassination, it embarked on a series of reforms in order to increase centralization in the Empire, an effort that had been ongoing since the last century's Tanzimat reforms under sultan Mahmud II . Many of the original Young Turks rejected this idea, especially those that had formed

480-658: A certain time the Baku Committee of Muslim Social Organizations and the Musavat party successfully fulfilled the mission not only of representing the general national interests but also of guiding the Azerbaijani workers' democracy". On June 17, 1917, Musavat merged with the Party of Turkic Federalists , another national-democratic right-wing organization founded by Nasibbey Usubbekov and Hasan bey Agayev , taking on

560-730: A coalition with the Activists and founded the Committee of Progress and Union (CPU). This unsuccessful attempt to bridge the divide amongst the Young Turks instead deepened the rivalry between Sabahaddin's group and Rıza's CPU. The 20th century began with Abdul Hamid II's rule secure and his opposition scattered and divided. The Second Congress of Ottoman Opposition took place in Paris, France, on 22 December, 1907. Opposition leaders including Ahmed Rıza , Sabahaddin Bey , and Khachatur Malumian of

640-541: A factor for the national awakening of various nationalities inhabiting the Russian Empire. The Menshevik and Social Revolutionary parties of Baku, both largely dependent upon the support of selected Georgian, Armenian and Jewish cadres, as well as upon the ethnic Russian workers, had long vilified the Muslims as "inert" and "unconscious". For them as well as for Bolsheviks, Constitutional Democrats and Denikinists,

720-488: A heterodox group of secular liberal intellectuals and revolutionaries, united by their opposition to the absolutist regime of Abdul Hamid and desire to reinstate the constitution. Despite the name Young Turks , members were diverse in their religious and ethnic origins, with many Albanians, Arabs, Armenians, Circassians, Greeks, Kurds, and Jews being members. To organize the opposition, forward-thinking medical students Ibrahim Temo , Abdullah Cevdet and others formed

800-408: A new name of Musavat Party of Turkic Federalists. Thus, Musavat became the main political force of Caucasian Muslims. In October 1917 Musavat convoked in its first congress where it adopted a new covenant, with 76 articles. Particularly, new covenant said: During the period from February until November 1917, Musavat shared the idea of federalism without separating from Russia. In accordance with

880-405: A new religion while calling it Islam". Positivism , with its claim of being a religion of science, deeply impressed the Young Turks, who believed it could be more easily reconciled with Islam than could popular materialistic theories. The name of the society, Committee of Union and Progress, was inspired by leading positivist Auguste Comte 's motto Order and Progress . Positivism also served as

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960-645: A rebellion among the Russian Armenians against the tsarist army in the event of a Caucasian Front. The Armenians were perceived to be subversive elements (a fifth column ) that would take the Russian side in the war. In order to eliminate this threat, the Ottoman government embarked on a large-scale deportation of Armenians from Eastern Anatolia. Around 300,000 Armenians were forced to move southwards to Urfa and then westwards to Aintab and Marash . In

1040-618: A result of the Bolshevik invasion, Musavat switched to secret activities again, by forming a secret committee, in which even famous Azeri playwright Jafar Jabbarli participated. The committee's most famous action was the preparation of the Rasulzade's flight from the Russian SFSR to Finland . Overall, Musavat prepared and conducted several armed insurgency operations, e.g. the rebellions of Ganja, Karabakh, Zagatala, and Lankaran. But

1120-436: A secret organization named the Committee of Ottoman Union , which grew in size and included exiles, civil servants, and army officers. In 1894, Ahmed Rıza joined Ottoman Union, and requested it change its name to Order and Progress to reflect his Positivism . They compromised with Union and Progress. Rıza being based in Paris, the organization was organized around Meşveret and its French supplemental. The CUP became

1200-457: A series of policies involving the disarming of Christians and preventing them from buying property, Muslim settlements in Christian territories, and the complete Ottomanization of all Turkish subjects, either by persuasion or by the force of arms. By 1913, the CUP banned all other political parties, creating a one party state. The Ottoman Parliament became a rubber stamp and real policy debate

1280-713: A truly organized movement with the CUP as an organizational umbrella. They recruited individuals hoping for the establishment of a constitutional monarchy in the Ottoman Empire. In 1906, the Ottoman Freedom Society was established in Thessalonica by Mehmed Talaat . The OFS actively recruited members from the Third Army base, among them Major Ismail Enver . In September 1907, OFS announced they would be working with other organizations under

1360-642: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Equality Party (Azerbaijan) The party was prohibited from contesting the 1995 and 2000 parliamentary elections in Azerbaijan by the Heydar Aliyev regime. At the time, the party was one of major opposition parties in the country. Musavat was founded in 1911 in Baku as a secret organization by Mammed Amin Rasulzade , Mammed Ali Rasulzade (his cousin), Abbasgulu Kazimzade, and Taghi Nagioglu. Its initial name

1440-417: Is quoted on the front page of the 1 August 1926 The Los Angeles Examiner as denouncing the Young Turks and especially the CUP (the "Young Turk Party"): These left-overs from the former [Committee of Union and Progress] Young Turk Party, who should have been made to account for the millions of our Christian subjects who were ruthlessly driven en masse from their homes and massacred, have been restive under

1520-641: The Armistice of Mudros was signed aboard a British battleship in the Aegean Sea. On November 2, Enver, Talaat and Cemal fled from Istanbul into exile. Following the war, the Freedom and Accord Party regained control over the Ottoman government and conducting a purge of Unionists. Freedom and Accord rule was short-lived, and with Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk) stirring up nationalist sentiment in Anatolia ,

1600-526: The Dashnak Committee were in attendance. The goal was to unite all the Young Turks and minority nationalist movements, in order to bring about a revolution to reinstate the constitution. They decided to put their differences aside and signed an alliance, declaring that Abdul Hamid had to be deposed and the regime replaced with a representative and constitutional government by any means necessary, without foreign interference. The Young Turks became

1680-619: The Hamidian massacres . In August 1896, cabinet ministers aligned with the CUP conspired a coup d'état to overthrow the sultan, but the plot was leaked to the palace before its execution. Prominent statesmen were exiled to Ottoman Tripolitania and Acre . The year after, Unionist cadets of the Military Academy schemed to assassinate the Minister of Military Schools, and this plot was also leaked to authorities. In became known as

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1760-620: The " Sacrifices of the Şeref " (Şeref Kurbanları ) the largest single crackdown of the Hamidian era resulted in more than 630 high-profile arrests and exiles. Under pressure from Yıldız Palace, French authorities banned Meşveret , though not the French supplemental, and deported Rıza and his Unionists in 1896. After settling in Brussels , the Belgian government was also pressured to deport

1840-700: The "Azerbaijan National Democratic New Musavat Party". Later that group formed the "Restoration Center of the Musavat Party" and was recognized by Musavat-in-exile. In 1992 delegates of New Musavat and Musavat-in-exile gathered in the "III Congress of Musavat" and formally re-established the party as the Musavat Party. One of the leaders of the Popular Front, Isa Gambar was elected its chairman. He remains its leader as of 2013. The party structure consists of "Başqan" (Leader), "Divan" (Executive Board), and "Məclis" (Congress). Since 1993, Musavat has been in

1920-431: The 1890s, the Young Turks were mainly a loose and contentious network of exiled intelligentsia who made a living by selling their newspapers to secret subscribers. Included in the opposition movement was a mosaic of ideologies, represented by democrats, liberals, decentralists, secularists , social Darwinists , technocrats, constitutional monarchists, and nationalists, to name a few. Despite being called "the Young Turks",

2000-462: The 1895 massacres of Diyarbekir . However the violence worsened after the 1908 Young Turk Revolution , despite Assyrian hopes that the new government would stop promoting anti-Christian Islamism. The Sayfo occurred concurrently with and was closely related to the Armenian genocide. Motives for killing included a perceived lack of loyalty among some Assyrian communities to the Ottoman Empire and

2080-645: The ADR was solely used to refer to the adjacent region of contemporary northwestern Iran . Azerbaijan became in 1918 the first secular democracy in the Muslim world. A year later, in 1919, Azerbaijani women were granted the right to vote, before the U.S. and some European countries. The following Musavat members held positions in successive ADR governments : After the fall of the First Republic in April 1920 as

2160-633: The Balkans, started implementing policies, beginning in 1897, which brought on the last stages of the Balkanization process. By 1903, there were discussions on establishing administrative control by Russian and Austrian advisory boards in the Macedonian provinces. Abdul Hamid was forced to accept this reform package , although for quite a while he was able to subvert its implementation. However, eventually, signs were showing that this policy game

2240-556: The CUP "government of the Ottoman Empire began a systematic genocide of its Armenian citizens and unarmed Christian minority population. More than a million Armenians were exterminated through direct killing, starvation, torture, and forced death marches." The genocide of Assyrian civilians began during the Ottoman occupation of Azerbaijan from January to May 1915, during which massacres were committed by Ottoman forces and pro-Ottoman Kurds . Previously, many Assyrians were killed in

2320-654: The CUP ruled the Empire in a dictatorship, which brought the Empire into World War I in October 1914. The genocides of 1915 to 1917 against Ottoman Christians were masterminded within the CUP, principally by Enver Pasha , Talat Pasha , Bahaeddin Şakir , and others. The term Young Turk is now used to characterize an insurgent trying to take control of a situation or of an organization by force or political maneuver, and various groups in different countries have been designated "Young Turks" because of their rebellious or revolutionary nature. The term "Young Turks" comes from

2400-695: The CUP, through highly secret diplomatic negotiations, led the Ottoman Empire to ally itself with Germany. The conflicts at the Caucasus Campaign , the Persian Campaign , and the Gallipoli Campaign affected places where Armenians lived in significant numbers. Before the declaration of war at the Armenian congress at Erzurum , Unionist emissaries asked Ottoman Armenians to facilitate the conquest of Transcaucasia by inciting

2480-400: The Empire soon collapsed. A guiding principle for the Young Turks was the transformation of their society into one in which religion played no consequential role, a stark contrast from the theocracy that had ruled the Ottoman Empire since its inception. However, the Young Turks soon recognized the difficulty of spreading this idea among the deeply religious Ottoman peasantry and even much of

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2560-742: The Empire's problems such as separatism from non-Muslim minorities such as the Armenians , alienating himself from the CUP. The First Congress of Ottoman Opposition was held on 4 February 1902, at the house of Germain Antoin Lefevre-Pontalis a member of the Institut de France . The opposition was performed in compliance with the French government. Closed to the public, there were 47 delegates present. It included Rıza's Unionists, Sabahaddin's supporters, Armenian Dashnaks and Vergazmiya Hunchaks , and other Greek and Bulgarian groups. It

2640-519: The Freedom and Accord Party against the CUP. Other opposition parties against the CUP like Prince Sabahaddin's Private Enterprise and Decentralization League  [ tr ] and the Arab Ottoman Party for Administrative Decentralization , both of which made opposition to the CUP's centralization their main agenda. The Young Turks wished to modernize the Empire's communications and transportation networks without putting themselves in

2720-597: The French Jeunes Turcs , which international observers tagged various Ottoman reformers of the 19th century. Historian Roderic Davison states that there was not a consistent ideological application of the term; statesmen which wished to resurrect the Janissary corp and derebeys , conservative reformers of Mahmud II , and pro-Western reformers of Abdul Mejid , are all referred to as the party of Jeunes Turcuie by different observers. Davison concludes that

2800-658: The Hamidian era, repeatedly ending in failure. In 1906, the Paris-based CUP fused with the Macedonia-based Ottoman Freedom Society under its own banner. The Macedonian Unionists prevailed against Sultan Abdul Hamid II in the 1908 Young Turk Revolution . With this revolution, the Young Turks helped to establish the Second Constitutional Era in the same year, ushering in an era of multi-party democracy for

2880-684: The Musavat party supported some pan-Islamist and pan-Turkist ideas. Pan-Turkic element in Musavat's ideology was a reflection of the novel ideas of the Young Turk revolution in Ottoman Empire . The founders of this ideology were Azerbaijani intellectuals of the Russian Empire , Ali bey Huseynzade and Ahmed-bey Agayev (known in Turkey as Ahmet Ağaoğlu ), whose literary works used the linguistic unity of Turkic-speaking peoples as

2960-459: The Musavat, by default, was the false friend of social democracy, just a party of feudal "beks and khans". These accusations, centerpieces of a paranoid style in social-democratic politics, have endured in the historical literature far beyond their origins. But this form of attitude also alienated predominant Muslim groups from Russia's mainstream social democrats, as Musavat's shifting politics and populist slogans started receiving bigger appeal among

3040-481: The Musavat, were quite radical during the early days of the February Revolution: they wanted a democratic republic, which would guarantee the rights of Muslims. The Soviet historian A. L. Popov writes that the Musavat cannot be a priori classified as a reactionary party of Khans and Beks, because in the early revolutionary period the Musavat stood on the positions of democracy and even socialism. "Until

3120-744: The Muslim territories more independence. Having got the news about the October Revolution in Petrograd (Saint Petersburg) Transcaucasia did not accept the new Bolshevik power. In February 1918 Transcaucasian Council ("Sejm") started its work in Tbilisi. Musavat entered the Sejm as one of the ruling parties, having 30 deputies of 125. The other parties represented in the new institution were Georgian mensheviks (32 deputies) and Armenian "dashnaks" (27 deputies). At this stage, Musavat started propagating

3200-543: The Muslim worker audience. Musavat leaders were largely well-educated professionals from the upper class echelons of Azeri society; its mass membership, most recruited between 1917 and 1919, comprised the poorly-educated Muslims underclass of Baku. After the Amnesty Act of 1913 dedicated to the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty , Mammed Amin Rasulzade returned to Azerbaijan and undertook party leadership. Despite

3280-534: The Republican rule. […] They have hitherto lived on plunder, robbery and bribery and become inimical to any idea, or suggestion to enlist in useful labor and earn their living by the honest sweat of their brow… Under the cloak of the [Progressive Republican Party] opposition party, this element, who forced our country into the Great War against the will of the people, who caused the shedding of rivers of blood of

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3360-523: The Soviets also repressed Musavat by arresting at least 2,000 members of Musavat up to 1923. Most prominent Musavat members thus were killed, exiled, or escaped abroad and the party ceased all its activities within Azerbaijan in 1923. Activities of Musavat in exile begin at the end of 1922 and at the beginning of 1923. in order to coordinate and lead these activities Mammed Amin Rasulzade established

3440-544: The Tanzimat with ethnically non-Turkish members participating at the outset, the Young Turks embraced the official state ideology: Ottomanism . However, Ottoman patriotism failed to strike root during the First Constitutional Era and the following years. Many ethnically non-Turkish Ottoman intellectuals rejected the idea because of its exclusive use of Turkish symbols. Turkish nationalists gradually gained

3520-602: The Turkish youth to satisfy the criminal ambition of Enver Pasha, has, in a cowardly fashion, intrigued against my life, as well as the lives of the members of my cabinet. Historian Uğur Ümit Üngör , in his book The Making of Modern Turkey : Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia , has claimed that the "Republican People's Party, which was founded by Mustafa Kemal, was the successor of CUP and continued ethnic cleansing policies of its predecessor in Eastern Anatolia until

3600-483: The Young Turks remained in the CUP. The groups' power struggle continued until 1913, after the CUP took over following Mahmud Shevket Pasha 's assassination. They brought the Ottoman Empire into World War I on the side of the Central Powers during the war. During the parliamentary recess of this era, the Young Turks held their first open congress at Salonica, on September–October 1911. There, they proclaimed

3680-612: The desire to appropriate their land. At the 1919 Paris Peace Conference , the Assyro-Chaldean delegation said that its losses were 250,000 (about half the prewar population); they later revised their estimate to 275,000 dead at the Lausanne Conference of 1922–1923 . At the end of the War, with the collapse of Bulgaria and Germany's capitulation , Talaat Pasha and the CUP ministry resigned on October 13, 1918, and

3760-594: The displaced died of exposure, hunger, and disease, or were victims of banditry and forced labor. Early on, the Dashnaks had perceived the CUP as allies; the 1909 Adana massacre had been rooted in reactionary backlash against the revolution. But during World War I, the CUP's increasing nationalism began to lead them to participate in genocide. In 2005, the International Association of Genocide Scholars affirmed that scholarly evidence revealed

3840-722: The doctrine accepted by the Special Transcaucasian Committee (OZAKOM) the Georgian, Armenian, and Azerbaijani territories were authorised to rule independent domestic policy, leaving to the Provisional Russian government only foreign affairs, army and defense, and customs. However, Musavat as well as the other Muslim unions got quickly disappointed in cooperation with the Provisional Government, as it had no wish to delegate to

3920-465: The elite. The Young Turks thus began suggesting that Islam itself was materialistic. As compared with later efforts by Muslim intellectuals, such as the attempt to reconcile Islam and socialism, this was an extremely difficult endeavor. Although some former members of the CUP continued to make efforts in this field after the revolution of 1908, they were severely denounced by the ulema , who accused them of "trying to change Islam into another form and create

4000-482: The eponymous 1902 congress, was founded by Prince Sabahaddin and Ismail Kemal in the name of the majority mandate. However the organization was contentious and a coup plot in 1903 went no where. They later founded the Private Enterprise and Decentralization League , which called for a more decentralized and federalized Ottoman state in opposition to Rıza's centralist vision. After the congress, Rıza formed

4080-531: The first time in the country's history. However, in the wake of events which proved disastrous for the Ottoman Empire as a body-politic (such as the 31 March Incident of April 1909, the 1912 coup , and the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913) the country fell under the domination of a radicalized CUP following the 1913 Raid on the Sublime Porte . With the strength of the constitution and of parliament broken,

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4160-413: The foundation of Musavat in what they considered "imperial, orientalist terms, governed by the long-standing ideological categories of Muslim backwardness, treachery and religious fanaticism", as a betrayal of historic proportions. The Musavat's programme, which appealed to the Azerbaijani masses and assured the party of the sympathy of the Muslims abroad, announced the following aims: During this time,

4240-539: The group a couple years later. The Belgian parliament denounced the decision and held a demonstration supporting the Young Turks against Hamidian tyranny. A congress in December 1896 saw Murat elected as chairman over Rıza and the headquarters moved to Geneva, sparking a schism between Rıza's supporters in Paris and Murat's supporters in Geneva. After the Ottoman Empire's triumph over Greece in 1897 Sultan Abdul Hamid used

4320-523: The group was of an ethnically diverse background; in addition to Turks, Albanian, Aromenian , Arab, Armenian, Azeri, Circassian, Greek, Kurdish, and Jewish members were plentiful. Besides membership in outlawed political committees, other avenues of opposition existed in the ulama , Sufi lodges , and masonic lodges . By and large, Young Turks favored taking power away from Yıldız Palace in favour of constitutional governance. Many coup d'état attempts associated with Young Turk networks occurred during

4400-406: The hands of European bankers. Europeans already owned much of the country's railroad system, and since 1881, the administration of the defaulted Ottoman foreign debt had been in European hands. During the World War I, the empire under the CUP was "virtually an economic colony on the verge of total collapse." Regarding nationalism , the Young Turks underwent a gradual transformation. Beginning with

4480-484: The idea of giving up absolute power, Abdul Hamid was forced on July 24, 1908, to restore the constitution, beginning the Second Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire. After the revolution, the Young Turks formalized their differences in ideology by forming political clubs. Two main parties formed: more liberal and pro-decentralization Young Turks formed the Liberty Party and later the Freedom and Accord Party . The Turkish nationalist and pro-centralization wing among

4560-412: The leading party of the newly established Azerbaijan Democratic Republic , holding the majority of mandates in its parliaments, at first in Azerbaijani National Council and then in Parlaman ("parliament"), Rasulzade being its first head of state (28 May 1918  – 7 December 1918). Under the Musavat's leadership, the name "Azerbaijan" was adopted; a name that prior to the proclamation of

4640-418: The moment meant unity was hard to come by. Ahmet Rıza advocated for a Turkish nationalist and secularist agenda. Even though he denounced revolution, he had a more conservative and Islamist rival in Mehmet Murat Bey of Mizan fame. Rıza also had to deal with the " Activist " faction of the CUP that did push for a revolution. Other CUP branches often acted autonomously with their own ideological currents, to

4720-421: The opposition to Sultan Abdul Hamid II which surfaced after 1889, the Committee of Union and Progress being its standard bearer. Inspired by the Young Italy political movement, the Young Turks had their origins in secret societies of "progressive medical university students and military cadets," namely the Young Ottomans , driven underground along with all political dissent after the Constitution of 1876

4800-416: The opposition to the ruling New Azerbaijan Party . Due to a split between its nationalist and its liberal wing, the party failed to adopt a unified program at the October 1997 congress. At the 2000/2001 elections , the party won 4.9% of the popular vote and two out of 125 seats. As the party's candidate, its leader Isa Qambar won 12.2% of the popular vote in the 15 October 2003 presidential elections . At

4880-426: The pan-Islamist and pan-Turkish ideas and aimed at the creation of a United Muslim State under the protection of Turkey (Ottoman Empire). The majority of the Party's members were merchants, white-collars and partially peasantry. Musavat became the tenth largest party elected to the Russian Constituent Assembly (1918). After the disintegration of the Russian Empire and the Declaration of Independence, Musavat became

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4960-617: The parliamentary elections of November 6, 2005, it joined the Freedom alliance and won inside the alliance five seats. Musavat is also known for its protests against the Azerbaijani government such as that took place on October 16, 2003, after Isa Qambar had lost the election, as well as on March 12, 2011. When Musavat applied for membership of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (ELDR, now Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party , ALDE), some members considered Musavat's ideology to be incompatible with Western liberalism. Board member Nasib Nasibli even resigned, stating that

5040-476: The party still being secret, Rasulzade managed to found newspaper the newspaper Achig Soz (1915–1918), in which Musavat's aims and goals, this time polished and defined in Rasulzade's interpretations, were implicitly advocated. Only after the February Revolution , when Musavat ceased to be a secret organization and became a legal political party did the newspaper officially become the party's organ. The Baku Committee of Muslim Social Organizations, as well as

5120-458: The party was committed to Turkic nationalism rather than liberalism. Nevertheless, Musavat was eventually admitted to ELDR. The party has alleged that the Azerbaijani government has been seized by leading politicians of Kurdish , Talysh , Armenian or other ethnic groups of non-Turkic origin. Young Turk The Young Turks ( Ottoman Turkish : ژون تركلر , romanized :  Jön Türkler , also كنج تركلر Genç Türkler ) formed as

5200-403: The point where the committee resembled more of an umbrella organization. Meşveret (Rıza) called for the reinstatement of the constitution but without revolution, as well as a more centralized Turkish-dominated Ottoman Empire sovereign of European influence . The CUP supported Kâmil Pasha 's call for responsible government to return to the Sublime Porte during the diplomatic crisis caused by

5280-581: The preeminent faction of the Young Turks once as absorbed other opposition groups and established contact with exiled intelligentsia, Freemasons, and cabinet ministers, to the point where European observers started calling them the "Young Turk Party". The society attempted several coup attempts against the government, much to the anti-revolutionary in Rıza's chagrin. Due to the danger in speaking out against absolutism, Young Turk activity shifted abroad. Turkish colonies were established in Paris, London, Geneva, Bucharest, and Cairo. The several ideological currents in

5360-409: The prestige he gained from the victory to coax the exiled Young Turks network back into his fold. After expelling Rıza from the CUP, Murat defected to the government, including Cevdet and Sükuti . A wave of extraditions, more amnesties, and buy-outs, weakened an opposition organization already operating in exile. With trials organized in 1897 and 1899 against enemies of Abdul Hamid II, the Ottoman Empire

5440-469: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Equality Party . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equality_Party&oldid=1211197086 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Political party disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

5520-414: The summer of 1917, Armenians were moved to the Konya region in central Anatolia. Through these measures, the CUP leaders aimed to eliminate the ostensible Armenian threat by deporting them from their ancestral lands and by dispersing them in small pockets of exiled communities. By the end of World War I, up to 1,200,000 Armenians were forcibly deported from their home vilayets . As a result, about half of

5600-436: The umbrella of the CUP. In reality, the leadership of the OFS would exert significant control over the CUP. Finally, in 1908 in the Young Turk Revolution , pro-CUP officers marched on Istanbul, forcing Abdulhamid to restore the constitution. An attempted countercoup resulted in his deposition. In 1908, the Macedonian Question was facing the Ottoman Empire . Tsar Nicholas II and Franz Joseph , who were both interested in

5680-409: The upper hand in politics, and following the 1902 Congress, a stronger focus on nationalism developed. It was at this time that Ahmed Rıza chose to replace the term "Ottoman" with "Turk," shifting the focus from Ottoman nationalism to Turkish nationalism . Among the prominent leaders and ideologists were: In the aftermath of an assassination attempt by remaining Unionists, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk ,

5760-513: The year 1950. Thus, Turkey was transformed into an ethnically homogenous state." As to the fate of the Three Pashas , two of them, Talaat Pasha and Cemal Pasha , were assassinated by Armenian nationals shortly after the end of World War I while in exile in Europe during Operation Nemesis , a revenge operation against perpetrators of the Armenian genocide. Soghomon Tehlirian , whose family

5840-540: Was a relatively small, secret underground organization, much like its counterparts throughout the Middle East, working for the prosperity and political unity of the Muslim and Turkic -speaking world. Although Musavat espoused pan-Islamic ideology and its founder was sympathetic to the pan-Turkic movement, the party supported the tsarist regime during the First World War . Russia's social democrats received

5920-824: Was abolished and the First Constitutional Era brought to a close by Sultan Abdul Hamid II in 1878 after only two years. The Young Turks favored a reinstatement of the Ottoman Parliament and the 1876 constitution, written by the reformist Midhat Pasha . Despite working with the Young Ottomans to promulgate a constitution, Abdul Hamid II dissolved the parliament by 1878 and returned to an absolutist regime, marked by extensive use of secret police to silence dissent, and massacres against minorities . Constitutionalist opponents of his regime, came to be known as Young Turks. The Young Turks were

6000-522: Was coming to an end. On May 13, 1908, the leadership of the CUP, with the newly gained power of its organization, was able to communicate to Sultan Abdul Hamid II the unveiled threat that "the [Ottoman] dynasty would be in danger" if he were not to bring back the Ottoman constitution that he had previously suspended since 1878. By June, Unionist officers of the Third Army mutinied and threatened to march on Constantinople. Although initially resistant to

6080-624: Was defined by the question of whether to invite foreign intervention for regime change in Constantinople to better minority rights; a majority which included Sabahaddin and his followers as well as the Armenians argued for foreign intervention, a minority which included Rıza's Unionists and the Activist Unionists were against violent change and especially foreign intervention. The Ottoman Freedom Lover's Committee, named after

6160-698: Was held within the CUP's Central Committee . On November 2, 1914, the Ottoman Empire entered World War I on the side of the Central Powers. The Middle Eastern theatre of World War I became the scene of action. The combatants were the Ottoman Empire, with some assistance from the other Central Powers, against primarily the British and the Russians among the Allies . Rebuffed elsewhere by the major European powers,

6240-700: Was killed in the Armenian genocide, assassinated the exiled Talaat Pasha in Berlin and was subsequently acquitted on all charges by a German jury. Cemal Pasha was similarly killed by Stepan Dzaghikian , Bedros Der Boghosian , and Ardashes Kevorkian for " crimes against humanity " in Tbilisi , Georgia. Enver Pasha, was killed in fighting against the Red Army unit under the command of Hakob Melkumian near Baldzhuan in Tajikistan (then Turkistan). The following

6320-559: Was the Muslim Democratic Musavat Party. The first members were Veli Mikayiloghlu, Seyid Huseyn Sadig, Abdurrahim bey, Yusif Ziya bey and Seyid Musavi bey. Early Musavat members also included future Communist leader of Azerbaijan SSR Nariman Narimanov . This initiative was coming from Mammed Amin Rasulzade, who was then living in exile in Istanbul . In its early years before the first world war, Musavat

6400-469: Was under his secure control. Though moral was low, Ahmet Rıza, who returned to Paris, was the sole leader of the exiled Young Turks network. In 1899, members of the Ottoman dynasty Damat Mahmud Pasha and his sons Sabahaddin and Lütfullah fled to Europe to join the Young Turks. However, Prince Sabahaddin believed that embracing the Anglo-Saxon values of capitalism and liberalism would alleviate

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