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51-399: Eric Flint (February 6, 1947 – July 17, 2022) was an American author, editor, and e-publisher . The majority of his works are alternate history science fiction , but he also wrote humorous fantasy adventures. His works have been listed on The New York Times , The Wall Street Journal , The Washington Post , and Locus magazine best-seller lists. He was a co-founder and editor of

102-498: A blog and also with online newspapers , but can usually be distinguished by its approach to editorial control. Magazines typically have editors or editorial boards who review submissions and perform a quality control function to ensure that all material meets the expectations of the publishers (those investing time or money in its production) and the readership. Many large print publishers now provide digital reproduction of their print magazine titles through various online services for

153-517: A disruptive technology to traditional publishing houses. The high cost of print publication and large Web readership has encouraged these publishers to embrace the World Wide Web as a marketing and content delivery system and another medium for delivering their advertisers' messages. In the late 1990s, e-zine publishers began adapting to the interactive and informative qualities of the internet instead of simply duplicating print magazines on

204-554: A Special Sidewise Award for Alternate History for his encouragement of the genre of alternate history through his support of the community and writers developed around his 1632 series. Several months after his death, Flint received the 2023 Best Alt-History award for 1812: The Rivers of War and the 2023 Frank Herbert Lifetime Achievement Award from The Helicon Society. Electronic publishing Electronic publishing has become common in scientific publishing where it has been argued that peer-reviewed scientific journals are in

255-463: A book can be mechanically reproduced or copied. Electronic publishing raises new questions in relation to copyright, because if an e-book or e-journal is available online, millions of Internet users may be able to view a single electronic copy of the document, without any "copies" being made. Emerging evidence suggests that e-publishing may be more collaborative than traditional paper-based publishing; e-publishing often involves more than one author, and

306-404: A direct effect on the publishing questions, letting creators and users go further in the traditional process (writer-editor-publishing house). The traditional publishing, and especially the creation part, were first revolutionized by new desktop publishing softwares appearing in the 1980s, and by the text databases created for the encyclopedias and directories . At the same time the multimedia

357-482: A fee. These service providers also refer to their collections of these digital format products as online magazines, and sometimes as digital magazines. Online magazines representing matters of interest to specialists or societies for academic subjects, science, trade, or industry are typically referred to as online journals . Many general interest online magazines provide free access to all aspects of their online content, although some publishers have opted to require

408-754: A member of the Socialist Workers Party . After winning the fourth quarter of 1993 Writers of the Future contest, he published his first novel in 1997 and moved to full-time writing in 1999. Shortly afterwards, he became the first librarian of the Baen Free Library and a prominent anti–copy protection activist. He has edited the works of several classic science fiction authors, repackaging their short stories into collections and fix-up novels. This project met commercial success and returned several out-of-print authors to print. In 2004, he

459-791: A memorial work. Edited by Lisa Mangum , the anthology included 20 short stories by authors that included Charles E. Gannon and Kevin J. Anderson with profits supporting the endowment fund for Superstars Writing Seminars. To date, six of his books have been included on The New York Times Best Seller list . They are 1634: The Galileo Affair (2004), 1634: The Baltic War (2007), 1634: The Bavarian Crisis (2007), 1636: The Kremlin Games (2013), Torch of Freedom (2009), and Cauldron of Ghosts (2014). 1635: The Papal Stakes (2012), The Crucible of Empire (2010), and Threshold (2010) were listed on The Wall Street Journal Best-Selling Books list for Hardcover Science Fiction. Cauldron of Ghosts (2014)

510-544: A more specialized term appropriately used for small magazines and newsletters distributed by any electronic method, for example, by email. Some social groups may use the terms cyberzine and hyperzine when referring to electronically distributed resources. Similarly, some online magazines may refer to themselves as "electronic magazines", "digital magazines", or "e-magazines" to reflect their readership demographics or to capture alternative terms and spellings in online searches. An online magazine shares some features with

561-415: A network. Electronic publishing is also being used in the field of test-preparation in developed as well as in developing economies for student education (thus partly replacing conventional books) – for it enables content and analytics combined – for the benefit of students. The use of electronic publishing for textbooks may become more prevalent with Apple Books from Apple Inc. and Apple's negotiation with

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612-454: A series of essays that in form have been part of blog and letters to the editor tracking the experiment and championing the practice. Baen Books have adopted a model of unencrypted e-book publication for all their works, providing works in various common formats. This approach is often applied to the early volumes of ongoing series, with the intent that readers may purchase subsequent installments. New releases are also available as e-books in

663-529: A subscription fee to access premium online article and/or multimedia content. Online magazines may generate revenue based on targeted search ads to website visitors, banner ads ( online display advertising ), affiliations to retail web sites, classified advertisements, product-purchase capabilities, advertiser directory links, or alternative informational/commercial purpose. Due to their low cost and initial non-mainstream targets, The original online magazines, e-zines and disk magazines (or diskmags), may be seen as

714-509: A traditional "print run". E-publication is enabling new authors to release books that would be unlikely to be profitable for traditional publishers. While the term "electronic publishing" is primarily used in the 2010s to refer to online and web-based publishers, the term has a history of being used to describe the development of new forms of production, distribution, and user interaction in regard to computer-based production of text and other interactive media . The first digitization initiative

765-497: Is .epub , used in many e-book formats . .epub is a free and open standard available in many publishing programs. Another common format is .folio, which is used by the Adobe Digital Publishing Suite to create content for Apple's iPad tablets and apps. After an article is submitted to an academic journal for consideration, there can be a delay ranging from several months to more than two years before it

816-454: Is a magazine published on the Internet , through bulletin board systems and other forms of public computer networks. One of the first magazines to convert from a print magazine format to an online only magazine was the computer magazine Datamation . Some online magazines distributed through the World Wide Web call themselves webzines . An ezine (also spelled e- zine ) is

867-466: Is a European catalog that offers index cards on millions of digital objects and links to their digital libraries. In the same year, HathiTrust was created to put together the contents of many university e-libraries from USA and Europe, as well as Google Books and Internet Archive . In 2016, over six millions of users had been using HathiTrust. The first digitization projects were transferring physical content into digital content. Electronic publishing

918-548: Is aiming to integrate the whole process of editing and publishing (production, layout, publication) in the digital world. Alain Mille, in the book Pratiques de l'édition numérique (edited by Michael E. Sinatra and Marcello Vitali-Rosati), says that the beginnings of Internet and the Web are the very core of electronic publishing, since they pretty much determined the biggest changes in the production and diffusion patterns. Internet has

969-433: Is noted as a co-founder and editor of the Baen Free Library . The library is an ongoing experiment in electronic publishing where Flint and Jim Baen advocated for the availability of unprotected e-books in multiple online formats. This initiative aimed to assess whether offering free electronic versions of books could boost sales of their print or paid electronic counterparts. As part of the initial phase, Flint has published

1020-406: Is possible through new interactions between the author and its readers, and can be an important method for inspiration but also for visibility. The electronic publishing process follows some aspects of the traditional paper-based publishing process but differs from traditional publishing in two ways: 1) it does not include using an offset printing press to print the final product and 2) it avoids

1071-437: Is published in a journal, rendering journals a less than ideal format for disseminating current research. In some fields, such as astronomy and some areas of physics , the role of the journal in disseminating the latest research has largely been replaced by preprint repositories such as arXiv.org . However, scholarly journals still play an important role in quality control and establishing scientific credit. In many instances,

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1122-508: The Trésor de la langue française au Québec . This foundation of e-texts, named Frantext, was published on a compact disc under the brand name Discotext , and then on the worldwide web in 1998. In 1974, American inventor and futurist Raymond Kurzweil developed a scanner which was equipped with an Omnifont software that enabled optical character recognition for numeric inputs. The digitization projects could then be more ambitious since

1173-495: The Baen Free Library . Born in 1947 in Burbank, California , Flint worked on a Ph.D. in history specializing in southern African history. He left his doctoral program to become a political activist in the labor movement. He supported himself from that time until age 50 in a variety of jobs, including longshoreman , truck driver , machinist , and labor union organizer. As a long-time leftist political activist, Flint worked as

1224-472: The Bibliothèque nationale de France launched a vast digitization program. The president François Mitterrand had wanted since 1988 to create a new and innovative digital library, and it was published in 1997 under the name of Gallica . In 2014, the digital library was offering 80 255 online books and over a million documents, including prints and manuscripts. In 2003, Wikisource was launched, and

1275-481: The 2010s, due to the rapid consumer adoption of smartphones and tablets. At first, native apps for each mobile platform were required to reach all audiences, but in an effort toward universal device compatibility, attention has turned to using HTML5 to create web apps that can run on any browser and function on many devices. The benefit of electronic publishing comes from using three attributes of digital technology: XML tags to define content, style sheets to define

1326-454: The books available in the world (over 130 million books) to make them accessible online. 10 years later, 25 000 000 books, from a hundred countries and in 400 languages, are on the platform. This was possible because by that time, robotic scanners could digitize around 6 000 books per hour. In 2008, the prototype of Europeana was launched; and by 2010, the project had been giving access to over 10 million digital objects. The Europeana library

1377-462: The distribution of a physical product (e.g., paper books, paper magazines, or paper newspapers). Because the content is electronic, it may be distributed over the Internet and through electronic bookstores, and users can read the material on a range of electronic and digital devices, including desktop computers , laptops , tablet computers , smartphones or e-reader tablets. The consumer may read

1428-574: The e-reader and even smartphones. The digital book had, and still has, an important impact on publishing houses and their economical models; it is still a moving domain, and they yet have to master the new ways of publishing in a digital era. Based on new communications practices of the web 2.0 and the new architecture of participation, online edition opens the door to a collaboration of a community to elaborate and improve contents on Internet, while also enriching reading through collective reading practices. The web 2.0 not only links documents together, as did

1479-449: The electronic materials uploaded to preprint repositories are still intended for eventual publication in a peer-reviewed journal. There is statistical evidence that electronic publishing provides wider dissemination, because when a journal is available online, a larger number of researchers can access the journal. Even if a professor is working in a university that does not have a certain journal in its library, she may still be able to access

1530-569: The end of 2015 and that half of all reading in the United States would be done without paper by 2015. Although distribution via the Internet (also known as online publishing or web publishing when in the form of a website) is nowadays strongly associated with electronic publishing, there are many non-network electronic publications such as encyclopedias on CD and DVD , as well as technical and reference publications relied on by mobile users and others without reliable and high-speed access to

1581-711: The first part of the monthly bundles. These copies do not include the final proofed version, which is available only in the single or monthly bundle for that book. In March 2007, Flint began acting as publisher of a for-free web-access version of the gazette. Flint also helmed Jim Baen's Universe , an e-zine published from 2006 until 2010. Flint died on July 17, 2022, at the age of 75 in East Chicago, Indiana . In February 2024, WordFire Press released an alternative history anthology, A Bit of Luck: Alternate Histories in Honor of Eric Flint ( ISBN   978-1-68057-613-9 ) as

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1632-411: The journal online. A number of journals have, while retaining their longstanding peer review process to ensure that the research is done properly, established electronic versions or even moved entirely to electronic publication. In the early 2000s, many of the existing copyright laws were designed around printed books, magazines and newspapers. For example, copyright laws often set limits on how much of

1683-565: The last quarter, available about a month on average ahead of any printed work. The last delivery contains the copyedited e-book version of the book. In addition to the bundled offerings, electronic Advanced Reader Copies (ARCs) can be purchased separately. These followed a successful experiment with an online eMagazine , called the Grantville Gazette (see 1632 series ). These ARCs are unproofed manuscripts and may contain numerous errors and typos. However these are released before

1734-412: The look of content, and metadata (data about data) to describe the content for search engines , thus helping users to find and locate the content (a common example of metadata is the information about a song's songwriter, composer, genre that is electronically encoded along with most CDs and digital audio files ; this metadata makes it easier for music lovers to find the songs they are looking for). With

1785-459: The new Jim Baen's Universe science-fiction e-zine while concurrently remaining a creative writer bringing out three to five titles annually. After the death of Jim Baen due to a stroke and completing the contract for the tenth Grantville Gazette , Flint founded a new website, grantvillegazette.com, which was modeled on the JBU e-zine. It continued to bring out The Grantville Gazettes and increased

1836-562: The printing set-ups for paper books, have changed. Designers of digitally published content must have a strong knowledge of mark-up languages, the variety of reading devices and computers available, and the ways in which consumers read, view or access the content. However, in the 2010s, new user friendly design software is becoming available for designers to publish content in this standard without needing to know detailed programming techniques, such as Adobe Systems ' Digital Publishing Suite and Apple's iBooks Author . The most common file format

1887-548: The process of being replaced by electronic publishing. It is also becoming common to distribute books , magazines , and newspapers to consumers through tablet reading devices , a market that is growing by millions each year, generated by online vendors such as Apple's iTunes bookstore, Amazon's bookstore for Kindle, and books in the Google Play Bookstore. Market research suggested that half of all magazine and newspaper circulation would be via digital delivery by

1938-608: The project aspired to constitute a digital and multilingual library that would be a complement to the Misplaced Pages project. It was originally named "Project Sourceberg", as a word play to remind the Project Gutenberg. Supported by the Wikimedia Foundation , Wikisource proposes digitized texts that have been verified by volunteers. In December 2004, Google created Google Books , a project to digitize all

1989-491: The project moved quickly forward. Many more volunteers helped in developing the project by giving access to public domain classics. In the 1970s, the French National Centre for Scientific Research digitized a thousand books from diverse subjects, mostly literature but also philosophy and science, dating back to the 12th century to present times. In this way were built the foundations of a large dictionary,

2040-531: The published content online on a website, in an application on a tablet device, or in a PDF document on a computer. In some cases, the reader may print the content onto paper using a consumer-grade ink-jet or laser printer or via a print-on-demand system. Some users download digital content to their devices, enabling them to read the content even when their device is not connected to the Internet (e.g., on an airplane flight). Distributing content electronically as software applications ("apps") has become popular in

2091-698: The publishing rate from four annually to bimonthly, which paid better than standard magazine pay rates. He lived with his wife Lucille (also an ex-labor organizer) in East Chicago, Indiana . In 2008, he donated his archive to the department of Rare Books and Special Collections at Northern Illinois University . Flint was the author guest of honor for the 2010 NASFiC , ReConStruction . He also participated in The Stellar Guild series published by Phoenix Pick. The series pairs bestselling authors with lesser known authors in science fiction and fantasy to help provide additional visibility to them. Eric Flint

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2142-563: The resulting works are more accessible, since they are published online. At the same time, the availability of published material online opens more doors for plagiarism , unauthorized use, or re-use of the material. Some publishers are trying to address these concerns. For example, in 2011, HarperCollins limited the number of times that one of its e-books could be lent in a public library . Other publishers, such as Penguin , are attempting to incorporate e-book elements into their regular paper publications. EMagazine An online magazine

2193-417: The same unencrypted formats as the free library through Baen WebScriptions. With this model, subscribers can purchase a monthly collection of five bundled works in the release stage of publication. Once the bundle reaches four months from its scheduled release date in print, about half of the work is serialized and available to readers purchasing the advanced peek . A month later, the next quarter, followed by

2244-444: The three largest textbook suppliers in the U.S. Electronic publishing is increasingly popular in works of fiction. Electronic publishers are able to respond quickly to changing market demand, because the companies do not have to order printed books and have them delivered. E-publishing is also making a wider range of books available, including books that customers would not find in standard book retailers, due to insufficient demand for

2295-474: The time needed for digitization decreased considerably, and digital libraries were on the rise. All over the world, e-libraries started to emerge. The ABU ( Association des Bibliophiles Universels) , was a public digital library project created by the Cnam in 1993. It was the first French digital library in the network; suspended since 2002, they reproduced over a hundred texts that are still available. In 1992,

2346-419: The use of tags, style sheets, and metadata, this enables "reflowable" content that adapts to various reading devices (tablet, smartphone, e-reader, etc.) or electronic delivery methods. Because electronic publishing often requires text mark-up (e.g., HyperText Markup Language or some other markup language) to develop online delivery methods, the traditional roles of typesetters and book designers, who created

2397-538: The web 1.0, it also links people together through social media: that's why it's called the Participative (or participatory) Web . Many tools were put in place to foster sharing and creative collective contents. One of the many is the Misplaced Pages encyclopedia, since it is edited, corrected and enhanced by millions of contributors. OpenStreetMap is also based on the same principle. Blogs and comment systems are also now renown as online edition and publishing, since it

2448-634: Was developing quickly, combining book, audiovisual and computer science characteristics. CDs and DVDs appear, permitting the visualization of these dictionaries and encyclopedias on computers. The arrival and democratization of Internet is slowly giving small publishing houses the opportunity to publish their books directly online. Some websites, like Amazon , let their users buy eBooks ; Internet users can also find many educative platforms (free or not), encyclopedic websites like Misplaced Pages , and even digital magazines platforms. The eBook then becomes more and more accessible through many different supports, like

2499-613: Was faced with a persistent drain on his time by fan fiction authors seeking comment on the four-year-old 1632 Tech Manual web forum focused on his 1632 series . In the same year, he suggested to Jim Baen the experimental serialized fan fiction e-zine The Grantville Gazette , which also found commercial success. Four of the Gazette magazine editions were collated into anthology formats, bought by Jim Baen and brought out in hardcover, paperback, or both formats. The last one purchased remains unpublished. Subsequently, Flint became editor of

2550-576: Was in 1971 by Michael S. Hart , a student at the University of Illinois at Chicago , who launched Project Gutenberg , designed to make literature more accessible to everyone, through the internet. It took a while to develop, and in 1989 there were only 10 texts that were manually recopied on computer by Michael S. Hart himself and some volunteers. But with the appearance of the Web 1.0 in 1991 and its ability to connect documents together through static pages,

2601-411: Was listed on The Washington Post Best-Selling Books list for Hardcover Fiction. Almost all of Flint's books sold well enough to get listed on the various Locus Bestsellers Lists with some titles listed multiple times and a few even reached the top spot for the month. Flint was awarded the 2008 Dal Coger Memorial Hall of Fame Award primarily for his River of War series. In 2018, he received

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