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35-597: The Erigavo settlement is several centuries old. The surrounding area was supposedly built by the Madigan Dir . Modern Erigavo was founded by the Musa Ismail sub-clan of the Habr Yunis as a home well for passing nomads and caravans. The general area is noted for its numerous historical tombs, where various Somali clan patriarchs are buried. The 1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion was a rebellion waged by tribesmen of

70-587: A spice . The seed maturation time varies between species from 6 to 18 months after pollination. The male cones are similar to the other Cupressaceae , with 6 to 20 scales. In hardiness zones 7 through 10, junipers can bloom and release pollen several times each year. Different junipers bloom in autumn, while most pollinate from early winter until late spring. Many junipers (e.g. J. chinensis , J. virginiana ) have two types of leaves; seedlings and some twigs of older trees have needle-like leaves 5–25 mm ( 3 ⁄ 16 –1 in) long, on mature plants

105-480: A conclusion that another expedition against him would be useless; that they must build a railway, make roads and effectively occupy the whole of the protectorate, or else abandon the interior completely. The latter course was decided upon, and during the first months of 1945, the advance posts were withdrawn and the British administration confined to the coast town of Berbera . Sheikh Bashir solved many disputes among

140-615: A cousin of the prophet Muhammad ( c.  570 – 632 ) and an older brother of Ali ibn Abi Talib ( c.  600 – 661 ) and Ja'far ibn Abi Talib ( c.  590 – 629 ). They trace their lineage to Aqil through Samaale (the source of the name 'Somali'), the purported forefather of the northern pastoralist clans such as the Dir, the Hawiye , and – matrilineally through the Dir– the Isaaq and

175-511: A fort and took up a defensive position in anticipation of a British counterattack. The British campaign against Sheikh Bashir's troops proved abortive after several defeats as his forces kept moving from place to place and avoiding any permanent location. No sooner had the expedition left the area, than the news traveled fast among the Somali nomads across the plain. The war had exposed the British administration to humiliation. The government came to

210-482: A police force, and eventually on 7 July found Sheikh Bashir and his unit in defensive positions behind their fortifications in the mountains of Bur Dhab. After clashes Sheikh Bashir and his second-in-command, Alin Yusuf Ali, nicknamed Qaybdiid, were killed. A third rebel was wounded and was captured along with two other rebels. The rest fled the fortifications and dispersed. On the British side the police general leading

245-719: A revolt against the Italians during the colonial period. This revolt was mainly led by the Biimaal section of the Dir. The Biimaal clan is widely known for leading a resistance against the colonials in southern Somalia .The Biimaal violently resisted the imposition of colonialism and fought against the Italian colonialists of Italian Somaliland in a twenty-year war known as the Bimal revolt in which many of their warriors assassinated several Italian governors. This revolt can be compared to

280-539: A small number of other clans. Higher learning in Erigavo is provided by East Africa University (EAU), which has one of its six branches in the city. The Sanaag University also offers tertiary courses and degrees, and Gollis university has a branch and many colleges. Queen of Sheba University offers women in Sanaag free degree courses and a limited number of places worldwide in distance mode. Town affairs are managed by

315-523: A substantial number of people in Erigavo armed with rifles and spears and staged a revolt. The British authorities responded rapidly and severely, sending reinforcements to the town and opening fire on the armed mobs in two "local actions" as well as arresting minor religious leaders in the town. The British administration recruited Indian and South African troops, led by police general James David, to fight against Sheikh Bashir and had intelligence plans to capture him alive. The British authorities mobilized

350-579: Is a trait shared with very few places in the world; notable locations with similar climate are Sana'a in Yemen or Arequipa in Peru . The city receives on average under 450 millimetres or 18 inches of rain annually. Average monthly temperatures range from 14.3 °C or 57.7 °F in the month of December to 19.7 °C or 67.5 °F in the month of July. Absolute minimum temperatures sometimes touch or cross 0 °C or 32 °F. In 1997, Matt Bryden said

385-628: Is of the juvenile needle-like type, with no scale leaves. In some of these (e.g. J. communis ), the needles are jointed at the base, while in others (e.g. J. squamata ), the needles merge smoothly with the stem. The needle leaves of junipers are hard and sharp, making the juvenile foliage very prickly to handle. This can be a valuable identification feature in seedlings, as the otherwise very similar juvenile foliage of cypresses ( Cupressus , Chamaecyparis ) and other related genera are soft and not prickly. Junipers are gymnosperms , which means they have seeds, but no flowers or fruits. Depending on

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420-973: The Arctic , parts of Asia, and Central America . The highest-known juniper forest occurs at an altitude of 4,900 metres (16,100 ft) in southeastern Tibet and the northern Himalayas , creating one of the highest tree lines on earth. Junipers vary in size and shape from tall trees , 20–40 metres (66–131 feet) tall, to columnar or low-spreading shrubs with long, trailing branches. They are evergreen with needle-like and/or scale-like leaves . They can be either monoecious or dioecious . The female seed cones are very distinctive, with fleshy, fruit -like coalescing scales which fuse together to form a berrylike structure ( galbulus ), 4–27 millimetres ( 3 ⁄ 16 – 1 + 1 ⁄ 16 inches) long, with one to 12 unwinged, hard-shelled seeds . In some species, these "berries" are red-brown or orange, but in most, they are blue; they are often aromatic and can be used as

455-453: The Darod . Although these genealogical claims are historically untenable legends, they do reflect the longstanding cultural contacts between Somalia (especially, though not exclusively, its most northern part Somaliland ) and Southern Arabia . The history of Islam being practised by the Dir clan goes back 1400 years. In Zeila , a Dir city, a mosque called Masjid al-Qiblatayn is known as

490-509: The Habr Je'lo clan in the cities of Burao and Erigavo in the former British Somaliland protectorate against British authorities in July 1945 led by Sheikh Bashir , a Somali religious leader. On July the 2nd, Sheikh Bashir collected 25 of his followers in the town of Wadamago and transported them on a lorry to the vicinity of Burao , where he distributed arms to half of his followers. On

525-469: The Horn of Africa . They are also considered to be the oldest Somali stock to have inhabited the region. Its members inhabit Djibouti , Somalia , Ethiopia ( Somali , Harar , Dire Dawa , Oromia and Afar regions), and northeastern Kenya ( North Eastern Province ). Like the great majority of Somali clans , the Dir trace their ancestry to Aqil ibn Abi Talib ( c.  580 – 670 or 683 ),

560-461: The Köppen climate classification , Erigavo features a mild version of the semi-arid climate . The city generally sees equable temperatures year round, with some of the mildest weather in all of Somaliland. Despite its location in the tropics, due to the high altitude, temperatures rarely exceed 30 °C or 86 °F. Nights are frequently cool during the summer season and cold during the winter. This

595-475: The mayor of Erigavo . Taxes are levied and collected by the local town council as of 1999. The city is home to a Boy Scouts organization. Formed in 2005 by the local Sanaag administration, the Scouts partake in various activities, including a 2006 training program on governance, peace and leadership. Dir (clan) The Dir ( Somali : Dir ) is one of the largest and most prominent Somali clans in

630-808: The 10th century, the Jarso clan a sub-division of Dir established the Dawaro Sultanate centred in Hararghe Highlands. Dir is one of the oldest clans in the Horn of Africa. According to the Muslim chronicles, two of the oldest monarchies in the northern region, the Ifat and Adal sultanates, were led by Dir. The Dir, along with the Akisho , Gurgura , Issa and Gadabuursi subclans of the Dir represent

665-578: The Afran Qallo tribes . The Dir were supporters of Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi during his 16th century conquest of Abyssinia ; especially the Gurgura , Issa , Bursuk and Gadabuursi . In his medieval Futuh Al-Habash documenting this campaign, the chronicler Shihāb al-Dīn indicates that thousands of Dir soldiers took part in Imam Ahmad's Adal Sultanate army. The Dir clan also led

700-465: The British troops as well as a number of Indian and South African troops perished in the clashes, and a policeman was injured. Despite the death of Sheikh Bashir and his followers resistance against British authorities continued in Somaliland, especially in Erigavo where his death stirred further resistance in the town and the town of Badhan and lead to attacks on British colonial troops throughout

735-470: The Dir, a Proto-Somali , together with the Hawiye trace ancestry through Irir son of Samaale. Dir is regarded as the father-in-law of Darod, the progenitor of the Darod clan Although some sources state it was the daughter of Hawiye who Darod married. Dir clan lineages: According to others, Dir had a fifth son, Qaldho Dir. DNA analysis of Dir clan members inhabiting Djibouti found that all of

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770-543: The district and the seizing of arms from the rural constabulary. In May 2024, a rebellion broke out in Erigavo. Unable to put down the incident with local police alone, the 3rd Division of the National Army assisted and over the course of three nights put down it. More than 50 youths were arrested. Sanaag Regional Governor Ahmed Abdi Muse warned that the arrested youths would be brought to justice, but that their parents should not complain. 10 kilometres or 6.2 miles to

805-460: The evening of July the 3rd the group entered Burao and opened fire on the police guard of the central prison in the city, which was filled with prisoners arrested for previous demonstrations. The group also attacked the house of the district commissioner of Burao District , Major Chambers, resulting in the death of Major Chamber's police guard before escaping to Bur Dhab, a strategic mountain south-east of Burao, where Sheikh Bashir's small unit occupied

840-565: The individuals belonged to the Y-DNA T1 paternal haplogroup. The main subclans of the Dir today are: 1. Mahe 2. Madaluug 3. Madoobe 4. Madahweyne For the first time since several centuries the Dir clan which widely dispersed in the Horn of Africa has successfully convened a meeting with all the major Dir subclans in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Suldaan Dhawal, of the Habr 'Affan Gadabuursi

875-409: The leaves are overlapping like (mostly) tiny scales, measuring 2–4 mm ( 3 ⁄ 32 – 5 ⁄ 32  in). When juvenile foliage occurs on mature plants, it is most often found on shaded shoots, with adult foliage in full sunlight. Leaves on fast-growing 'whip' shoots are often intermediate between juvenile and adult. In some species (e.g. J. communis , J. squamata ), all the foliage

910-585: The local Gurgura clan. The Somali Dir clan used to be the predominant inhabitants of Hararghe Highlands in the medieval times until the weakening of Adal Sultanate the Oromos took advantage of the crippling state and decided to invade and occupy the Haraghe Highlands and assimilate the local native Somali population which were Gurgura and Bursuk who were all sub-clans of Dir a major Somali tribe tree and were later confederated into Oromo Ethnics,

945-500: The majority of the population is Habr Yunis and the Habr Je'lo clans of the Isaaq . In 2009, Photographer & Educator Chantal Heijnen said that Erigavo has an estimated population of 180,000. In 2013, the Observatory of Conflict and Violence Prevention reported that Erigavo has a population of about 30,000, and that there are four main clans living there, Habr Je'lo , Habar Yoonis , Warsangali , and Dhulbahante , with

980-474: The most native and indigenous Somali clan tree in Harar . The city Dire Dawa was originally called Dir Dhabe and used to be part of Adal Sultanate during the medieval times and was exclusively settled by Dir which is a major Somali tribe and after the weakening of Adal Sultanate, the Oromos took advantage and were able to penetrate through the city and settle into these areas and also assimilate some of

1015-404: The mountain's peak, the sea can be observed in addition to the ancient town of Hiis situated nearby. Erigavo is also home to many animal and plant species. Wildlife native to the area include dorcas gazelle , gerenuk , Salt's dik-dik , hamadryas baboon , desert warthog , spotted hyena , striped hyena , black-backed jackal , African golden wolf , honey badger and Somali ostrich . Under

1050-581: The north of the town are the remains of a juniper forest, running along the edge of the escarpment overlooking the Gulf of Aden . The escarpment is approximately 2,000 metres or 6,560 feet above sea level, where the road from Erigavo drops down to the coast. 2 kilometres or 1.2 miles to the west, it rises to the highest point in Somaliland, Shimbiris . A popular local attraction, the summit sits at an elevation of about 2,470 metres or 8,100 feet above sea level. A road also leads up from Erigavo to Daallo mountain. At

1085-455: The site of where early companions of the Prophet established a mosque shortly after the first Migration to Abyssinia By the 7th century, a large-scale conversion to Islam was taking place in the Somali peninsula, first spread by the Dir clan family, to the rest of the nation. The early Adal Kingdom (9th century to 13th century) was an exclusive kingdom with its capital being Zeila . In

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1120-408: The species, the seeds they produce take 1–3 years to develop. The impermeable coat of the seed keeps water from getting in and protects the embryo when dispersed. It can also result in a long dormancy that is usually broken by physically damaging the seed coat. Dispersal can occur from being swallowed whole by frugivores and mammals. The resistance of the seed coat allows it to be passed down through

1155-413: The tribes in the vicinity, which kept them from raiding each other. He was generally thought to settle disputes through the use of Islamic Sharia and gathered around him a strong following. Sheikh Bashir sent a message to religious figures in the town of Erigavo and called on them to revolt and join the rebellion he led. The religious leaders as well as the people of Erigavo heeded his call, and mobilized

1190-781: The war of the Mad Mullah in Somaliland . The Biimaal mainly lives in Somalia , the Somali region of Ethiopia , which their Gaadsen sub-clan mainly inhabits and in the NEP region of Kenya . The Biimaal are pastoralists. They were also successful merchants and traders in the 19th century. In the 19th century they have engaged in multiple wars with the Geledi clan, which they were victorious in. I.M. Lewis and many sources maintain that

1225-534: Was elected the head and representative of the Dir clan in the Horn of Africa . Juniper See text Junipers are coniferous trees and shrubs in the genus Juniperus ( / dʒ uː ˈ n ɪ p ər ə s / joo- NIP -ər-əs ) of the cypress family Cupressaceae . Depending on the taxonomy , between 50 and 67 species of junipers are widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere as far south as tropical Africa , including

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