100-629: Erika Julia Hedwig Mann (9 November 1905 – 27 August 1969) was a German actress and writer, daughter of the novelist Thomas Mann . Erika lived a bohemian lifestyle in Berlin and became a critic of National Socialism . After Hitler came to power in 1933, she moved to Switzerland, and married the poet W. H. Auden , purely to obtain a British passport and so avoid becoming stateless when the Germans cancelled her citizenship. She continued to attack Nazism, most notably with her 1938 book School for Barbarians ,
200-528: A bourgeois revolution , the Russians had to forget Dostoevsky . He particularly loved Leo Tolstoy , whom he considered an anarchist and whom he lovingly and mockingly admired for his “courage to be boring.” Throughout Mann's Dostoevsky essay, he finds parallels between the Russian and the sufferings of Friedrich Nietzsche . Speaking of Nietzsche, he says, "his personal feelings initiate him into those of
300-726: A cabaret in Munich called Die Pfeffermühle , for which Erika wrote most of the material, much of which was anti-Fascist . The cabaret lasted two months before the Nazis forced it to close and Mann left Germany. She was the last member of the Mann family to leave Germany after the Nazi regime was elected. She saved many of Thomas Mann's papers from their Munich home when she escaped to Zürich . In 1936, Die Pfeffermühle opened again in Zürich and became
400-755: A cottage in the fishing village of Nida , Lithuania on the Curonian Spit , where there was a German art colony and where he spent the summers of 1930–1932 working on Joseph and His Brothers . Today, the cottage is a cultural center dedicated to him, with a small memorial exhibition. In February 1933, while having finished a book tour to Amsterdam, Brussels and Paris, Thomas Mann recovered in Arosa (Switzerland) when Hitler took power and Mann heard from his eldest children, Klaus and Erika in Munich, that it would not be safe for him to return to Germany. His political views (see chapter below ) had made him an enemy of
500-546: A marriage of convenience in 1935. Mann and Auden never lived together, but remained on good terms throughout their lives and were still married when Mann died; she left him a small bequest in her will. In 1936, Auden introduced Therese Giehse, Mann's lover, to the writer John Hampson and they too married so that Giehse could leave Germany. In 1937, Mann moved to New York, where Die Pfeffermühle (as The Peppermill ) opened its doors again. There Erika Mann lived with Therese Giehse, her brother Klaus and Annemarie Schwarzenbach, amid
600-630: A better future. He said that the transition of the communist revolution into an autocratic regime was a tragedy while Nazism was only "devilish nihilism ". Mann's diaries reveal his struggles with his homosexuality , which found frequent reflection in his works, most prominently through the obsession of the elderly Aschenbach for the 14-year-old Polish boy Tadzio in the novella Death in Venice ( Der Tod in Venedig , 1912). Anthony Heilbut 's biography Thomas Mann: Eros and Literature (1997) uncovered
700-466: A biography of her father and died in Zürich in 1969. Erika Mann was born in Munich , the first-born daughter of German writer and later Nobel Prize winner Thomas Mann and his wife, Katia (née Pringsheim), the daughter of an intellectual German family of Jewish heritage. Due to her being the granddaughter of Júlia da Silva Bruhns , she was also of Portuguese-Indigenous Brazilian partial descent. She
800-409: A brain tumour and is buried at Friedhof Kilchberg in Zürich, also the site of her parents' graves. She was 63. Thomas Mann Paul Thomas Mann ( UK : / ˈ m æ n / MAN , US : / ˈ m ɑː n / MAHN ; German: [ˈtoːmas ˈman] ; 6 June 1875 – 12 August 1955) was a German novelist, short story writer, social critic, philanthropist, essayist, and
900-482: A close friend of Emperor Wilhelm II . Thomas Mann was always concerned about his dignity, reputation and respectability; the "poet king" Goethe was his role model. His horror at a possible collapse of these attributes found expression in the character of Aschenbach in Death in Venice . But as time went on Mann became more open. When the twenty-two-year-old war novelist Gore Vidal published his first novel The City and
1000-584: A critique of the Nazi education system. During World War II , Mann worked for the BBC and became a war correspondent attached to the Allied forces after D-Day . She attended the Nuremberg trials before moving to America to support her exiled parents. Her criticisms of American foreign policy led to her being considered for deportation. After her parents moved to Switzerland in 1952, she also settled there. She wrote
1100-661: A few scraps like a relic. Borrowing and returning are poetic masks for a sexual act. But it is not just a poetic symbol. In his diary entry from September 15, 1950, Mann remembers "Williram Timpe's scraps from his pencil", referring to a classmate from Lübeck. The novella Mario and the Magician (1929) ends with a murder due to a male-male kiss. Numerous homoerotic crushes are documented in his letters and diaries, both before and after his marriage. Mann's diary records his attraction to his own 13-year-old son, "Eissi" – Klaus Mann: "Klaus to whom recently I feel very drawn" (22 June). In
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#17327909015881200-679: A few weeks, which inspired him to write his novel The Magic Mountain , published in 1924. He was also appalled by the risk of international confrontation between Germany and France, following the Agadir Crisis in Morocco, and later by the outbreak of the First World War . The novel ends with the outbreak of this war, in which the hero perishes. As a “German patriot,” Mann had the proceeds from their summer house used in 1917 to subscribe to war bonds, which lost their face value after
1300-492: A great influence on the important decisions of her father. Her particular role was also known by her siblings, as her brother Golo Mann remembered: "Little Erika must salt the soup". This reference to the twelve-year-old Erika from the year 1917 was an often-used phrase in the Mann family. After Erika's birth came that of her brother Klaus, with whom she was personally close her entire life. They went about "like twins" and Klaus described their closeness as follows: "our solidarity
1400-614: A journalism career, he studied history, economics, art history and literature. Mann lived in Munich from 1891 until 1933, with the exception of a year spent in Palestrina , Italy, with his elder brother, the novelist Heinrich . Thomas worked at the South German Fire Insurance Company in 1894–95. His career as a writer began when he wrote for the magazine Simplicissimus . Mann's first short story, "Little Mr Friedemann" ( Der Kleine Herr Friedemann ),
1500-500: A kind of Antinous -style "god". Mann had also started planning a novel about Frederick the Great in 1905/1906, which ultimately did not come to fruition. The sexuality of Frederick the Great would have played a significant role in this, its impact on his life, his political decisions and wars. In late 1914, at the start of World War I, Mann used the notes and excerpts already collected for this project to write his essay Frederick and
1600-630: A large group of artists in exile that included Kurt Weill , Ernst Toller and Sonia Sekula . In 1938, Mann and Klaus reported on the Spanish Civil War , and her book School for Barbarians , a critique of Nazi Germany's educational system, was published. The following year, they published Escape to Life , a book about famous German exiles. During World War II , Mann worked as a journalist in London, making radio broadcasts, in German, for
1700-434: A rallying point for German exiles. In 1935, it became apparent that the Nazis were intending to strip Mann of her German citizenship; her uncle, Heinrich Mann , was the first person to be stripped of German citizenship when the Nazis took office. She asked Christopher Isherwood if he would marry her so she could become a British citizen. He declined but suggested she approach the gay poet W. H. Auden , who readily agreed to
1800-631: A reappraisal of his work. Thomas Mann had burned all of his diaries from before March 1933 in the garden of his home in Pacific Palisades in May 1945. Only the booklets from September 1918 to December 1921 were preserved because the author needed them for his work on Doctor Faustus . He later decided to have them − and his diaries from 1933 onwards – published 20 years after his death and predicted “surprise and cheerful astonishment”. They were published by Peter von Mendelssohn in 10 volumes. From
1900-518: A rented house and bought his last house there in 1954 (which later his widow and then their son Golo lived in until their deaths). He never again lived in Germany, though he regularly traveled there. His most important German visit was in 1949, at the 200th birthday of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , attending celebrations in Frankfurt am Main (then West Germany ) and Weimar (then East Germany ), as
2000-550: A self-absorbed young dandyish imposter who, if not explicitly, fits into the gay typology. The 1909 novel Royal Highness , which describes a young unworldly and dreamy prince who forces himself into a marriage of convenience that ultimately becomes happy, was modeled after Mann's own romance and marriage to Katia Mann in February 1905. In The Magic Mountain , the enamored Hans Castorp, with his heart pounding, asks Clawdia Chauchat if she could lend him her pencil, of which he keeps
2100-441: A son and will not stop doing so. [...] I feel a son is much more full of poetry [ poesievoller ], more than a sequel and restart for myself under new circumstances. Nevertheless, he later candidly confessed in the notes of his diary, that he "preferred, of the six, the two oldest [Erika and Klaus ] and little Elisabeth with a strange decisiveness". In Erika he had a particular trust, which later showed itself in that she exercised
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#17327909015882200-575: A statement that German culture extended beyond the new political borders. He also visited Lübeck, where he saw his parents' house, which was partially destroyed by the bombing of Lübeck in World War II (and only later rebuilt). The city welcomed him warmly, but the patrician hanseatic families gave him a reserved welcome, since the publication of Buddenbrooks they had resented him for daring to describe their caste with some mockery, as they at least felt about it. Along with Albert Einstein , Mann
2300-613: A stopover in Sanary-sur-Mer , France. The son Golo managed, at great risk, to smuggle the already completed chapters of the Joseph novel and the (sensitive) diaries into Switzerland. The Bavarian Political Police searched Mann's house in Munich and confiscated the house, its inventory and the bank accounts. At the same time, an arrest warrant was issued. Mann was also no longer able to use his holiday home in Lithuania because it
2400-527: A summer property in Bad Tölz in 1908, on which they built a country house the following year, which they kept until 1917. In 1914 they also purchased a villa in Munich (at Poschinger Str in the borough of Bogenhausen , today 10 Thomas-Mann-Allee) where they lived until 1933. In 1912, Katia was treated for tuberculosis for a few months in a sanatorium in Davos , Switzerland, where Thomas Mann visited her for
2500-493: A very open assessment of his family background: "In any case, I am personally indebted to the capitalist world order from the past, which is why it will never be appropriate for me to spit on it as it is à la mode these days." Thereafter, his political views gradually shifted toward liberal-left . He especially embraced democratic principles when the Weimar Republic was established. Mann initially gave his support to
2600-521: A war correspondent during World War II. In 1927, Erika and Klaus undertook a trip around the world, which they documented in their book Rundherum; Das Abenteuer einer Weltreise . The following year, she became active in journalism and politics. She was involved as an actor in the 1931 film about lesbianism , Mädchen in Uniform , directed by Leontine Sagan , but left the production before its completion. In 1932 she published Stoffel fliegt übers Meer ,
2700-683: A year the Bogenhausener Volksschule, and from 1915 to 1920 she attended the Höhere Mädchenschule am St. Annaplatz. In May 1921, she transferred to the Munich-based Luisengymnasium . Together with her brother Klaus, she befriended children in the neighborhood, including Bruno Walter 's daughters, Gretel and Lotte Walter, as well as Ricki Hallgarten , the son of a Jewish intellectual family. Erika Mann founded an ambitious theater troupe,
2800-484: Is corroborated by notebook entries, caused Mann difficulty and discomfort and may have been an obstacle to his marrying an English woman, Mary Smith, whom he met in 1901. In 1927, while on summer vacation in Kampen (Sylt) , Mann fell in love with 17-year-old Klaus Heuser, to whom he dedicated the introduction to his essay " Kleist's Amphitryon, a Reconquest" in the fall of the same year, which he read publicly in Munich in
2900-444: Is diseased, who mad, who epileptic or paralytic: an average dull-witted man, in whose illness any intellectual or cultural aspect is non-existent; or a Nietzsche or Dostoyevsky. In their case something comes out in illness that is more important and conducive to life and growth than any medical guaranteed health or sanity.... [I]n other words: certain conquests made by the soul and the mind are impossible without disease, madness, crime of
3000-421: Is hosted by ETH Zurich , allows research in the collections of the network partners across all houses. The database is freely accessible and contains over 165,000 records on letters, original editions, photographs, monographs and essays on Thomas Mann and the Mann family. Further links take you to the respective source databases with contact options and further information. Ricki Hallgarten From Misplaced Pages,
3100-506: Is humanly, and because of this normality I can feel my life is more canonical than through marriage and children." In the entry from February 20, 1942, he spoke again about Klaus Heuser: "Well, yes − lived and loved. Black eyes that shed tears for me, beloved lips that I kissed − it was there, I had it too, I'll be able to tell myself when I die." He was partly delighted, partly ashamed of the depth of his own emotions in these cases and mostly made them productive at some earlier or later date, but
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3200-461: Is openly set in Berlin's homosexual milieu . Although he embraced male-male eroticism, he disapproved of gay lifestyle. The Eulenburg affair , which broke out two years after Mann's marriage, had strengthened him in his renunciation of a gay life and he supported the journalist Maximilian Harden , who was friends with Katia Mann's family, in his denunciatory trial against the gay Prince of Eulenburg ,
3300-527: The 1929 Nobel Prize in Literature laureate. His highly symbolic and ironic epic novels and novellas are noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and the intellectual. His analysis and critique of the European and German soul used modernized versions of German and Biblical stories, as well as the ideas of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , Friedrich Nietzsche , and Arthur Schopenhauer . Mann
3400-721: The BBC throughout the Blitz and the Battle of Britain . After D-Day , she became a war correspondent attached to the Allied forces advancing across Europe. She reported from recent battlefields in France, Belgium and the Netherlands. She entered Germany in June 1945 and was among the first Allied personnel to enter Aachen . As soon as it was possible, she went to Munich to register a claim for
3500-988: The Bergschule Hochwaldhausen , located in Vogelsberg in Oberhessen . This period in Erika Mann's schooling lasted from April to July 1922; subsequently she returned to the Luisengymnasium. In 1924 she passed the Abitur , albeit with poor marks, and began her theatrical studies in Berlin that were again interrupted, because of her numerous engagements in Hamburg , Munich, Berlin and elsewhere. In 1924, Erika Mann began theater studies in Berlin and acted there and in Bremen . In 1925, she played in
3600-599: The Buddenbrooks' narrative of decline, especially with his two-volume work The World as Will and Representation , which Mann studied closely while writing the novel. Russian narrators should also be mentioned, he admired the Russian Literature 's ability for self-criticism, at least during the 19th century, in Nikolai Gogol , Ivan Goncharov and Ivan Turgenev . Mann believed that in order to make
3700-402: The Nuremberg trial each day from the opening session, on 20 November 1945, until the court adjourned a month later for Christmas. She was present on 26 November when the first film evidence from an extermination camp was shown in the court room. She interviewed the defense lawyers and ridiculed their arguments in her reports and made clear that she thought the court was indulging the behaviour of
3800-615: The Swedish Academy to nominate Mann for the Nobel Prize in Literature a second time, in 1948. The writer Theodor Fontane , who died in 1889, had a particular stylistic influence on Thomas Mann. Of course, Mann always admired and emulated Goethe , the German “poet prince”. The Danish author Herman Bang , with whom he felt a kindred spirit, had a certain influence, especially on the novellas. The pessimistic philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer provided philosophical inspiration for
3900-839: The Villa Aurora , the home of fellow German exile Lion Feuchtwanger . Thomas Mann's always difficult relationship with his brother Heinrich , who envied Thomas's success and wealth and also differed politically, hardly improved when the latter arrived in California, poor and sickly, in need of support. On 23 June 1944, Thomas Mann was naturalized as a citizen of the United States. The Manns lived in Los Angeles until 1952. The outbreak of World War II, on 1 September 1939, prompted Mann to offer anti-Nazi speeches (in German) to
4000-528: The article wizard to submit a draft for review, or request a new article . Search for " Ricki Hallgarten " in existing articles. Look for pages within Misplaced Pages that link to this title . Other reasons this message may be displayed: If a page was recently created here, it may not be visible yet because of a delay in updating the database; wait a few minutes or try the purge function . Titles on Misplaced Pages are case sensitive except for
4100-460: The 1930s, Blanche helped arrange for Mann and his family to emigrate to America. Mann was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1929, after he had been nominated by Anders Österling , member of the Swedish Academy , principally in recognition of his popular achievements with Buddenbrooks (1901), The Magic Mountain ( Der Zauberberg , 1924), and his numerous short stories. (Due to
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4200-532: The German Criminal Code, under which many homosexuals were imprisoned simply because of their inclinations, Thomas Mann also signed. However, criminal liability among adults was only abolished through a change in the law on June 25, 1969 − fourteen years after Mann's death and just three days before the Stonewall riots . This legal situation certainly had an impact throughout his life; The man whom
4300-752: The German Republic " ( Von Deutscher Republik , 1922), Mann called upon German intellectuals to support the new Weimar Republic . The work was delivered at the Beethovensaal in Berlin on 13 October 1922, and published in Die neue Rundschau in November 1922. In the work, Mann developed his eccentric defence of the Republic based on extensive close readings of Novalis and Walt Whitman . Also in 1921, he wrote an essay Mind and Money in which he made
4400-474: The German people via the BBC . In October 1940, he began monthly broadcasts, recorded in the U.S. and flown to London, where the BBC German Service broadcast them to Germany on the longwave band. In these eight-minute addresses, Mann condemned Hitler and his "paladins" as crude philistines completely out of touch with European culture. In one noted speech, he said: "The war is horrible, but it has
4500-639: The Laienbund Deutscher Mimiker. While still a student at the Munich Luisengymnasium, Max Reinhardt engaged her to appear on the stage of the Deutsches Theater in Berlin for the first time. The partially mischievous pranks that she undertook in the so-called "Herzogpark-Bande" (" Herzogpark gang") with Klaus and her friends prompted her parents to send both her and Klaus to a progressive residential school,
4600-819: The Nazi government now expropriated the family home in Munich, which Reinhard Heydrich in particular insisted on. It had already been confiscated and forcibly rented out in 1933. In December 1936, the University of Bonn withdrew Mann's honorary doctorate, which he had been awarded in 1919. In 1939, following the German occupation of Czechoslovakia , Mann emigrated to the United States, while his in-laws only managed thanks to high-ranking connections to leave Germany for Zurich in October 1939. The Manns moved to Princeton, New Jersey , where they lived on 65 Stockton Street and he began to teach at Princeton University . In 1941 he
4700-494: The Nazis for years. He was doubtful at first, because, with a certain naïveté, he could not imagine the violence of the overthrow and the persecution of opponents of the regime, but the children insisted, which later turned out to be spot on when it emerged that even their driver-caretaker had become a snitch and that Mann's immediate arrest would have been very likely. The family (except these two children who went to Amsterdam) emigrated to Küsnacht , near Zürich , Switzerland, after
4800-411: The Nazis labeled a traitor never had any desire to be incarcered for "criminal acts". Several literary and other works make reference to Mann's book The Magic Mountain , including: Many literary and other works make reference to Death in Venice , including: The metadatabase TMI-Research brings together archival materials and library holdings of the network "Thomas Mann International". The network
4900-639: The Nobel laureate in literature for 1929. In 1936, the Nazi government officially revoked his German citizenship. During the war, Mann made a series of anti-Nazi radio-speeches, published as Listen, Germany! in 1943. They were recorded on tape in the United States and then sent to the United Kingdom, where the British Broadcasting Corporation transmitted them, hoping to reach German listeners. Mann expressed his belief in
5000-569: The Pillar in 1948, a love-story between small-town American boys and a portrait of homosexual life in New York and Hollywood in the forties, a highly controversial book even among the publishers, not to mention the press, Mann called it a "noble work." When the physician and pioneer of gay liberation Magnus Hirschfeld sent another petition to the Reichstag in 1922 to abolish Section 175 of
5100-619: The United States, then returned to Switzerland in 1952. Mann is one of the best-known exponents of the so-called Exilliteratur , German literature written in exile by those who opposed the Hitler regime. Paul Thomas Mann was born to a hanseatic family in Lübeck , the second son of Thomas Johann Heinrich Mann (a senator and a grain merchant ) and his wife Júlia da Silva Bruhns , a Brazilian woman of German, Portuguese and Native Brazilian ancestry, who emigrated to Germany with her family when she
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#17327909015885200-503: The advantage of keeping Hitler from making speeches about culture." Mann was one of the few publicly active opponents of Nazism among German expatriates in the U.S. In a BBC broadcast of 30 December 1945, Mann expressed understanding as to why those peoples that had suffered from the Nazi regime would embrace the idea of German collective guilt . But he also thought that many enemies might now have second thoughts about "revenge". And he expressed regret that such judgement cannot be based on
5300-503: The aging bachelor Heuser, who had worked in China for 18 years, for the last time in 1954, his daughter Erika scoffed: "Since he (Heuser) couldn't have the magician (= Thomas Mann's nickname with his children), he preferred to give it up completely." Although Mann had always denied his novels had autobiographical components, the unsealing of his diaries revealing how consumed his life had been with unrequited and sublimated passion resulted in
5400-548: The anti-communist red scare and the numerous accusations from the House Committee on Un-American Activities , the Mann family left the US and she moved back to Switzerland with her parents. She had begun to help her father with his writing and had become one of his closest confidantes. After the deaths of her father and her brother Klaus, Erika Mann became responsible for their works. Mann died in Zürich on 27 August 1969 from
5500-466: The background conversations about man-to-man eroticism take place; a long letter is written to Carl Maria Weber on this topic, while the diary reveals: "In love with Klaus during these days" (5 June). "Eissi, who enchants me right now" (11 July). "Delight over Eissi, who in his bath is terribly handsome. Find it very natural that I am in love with my son ... Eissi lay reading in bed with his brown torso naked, which disconcerted me" (25 July). "I heard noise in
5600-471: The book Mephisto , whose main character was loosely based on Gründgens, posed as a man who sold his soul to the devil, (the Nazis). The book, which drew a lawsuit from Gründgens' nephew in the 1960s, was made into a film of the same name in 1981, starring Klaus Maria Brandauer . Erika Mann would later have relationships with Therese Giehse , Annemarie Schwarzenbach and Betty Knox , with whom she served as
5700-414: The boys' room and surprised Eissi completely naked in front of Golo's bed acting foolish. Strong impression of his premasculine, gleaming body. Disquiet" (17 October 1920). Mann was a friend of the violinist and painter Paul Ehrenberg , for whom he had feelings as a young man (at least until around 1903 when there is evidence that those feelings had cooled). The attraction that he felt for Ehrenberg, which
5800-404: The centrality of Mann's sexuality to his oeuvre. Gilbert Adair 's work The Real Tadzio (2001) describes how, in 1911, Mann had stayed at the Grand Hôtel des Bains on the Venice Lido with his wife and brother, when he became enraptured by the angelic figure of Władysław (Władzio) Moes , a 10-year-old Polish boy ( the real Tadzio ). In the autobiographical novella Tonio Kröger from 1901,
5900-431: The children, because they knew that it didn't go too far. He exchanged letters with Klaus Heuser for a while and met him again in 1935. He wrote about the Heuser experience in his diary on May 6, 1934: "In comparison, the early experiences with Armin Martens and Williram Timpe recede far into the childlike, and that with Klaus Heuser was a late happiness with the character of life-relevant fulfillment... That's probably how it
6000-443: The collection of letters written in exile, Listen, Germany! ( Deutsche Hörer! ), that equating Soviet communism with Nazi fascism on the basis that both are totalitarian systems was either superficial or insincere in showing a preference for nazism . He clarified this view during a German press interview in July 1949, declaring that he was not a communist but that communism at least had some relation to ideals of humanity and of
6100-445: The crimes that the people have committed as a nation, in which unfortunately individual justice, or the guilt or innocence of the individual, can play no part. With the start of the Cold War , he was increasingly frustrated by rising McCarthyism . As a "suspected communist", he was required to testify to the House Un-American Activities Committee , where he was termed "one of the world's foremost apologists for Stalin and company". He
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#17327909015886200-593: The criminal ... in general all creative originality, all artist nature in the broadest sense of the word, does the same. It was the French painter and sculptor Degas who said that an artist must approach his work in the spirit of the criminal about to commit a crime." Nietzsche's influence on Mann runs deep in his work, especially in Nietzsche's views on decay and the proposed fundamental connection between sickness and creativity. Mann believed that disease should not be regarded as wholly negative. In his essay on Dostoevsky, we find: "but after all and above all it depends on who
6300-409: The defendants, in particular Hermann Göring . When the court adjourned for Christmas, Mann went to Zürich to spend time with her brother, Betty Knox and Therese Giehse. Mann's health was poor and on 1 January 1946, she collapsed and was hospitalised. Eventually, she was diagnosed with pleurisy . After a spell recovering at a spa in Arosa , Mann returned to Nuremberg in March 1946 to continue covering
6400-484: The experience in his essay " Michelangelo in his poems" (1950) and was also inspired to write The Black Swan (1954). In 1975, when Mann's diaries were published, creating a national sensation in Germany, the retired Westermeier was tracked down in the United States: he was flattered to learn he had been the object of Mann's obsession, but also shocked at its depth. Mann's infatuations probably remained largely platonic . Katia Mann tolerated these love affairs, as did
6500-405: The experiences themselves were not yet literary. Only in retrospective, he converted them into literary production and sublimated his shame into the theory that “a writer experiences in order to express himself”, that his life is just material. Mann even went so far as to accuse his brother Heinrich of his "aestheticism being a gesture-rich, highly gifted impotence for life and love." When Mann met
6600-487: The first of seven children's books. In 1932, Erika Mann was denounced by the Brownshirts after she read a pacifist poem to an anti-war meeting. She was fired from an acting role after the theatre concerned was threatened with a boycott by the Nazis. Mann successfully sued both the theatre and also a Nazi-run newspaper. Also in 1932 Mann had a role, alongside Therese Giehse, in the film Peter Voss, Thief of Millions . In January 1933, Erika, Klaus and Therese Giehse founded
6700-400: The first two times in 1934 and 1935. There was great interest in the prominent writer; the authorities allowed him entry without a valid passport. He received Czechoslovak citizenship and a passport in 1936, even though he had never lived there. A few weeks later, his German citizenship was revoked – at the same time as his wife Katia and their children Golo, Elisabeth and Michael. Furthermore,
6800-909: The 💕 Look for Ricki Hallgarten on one of Misplaced Pages's sister projects : [REDACTED] Wiktionary (dictionary) [REDACTED] Wikibooks (textbooks) [REDACTED] Wikiquote (quotations) [REDACTED] Wikisource (library) [REDACTED] Wikiversity (learning resources) [REDACTED] Commons (media) [REDACTED] Wikivoyage (travel guide) [REDACTED] Wikinews (news source) [REDACTED] Wikidata (linked database) [REDACTED] Wikispecies (species directory) Misplaced Pages does not have an article with this exact name. Please search for Ricki Hallgarten in Misplaced Pages to check for alternative titles or spellings. You need to log in or create an account and be autoconfirmed to create new articles. Alternatively, you can use
6900-477: The grand coalition in which he contrasted Frederick's soldierly, male drive and his literary, female connotations consisting of "decomposing" skepticism. A similar "decomposing skepticism" had already estranged the barely concealed gay novel characters Tonio Kröger and Hanno Buddenbrook (1901) from their traditional upper class family environments and hometown (which in both cases is Lübeck). The Confessions of Felix Krull , written from 1910 onwards, describes
7000-483: The iliac vein. (At that time, lifesaving vascular surgery had not been developed. ) On 16 August 1955, Thomas Mann was buried in the Kilchberg village cemetery. Mann's work influenced many later authors, such as Yukio Mishima . Joseph Campbell also stated in an interview with Bill Moyers that Mann was one of his mentors. Many institutions are named in his honour, for instance the Thomas Mann Gymnasium of Budapest . Blanche Knopf of Alfred A. Knopf publishing house
7100-438: The individual: Those, whose world became grey a long time ago when they realized what mountains of hate towered over Germany; those, who a long time ago imagined during sleepless nights how terrible would be the revenge on Germany for the inhuman deeds of the Nazis, cannot help but view with wretchedness all that is being done to Germans by the Russians, Poles, or Czechs as nothing other than a mechanical and inevitable reaction to
7200-471: The left-liberal German Democratic Party before urging unity behind the Social Democrats , probably less for ideological reasons, but because he only trusted the political party of the workers to provide sufficient mass and resistance to the growing Nazism . In 1930, he gave a public address in Berlin titled An Appeal to Reason , in which he strongly denounced Nazism and encouraged resistance by
7300-653: The lenient treatment of cultural figures, such as the conductor Wilhelm Furtwängler , who had stayed in Germany throughout the Nazi period. Her views on Russia and on the Berlin Airlift led to her being branded a Communist in America. Both Klaus and Erika came under an FBI investigation into their political views and rumored homosexuality . In 1949, becoming increasingly depressed and disillusioned over postwar Germany's occupation, Klaus Mann died by suicide. This event devastated and enraged Erika Mann. In 1952, due to
7400-729: The name of an alleged 'state of emergency'. ... That is how it started in Germany." As Mann joined protests against the jailing of the Hollywood Ten and the firing of schoolteachers suspected of being Communists, he found "the media had been closed to him". Finally, he was forced to quit his position as Consultant in Germanic Literature at the Library of Congress , and in 1952, he returned to Europe, to live in Kilchberg, near Zürich , Switzerland. Here he initially lived in
7500-486: The personal taste of an influential committee member, only Buddenbrooks was cited at any great length.) Based on Mann's own family, Buddenbrooks relates the decline of a merchant family in Lübeck over the course of four generations. The Magic Mountain ( Der Zauberberg , 1924) follows an engineering student who, planning to visit his tubercular cousin at a Swiss sanatorium for only three weeks, finds his departure from
7600-421: The première of her brother Klaus's play Anja und Esther . The play, about a group of four friends who were in love with each other, opened in October 1925 to considerable publicity. In 1924 the actor Gustaf Gründgens had offered to direct the production and play one of the lead male roles, alongside Klaus, with Erika and Pamela Wedekind as the female leads. During the year they worked on the play together, Klaus
7700-508: The presence of Heuser. Jupiter , who has transformed himself into the form of the general Amphitryon , tries to seduce his wife Alcmene when the real Amphitryon returns home and Alcmene rejects the god. Mann understands Jupiter as the "lonely artistic spirit" who courts life, is rejected and, "a triumphant renouncer", learns to be content with his divinity. In 1950, Mann met the 19-year-old waiter Franz Westermeier, confiding to his diary "Once again this, once again love". He immediately processed
7800-432: The return of the Mann family home. When she arrived in Berlin on 3 July 1945, Mann was shocked at the level of destruction, describing the city as "a sea of devastation, shoreless and infinite". She was equally angry at the complete lack of guilt displayed by some of the German civilians and officials that she met. During this period, as well as wearing an American uniform, Mann adopted an Anglo-American accent. Mann attended
7900-522: The sanatorium delayed. During that time, he confronts medicine and the way it looks at the body and encounters a variety of characters, who play out ideological conflicts and discontents of contemporary European civilization. The tetralogy Joseph and His Brothers is an epic novel written over a period of sixteen years and is one of the largest and most significant works in Mann's oeuvre. Later novels included Lotte in Weimar (1939), in which Mann returned to
8000-648: The spirit." Many of Thomas Mann's works have the following similarities: Defunct Defunct During World War I, Mann supported the conservatism of Kaiser Wilhelm II , attacked liberalism, and supported the war effort, calling the Great War "a purification, a liberation, an enormous hope". In his 600-page-long work Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man (1918), Mann presented his conservative, anti-modernist philosophy: spiritual tradition over material progress, German patriotism over egalitarian internationalism, and rooted culture over rootless civilisation. In " On
8100-417: The very beginning, Thomas' son Klaus Mann openly dealt with his own homosexuality in his literary work and open lifestyle and referred critically to his father's " sublimation " in his diary. On the other hand, Thomas's daughter Erika Mann and his son Golo Mann came out only later in their lives. Thomas Mann reacted cautiously to Klaus's first novel The Pious Dance, Adventure Book of a Youth (1926), which
8200-414: The war crimes trial. In May 1946, Mann left Germany for California to help look after her father who was being treated for lung cancer. From America, Mann continued to comment on and write about, the situation in Germany. She considered it a scandal that Göring had managed to commit suicide and was furious at the slow pace of the denazification process. In particular, Mann objected to what she considered
8300-467: The war was lost. His father-in-law did the same, which caused a loss of a major part of the Pringsheim family's wealth. The disastrous inflation of 1923 and 1924 resulted in additional high losses. The sales success of the novella The Magic Mountain , published in 1924, improved the financial situation again, as did the award of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1929. He used the prize money to build
8400-640: The working class. This was followed by numerous essays and lectures in which he attacked the Nazis . At the same time, he expressed increasing sympathy for socialist ideas. When the Nazis came to power in 1933, Mann and his wife were on holiday in Switzerland. Due to his strident denunciations of Nazi policies, his son Klaus advised him not to return. In contrast to those of his brother Heinrich and his son Klaus, Mann's books were not among those burnt publicly by Hitler's regime in May 1933, possibly since he had been
8500-401: The world of Goethe's novel The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774); Doctor Faustus (1947), the story of the fictitious composer Adrian Leverkühn and the corruption of German culture in the years before and during World War II; and Confessions of Felix Krull ( Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull , 1954), which was unfinished at Mann's death. These later works prompted two members of
8600-569: The young hero has a crush on a handsome male classmate (modeled after real-life Lübeck classmate Armin Martens). In the novella With the prophet (1904) Mann mocks the believing disciples of a neo-Romantic "prophet" who preaches asceticism and has a strong resemblance to the real contemporary poet Stefan George and his George-Kreis ("George-Circle"). In 1902, George had met the fourteen-year-old boy Maximilian Kronberger ; He made an idol of him and after his early death in 1904 transfigured him into
8700-528: Was a gathering-place for intellectuals and artists and Erika was hired for her first theater engagement before finishing her Abitur at the Deutsches Theater in Berlin . In 1914, the Mann family obtained a villa on 1 Poschingerstraße in Bogenhausen , which in the family would come to be known as "Poschi." From 1912 to 1914, Erika Mann attended a private school with her brother, joining for
8800-417: Was a member of the hanseatic Mann family and portrayed his family and class in his first novel, Buddenbrooks . His older brother was the radical writer Heinrich Mann and three of Mann's six children – Erika Mann , Klaus Mann and Golo Mann – also became significant German writers. When Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 , Mann fled to Switzerland. When World War II broke out in 1939, he moved to
8900-400: Was absolute and without reservation". Eventually there were four more children in total, including Golo, Monika , Elisabeth and Michael . The children grew up in Munich. On their mother's side the family belonged to the influential urban upper class and their father came from a commercial family from Lübeck and already had published the successful novel Buddenbrooks in 1901. The Mann home
9000-626: Was designated consultant in German Literature, later Fellow in Germanic Literature, at the Library of Congress . In 1942, the Mann family moved to 1550 San Remo Drive in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. The Manns were prominent members of the German expatriate community of Los Angeles and would frequently meet other emigres at the house of Salka and Bertold Viertel in Santa Monica, and at
9100-456: Was diagnosed by Dr. Mulders from Leiden and confirmed by Dr. Wilhelm Löffler . Mann was transported to a Zürich hospital, but soon developed a state of shock . On 12 August 1955, he died. Postmortem, his condition was found to have been misdiagnosed. The pathologic diagnosis, made by Christoph Hedinger, showed he had actually suffered a perforated iliac artery aneurysm resulting in a retroperitoneal hematoma , compression and thrombosis of
9200-526: Was engaged to Wedekind and Erika became engaged to Gründgens. Erika and Pamela were also in a relationship together, as were, for a time, Klaus and Gustaf. For their honeymoon, in July 1926, Erika and Gründgens stayed in a hotel that Erika and Wedekind had used as a couple shortly before, with the latter checking in dressed as a man. Erika's marriage to Gründgens was short-lived and they were soon living apart before divorcing in 1929. In 1936, her brother Klaus wrote
9300-727: Was founded in 2017 by the five houses Buddenbrookhaus/Heinrich-und-Thomas-Mann-Zentrum (Lübeck), the Monacensia im Hildebrandhaus (Munich), the Thomas Mann Archive of the ETH Zurich (Zurich/Switzerland), the Thomas Mann House (Los Angeles/USA) and the Thomo Manno kultūros centras/Thomas Mann Culture Centre (Nida/Lithuania). The houses stand for the main stations of Thomas Mann's life. The platform, which
9400-473: Was introduced to Mann by H.L. Mencken while on a book-buying trip to Europe. Knopf became Mann's American publisher, and Blanche hired scholar Helen Tracy Lowe-Porter to translate Mann's books in 1924. Lowe-Porter subsequently translated Mann's complete works. Blanche Knopf continued to look after Mann. After Buddenbrooks proved successful in its first year, the Knopfs sent him an unexpected bonus. Later in
9500-416: Was listed by HUAC as being "affiliated with various peace organizations or Communist fronts". Being in his own words a non-communist, rather than an anti-communist , Mann openly opposed the allegations: "As an American citizen of German birth, I finally testify that I am painfully familiar with certain political trends. Spiritual intolerance, political inquisitions, and declining legal security, and all this in
9600-432: Was named after Katia Mann's brother Erik, who died early, Thomas Mann's sister Julia [ de ] and her great-grandmother Hedwig Dohm . She was baptized Protestant , just as her mother had been. Thomas Mann expressed in a letter to his brother Heinrich Mann his disappointment about the birth of his first child: It is a girl; a disappointment for me, as I want to admit between us, because I had greatly desired
9700-460: Was one of the sponsors of the Peoples' World Convention (PWC), also known as Peoples' World Constituent Assembly (PWCA), which took place in 1950–51 at Palais Electoral, Geneva , Switzerland. Following his 80th birthday, Mann went on vacation to Noordwijk in the Netherlands. On 18 July 1955, he began to experience pain and unilateral swelling in his left leg. The condition of thrombophlebitis
9800-614: Was only a few hundred yards from the German border and he seemed to be at risk there. When all members of the Poetry Section at the Prussian Academy of Arts were asked to make a declaration of loyalty to the National Socialist government, Mann declared his resignation on March 17, 1933. The writer's freedom of movement was reduced when his German passport expired. The Manns traveled to the United States for
9900-531: Was published in 1898. In 1905, Mann married Katia Pringsheim , who came from a wealthy, secular Jewish industrialist family. She later joined the Lutheran church. The couple had six children: Erika (b. 1905), Klaus (b. 1906), Golo (b. 1909), Monika (b. 1910), Elisabeth (b. 1918) and Michael (b. 1919). Due to the Pringsheim family's high financial circumstances, Katia Mann was able to purchase
10000-596: Was seven years old. His mother was Roman Catholic but Mann was baptised into his father's Lutheran religion. Mann's father died in 1891, and after that his trading firm was liquidated. The family subsequently moved to Munich . Mann first studied science at a Lübeck Gymnasium (secondary school), then attended the Ludwig Maximillians University of Munich as well as the Technical University of Munich , where, in preparation for
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