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69-675: The Eritrean Catholic Church or Eritrean Eastern Catholic Church is a sui iuris (autonomous) Eastern Catholic church based in Eritrea . As a particular church of the Catholic Church , it is in full communion with the Holy See . It was established in 2015 when its territory was separated from the Ethiopian Catholic Church . The church is organized under a metropolitan bishop who exercises oversight of

138-579: A coaling station . As they were not a party to the Hewett Treaty , the Italians began restricting access to arms shipments and imposing customs duties on Ethiopian goods immediately. In the disorder that followed the 1889 death of Yohannes IV, Gen.  Oreste Baratieri occupied the highlands along the Eritrean coast and Italy proclaimed the establishment of a new colony of Eritrea (from

207-822: A conference for the independence of Eritrea, promoted by the Vatican. After the war DiMeglio was named director of the Comitato Rappresentativo Italiani dell' Eritrea (CRIE). In 1947 he supported the creation of the Associazione Italo-Eritrei and the Associazione Veterani Ascari , in order to ally with the Eritreans favorable to Italy in Eritrea. As a result of these creations, he cofounded

276-522: A decisive Eritrean victory. On 21 December 1995, under Pope John Paul II , parts of the Eparchy of Asmara became two new eparchies, based respectively in Keren and Barentu . The much-reduced Apostolic Vicariate of Asmara was abolished. The only Catholic Church jurisdictions in Eritrea were thus all of the Ethiopian Catholic Church , making Eritrea the only country where all Catholics, including members of

345-483: A growing number of people to frustration and desperation. They find themselves looking at a horizon that grows always darker and heavier. Alongside this, the breakup of the family unit inside the country – through military service unlimited in terms of time and monetary reward and through the imprisonment of many young people in actual prison or in punishment camps – is exposing to misery not only elderly parents with no visible means of support, but also entire families and it

414-441: A huge increase in population: in 1935 there were only 4,000 Italians and 12,000 Eritreans; in 1938 there were 48,000 Italians and 36,000 Eritreans. Historian Gian Luca Podesta wrote that practically Asmara has become an Italian city ("in pratica Asmara era diventata una citta' italiana"). The Italian government continued to implement agricultural reforms but primarily on farms owned by Italian colonists (exports of coffee boomed in

483-842: A number of suffragan dioceses . In its liturgical services, it uses the Alexandrian Rite in the Ge'ez language . It holds to the Christological definition taught at the Council of Chalcedon and accepts the universal jurisdiction of the Pope . These religious beliefs distinguish it from the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church , which is an Oriental Orthodox church comprising most of the Christians in

552-521: A see determined or recognized by the Supreme authority of the Church, who presides over an entire Eastern Church sui iuris that is not distinguished with the patriarchal title. What is stated in common law concerning patriarchal Churches or patriarchs is understood to be applicable to major archiepiscopal churches or major archbishops, unless the common law expressly provides otherwise or it is evident from

621-458: A succession of Italian governors maintained a notable degree of unity and public order. Nicknamed Colonia Primogenita ("First-born Colony") in contrast to the newer and less-developed territories of Italian Somaliland and Libya , Eritrea boasted a larger native Italian settlement than the other lands. The first few dozen families were sponsored by the Italian government around the start of

690-451: A time. During the late twentieth century Assab would become Ethiopia 's main port, but it was long overshadowed by nearby Djibouti , whose railway (completed to Dire Dawa in 1902) permitted it to quickly supplant traditional caravan -based routes to Assab and Zeila . Massawa remained the primary port for most of northern Ethiopia, but its relatively high customs dues, dependence on caravans, and political antagonism limited

759-437: Is legally incompetent and under the control of another. It also indicates a person capable of suing and/or being sued in a legal proceeding in his own name ( suo nomine ) without the need of an ad litem , that is, a court appointed representative, acting on behalf of a defendant, who is deemed to be incapable of representing himself. Italian Eritrea In 1936 the region was integrated into Italian East Africa as

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828-746: Is a Latin phrase that literally means "of one's own right". It is used in both the Catholic Church 's canon law and secular law. The term church sui iuris is used in the Catholic Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches (CCEO) to denote the autonomous churches in Catholic communion . The Catholic Church consists of 24 churches, including the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic churches. The Latin sui iuris (the individual words meaning 'self' and 'law') corresponds to

897-683: Is applied also to missions that lack enough clergy to be set up as apostolic prefectures but are for various reasons given autonomy and so are not part of any diocese, apostolic vicariate or apostolic prefecture. In 2004, there were eleven such missions: three in the Atlantic, Cayman Islands , Turks and Caicos , and Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ; two in the Pacific, Funafuti ( Tuvalu ), and Tokelau ; and six in central Asia, Afghanistan , Baku ( Azerbaijan ), Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , and Uzbekistan . According to CCEO,

966-580: Is having serious consequences at the economic level as well as at the psychological and mental levels." The Eritrean agency TesfaNews questioned the bishops' sincerity and interpreted leaked diplomatic cables as evidence that the Archeparch of Asmara "is a certified, anti-government and National service religious leader residing at the helm the capital Asmara". Sui iuris Sui iuris ( / ˈ s uː aɪ ˈ dʒ ʊər ɪ s / or / ˈ s uː i ˈ j u r ɪ s / ), also spelled sui juris ,

1035-707: Is now the Southern Administrative Region of Eritrea. In 1869, Italy began to occupy Eritrea and in 1890 declared it a colony of the Kingdom of Italy , fostering immigration of Italians. In view of the changed situation, the Holy See set up on 19 September 1894 the Apostolic Prefecture of Eritrea , entrusted to Italian Capuchins , thus removing Eritrea from the territory of the Apostolic Vicariate of Abyssinia of

1104-549: The Partito Nuova Eritrea Pro Italia (Party of Shara Italy ) in September 1947 as an Eritrean political party favorable to the Italian presence in Eritrea. It obtained more than 200,000 applications for membership in a single month, the majority of whom were former Italian soldiers and Eritrean Ascari . The organization was even backed by the government of Italy. The main objective of this party

1173-535: The Danakil chiefs at Assab Bay in return for their promise to sell their territory to him on his return. Meanwhile, the government had been in touch with Raffaele Rubattino , whose company was planning to establish a steamship line through the newly opened Suez Canal and the Red Sea to India. It was agreed that the company would buy the territory in its own name and with its own funds, but should undertake to use it in

1242-867: The Egyptian–Ethiopian War and by the success of the Mahdi 's uprising in the Sudan . In 1884, the British Hewett ;Treaty promised the Bogos —the highlands of modern Eritrea —and free access to the Massawan coast to Emperor Yohannes IV in exchange for his help evacuating garrisons from the Sudan; In the vacuum left by the Egyptian withdrawal, though, British diplomats were concerned about

1311-554: The Eritrea Governorate . This would last until Italy's loss of the region in 1941, during the East African campaign of World War II . Italian Eritrea then came under British military administration , which in 1951 fell under United Nations supervision. In September 1952 it became an autonomous part of Ethiopia , until its independence in 1991 . The leading figure of the early history of Italian enterprises in

1380-605: The Ethiopian Catholic Church was established as a Metropolitan sui iuris Church, consisting of the Archeparchy of Addis Ababa and two suffragan sees, one of which was that of Asmara, while the other was the newly created Ethiopian Catholic Eparchy of Adigrat (previously the Prefecture Apostolic of Tigray). Coincidentally, the Eritrean War of Independence began later that year, and ended in 1991 with

1449-406: The Holy See ; to travel for religious purposes and training in small numbers; and to receive exemptions from national service for seminary students and nuns". National service is demanded of most Eritreans, men and women, between the ages of 18 and 40, or in practice 50 or more, and is often of indefinite length. The Catholic bishops issued on 25 May 2014, the 23rd anniversary of the independence of

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1518-474: The Italians also started to set up new factories, which in turn made due contribution in enhancing trade activities. The newly opened factories produced buttons, cooking oil, and pasta, construction materials, packing meat, tobacco, hide and other household commodities. In the year 1939, there were around 2,198 factories and most of the employees were Eritrean citizens, some even moved from the villages to work in

1587-699: The Latin name for the Red Sea ), with capital Asmara in substitution of Massawa . In the Treaty of Wuchale (It.  Uccialli ) signed the same year, King Menelik of Shewa —a southern Ethiopian kingdom—recognized the Italian occupation of his rivals' lands of Bogos , Hamasien , Akele Guzay , and Serae in exchange for guarantees of financial assistance and continuing access to European arms and ammunition. His subsequent victory over his rival kings and enthronement as Emperor Menelik II (r. 1889–1913) made

1656-599: The Ottoman Empire and Egypt — was not settled by the Italians until 1880. Two years later, Italy formally took possession of the nascent colony from its commercial owners. Most of the western coast of the Red Sea was then formally claimed by the Khedivate of Egypt (under the notional rule of the Ottoman Empire, who held the eastern coast) but the region was thrown into chaos by major Egyptian defeats in

1725-474: The Pope exercises his papal authority, and the authority that in other particular churches belongs to a Patriarch . He has, therefore, been referred to also as Patriarch of the West. The other particular Churches are called Eastern Catholic Churches , each of which, if large enough, has its own patriarch or other chief hierarch, with authority over all the bishops of that particular Church or rite. The same term

1794-617: The Red Sea was Giuseppe Sapeto . When a young monk, preparing himself in Cairo for missionary work, he had been dispatched in 1837 into Abyssinia . Afterward, he became an active advocate of European penetration, initially encouraging the French to establish themselves in the area. After 1866, following the political unification of Italy, he sought to develop Italian influence instead. As the Suez Canal neared completion, he began to visualize

1863-629: The oriental Catholic Churches . This canonical term, pregnant with many juridical nuances, indicates the God-given mission of the Oriental Catholic Churches to keep up their patrimonial autonomous nature. And the autonomy of these churches is relative in the sense that it is under the supreme authority of the Roman Pontiff. By far the largest of the sui iuris churches is the Latin Church . Over that particular church,

1932-418: The 1930s). In 1940, in the area of Asmara, there were more than 2,000 small and medium-sized industrial companies, which were concentrated in the areas of construction, mechanics, textiles, food processing and electricity. Consequently, the standard of living in Eritrea in 1939 was considered among the best on the continent for both the local Eritreans and the Italian settlers. Mussolini's government considered

2001-473: The 20th century and settled around Asmara and Massawa . The Italian-Eritrean community then grew from around 4,000 during World War I to nearly 100,000 at the beginning of World War II . While tolerating Islamic adherence, the Italians endorsed a huge expansion of Catholicism in Eritrea and constructed many churches in the highlands around Asmara and Keren , centered on the Church of Our Lady of

2070-456: The Ascari become the main source of paid employment for the indigenous male population of Italian Eritrea. During the expansion required by the Italian invasion of Ethiopia in 1936, 40% of eligible Eritreans were enrolled in these colonial troops. According to the Italian census of 1939 the city of Asmara had a population of 98,000, of which 53,000 (54.0%) were Italians . This fact made Asmara

2139-463: The Byzantine Rite. However, after grueling Soviet oppression, their church was effectively forced underground and Georgian Greek Catholics are now a minority. In civil law, the phrase sui juris indicates legal competence, and refers to an adult who has the capacity to manage his or her own affairs. It is opposed to alieni juris , meaning one such as a minor or mentally disabled person who

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2208-661: The Catholic Church, the Roman Catholic Church and those in communion with it. A church sui iuris is "a community of the Christian faithful, which is joined together by a hierarchy according to the norm of law and which is expressly or tacitly recognized as sui iuris by the supreme authority of the Church" (CCEO.27). The term sui iuris is an innovation of the CCEO, and it denotes the relative autonomy of

2277-797: The Ethiopian Catholic Church, whose metropolitan see was left with three suffragans. There are four eparchies ( bishoprics ) in the country: Since 2004, the State Department of the United States of America has repeatedly listed the State of Eritrea as a country of particular concern with regard to religious freedom. However, it indicates that the Catholic Church is granted some favours, limited in number and extent, not granted to other religious communities: "permission to host some visiting clergy; to receive funding from

2346-756: The Ethiopian birr initially circulated in Italian Eritrea and Italian Somalia . Since 1890, the Eritrean tallero was minted in Rome, divided into 5 lire , which joined the previous coins without finding favor with the local population, such as the italicum thaler minted in 1918. With the annexation to the Italian East Africa, the official currency for all the colonies of the Horn of Africa became

2415-667: The French over a railway brought things to a head: the Italian —but not Amharic —version of the Treaty of Wuchale had prohibited Ethiopia with foreign negotiations except through Italy, effectively making the realm an Italian protectorate . Secure both domestically and militarily (thanks to arms shipments via French Djibouti and Harar ), Menelik denounced the treaty in whole and the ensuing war , culminating in Italy's disastrous defeat at Adwa , ended their hopes of annexing Ethiopia for

2484-902: The Greek 'αὐτόνομος', from which the English word autonomy is derived. The spelling in Classical Latin is sui iuris , and in Medieval Latin sui juris . English Law gets the term from Medieval Latin, and so spells it sui juris . Jus novum ( c.  1140 -1563) Jus novissimum ( c.  1563 -1918) Jus codicis (1918-present) Other Sacraments Sacramentals Sacred places Sacred times Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures Particular churches Juridic persons Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law Clerics Office Juridic and physical persons Associations of

2553-642: The Italians in the area of Asmara and Massawa , but the beginning of World War II stopped the blossoming industrialization of Eritrea. When the Allies captured Italian-held Eritrea in January 1941, most of the infrastructure and the industrial areas were extremely damaged and the remaining ones (like the Asmara-Massawa Cableway) were successively removed and sent to India and Kenya as war reparations . The subsequent Italian guerrilla war

2622-646: The Latin Church, are entrusted to the care of Eastern Catholic bishops. On 24 February 2012, Pope Benedict XVI created a fourth eparchy based in Segheneyti with territory taken from the then Eparchy of Asmara. On 19 January 2015, Pope Francis erected the Eritrean Catholic Church as an autonomous sui iuris metropolitan church with Asmara as its metropolitan see and the other three Eritrean eparchies as suffragans, separating it from

2691-510: The Oriental Catholic churches sui iuris are of four categories. A patriarchal church is a full-grown form of an Eastern Catholic church. It is 'a community of the Christian faithful joined together by' a Patriarchal hierarchy. The Patriarch together with the synod of bishops has the legislative, judicial and administrative powers within jurisdictional territory of the patriarchal church, without prejudice to those powers reserved, in

2760-590: The Rosary in the capital. By the early 1940s, Catholicism was the declared religion of around 28% of the colony's population, while Christianity was the religion of more than half the Eritreans. Benito Mussolini 's rise to power in Italy in 1922 brought profound changes to the colonial government in Eritrea. After il Duce declared the birth of Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with

2829-411: The Vincentians, who were predominantly French . In the following year, the governor of the colony expelled the remaining Vincentian priests on the unfounded suspicion of having encouraged armed resistance. Most of the local population who became Catholics had been members of the Coptic Orthodox Church, whose Ethiopian portion became the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church in the mid-20th century when it

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2898-474: The colony as a strategic base for future aggrandizement and ruled accordingly, using Eritrea as a base to launch its 1935–1936 campaign to conquer and colonize Ethiopia. Even in World War II the Italians used Eritrea to attack Sudan and occupy the Kassala area. Indeed, the best Italian colonial troops were the Eritrean Ascari , as stated by Italian Marshall Rodolfo Graziani and legendary officer Amedeo Guillet . Furthermore, after World War I , service with

2967-416: The common law, to the Roman pontiff (CCEO 55-150). Among the Eastern Catholic Churches the following churches are of patriarchal status: Major archiepiscopal churches are the oriental churches, governed by the major archbishops being assisted by the respective synod of bishops. These churches also have almost the same rights and obligations of Patriarchal Churches. A major archbishop is the metropolitan of

3036-412: The country soon became involved in a violent process of independence (from the British in the late 1940s and after 1952 from the Ethiopians, who annexed Eritrea in that year). During the final years of World War II some Italian Eritreans like Vincenzo DiMeglio defended politically the presence of Italians in Eritrea and successively promoted the independence of Eritrea. He went to Rome to participate in

3105-440: The country. In 1839 Giustino de Jacobis , an Italian Vincentian priest, arrived as a missionary in the area that is now Eritrea and northern Ethiopia. He preferred to employ the local liturgical rite in the Ge'ez language rather than the Roman Rite in Latin . He attracted a considerable number of local priests and laity to enter into full communion with the Catholic Church . He died in 1860 at Halai , near Hebo, in what

3174-444: The end of 1950. The relationship between the Latin Vicariate and the Ethiopic Ordinariate was thus inverted. On 31 October 1951, the Ordinariate of Eritrea was raised to the level of an Exarchate (the Eastern equivalent of a Vicariate) under the name of the Apostolic Exarchate of Asmara, at the same time as the Apostolic Exarchate of Addis Ababa was created. On 25 July 1959, the name of the Latin Vicariate of Eritrea, which in spite of

3243-411: The establishment of a coaling station and port of call for Italian steamships in the Red Sea. Sapeto won over the Italian minister for foreign affairs, and King Victor Emmanuel II , to whom he explained his ideas. In the autumn of 1869 he, together with Admiral Acton , was sent by the government to the Red Sea to choose a suitable port and arrange for its sale. This he did by paying a small deposit to

3312-439: The factories. The establishment of industries also made an increase in the number of both Italians and Eritreans residing in the cities. The number of Italians residing in the country increased from 4,600 to 75,000 in five years; and with the involvement of Eritreans in the industries, trade and fruit plantation was expanded across the nation, while some of the plantations were owned by Eritreans . The capital of Eritrea experienced

3381-410: The faithful Pars dynamica (trial procedure) Canonization Election of the Roman Pontiff Academic degrees Journals and Professional Societies Faculties of canon law Canonists Institute of consecrated life Society of apostolic life Church documents such as the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches apply the Latin term sui iuris to the particular Churches that are together

3450-516: The following: Other than the above-mentioned three forms of sui iuris churches there are some other sui iuris ecclesiastical communities. It is "a Church sui iuris which is neither patriarchal nor major archiepiscopal nor Metropolitan, and is entrusted to a hierarch who presides over it in accordance with the norm of common law and the particular law established by the Roman Pontiff" (CCEO. 174). The following churches are of this juridical status: The Catholic Church in Georgia used to be able to do

3519-410: The greatly reduced number of its faithful kept its rank, was changed to Apostolic Vicariate of Asmara. However, after the fourth and last bishop who was Vicar Apostolic of Asmara retired on 2 June 1974, the Vicariate was administered by the Capuchin priest Luca Milesi, who became a bishop only when the Vicariate was suppressed in 1995 and he was appointed the first Eparch of Barentu. On 28 February 1961,

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3588-406: The just conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa ( Africa Orientale Italiana ) administrative territory. This Fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a "new Roman Empire". Eritrea was chosen by the Italian government to be the industrial center of Italian East Africa: After the establishment of new transportation and communication methods in the country,

3657-403: The main "Italian town" of the Italian empire in Africa. Furthermore, because of the Italian architecture of the city, Asmara was called Piccola Roma (Little Rome). The total number of Italians in all of Eritrea was 75,000 in that year. Asmara was known to be an exceptionally modern city, not only because of its architecture, but Asmara also had more traffic lights than Rome did when the city

3726-410: The national interest. Sapeto returned to the Red Sea on behalf of the company, completed the purchase and bought more land to the south. By March 1870, an Italian shipping company had thus become claimant to territory at the northern end of Assab Bay, a deserted but spacious bay about half-way between Annesley Bay to the north and Obock to the South. However, the area, — which had been long dominated by

3795-468: The nature of the matter" (CCEO.151, 152). Following are the Major Archiepiscopal Churches: A sui iuris church which is governed by a Metropolitan (Bishop) is called a metropolitan church sui iuris . "A Metropolitan Church sui iuris is presided over by the Metropolitan of a determined see who has been appointed by the Roman Pontiff and is assisted by a council of hierarchs according to the norm of law" (CCEO. 155§1). The Catholic metropolitan churches are

3864-452: The population of Eritrea. The greater importance at that time of the Latin Vicariate is reflected in the impressive church dedicated to Our Lady of the Rosary that was completed in 1923 as the seat of the Apostolic Vicariate. Even after the demise of the Vicariate in 1995, it is still called "the cathedral". At the beginning of the 1940s nearly 28% of the population of Italian Eritrea , which had been part of Italian East Africa since 1936,

3933-453: The rapid expansion of French Somaliland , France 's colony along the Gulf of Tadjoura . Ignoring their treaty with Ethiopia, they openly encouraged Italy to expand north into Massawa , which was taken without a shot from its Egyptian garrison. Located on a coral island surrounded by lucrative pearl -fishing grounds, the superior port was fortified and made the capital of the Italian governor. Assab, meanwhile, continued to find service as

4002-438: The same opportunities. If one's homeland is a place of peace, jobs and freedom of expression there is no reason to leave it to suffer hardship, loneliness and exile in an effort to look for opportunity elsewhere." They spoke also of "the delusion engendered as result of the non-achievement of the ends proposed, the uselessness of one’s own aspirations, looking to distant lands as the only alternative for self-fulfilment, are bringing

4071-436: The state, a pastoral letter that some saw as critical of the Government. An English translation of the document, the original of which is in the Tigrinya language , extends to 17 pages. The bishops spoke of the emigration of the many young Eritreans who risk their lives in the hope of emigrating to other countries. They repeated what they had written in 2001: "No-one leaves a land of milk and honey to seek another country offering

4140-440: The treaty formally binding upon the entire country. Once established, however, Menelik took a dim view towards Italian involvement with local leaders in his northern province of Tigray ; while the Italians, for their part, felt bound to involvement given the regular Tigrayan raiding of tribes within their colony's protectorate and the Tigrayan leaders themselves continued to claim the provinces now held by Italy. Negotiations with

4209-408: The volume on its trade with Ethiopia. Seeking to develop their own lands, the Italian government launched the first development projects in the new colony in the late 1880s. The Eritrean Railway was completed to Saati in 1888 and reached Asmara in the highlands in 1911. The Asmara–Massawa Cableway (dismantled by the British as war reparations in World War II) was the longest line in

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4278-447: The world during its time. Italian administration of Eritrea also brought improvements in the medical and agricultural sectors of Eritrean society. Despite an imposition of racial laws, all urban Eritreans had access to modern sanitation and hospital services. The Italians also employed local Eritreans in public service, particularly the police and public works departments. In a region marked by cultural, linguistic, and religious diversity,

4347-438: Was Catholic; mostly Italians and of the Latin Church. There was a pronounced fall in the number of Italians present after the end of the Second World War , when Eritrea was at first under British military administration. The British census of 1949 showed that Asmara, the capital, had only 17,183 Italians out of a total population of 127,579. The departure of Italians accelerated further when Eritrea came under Ethiopian authority at

4416-427: Was Eritrean freedom, but they had a pre-condition that stated that before independence the country should be governed by Italy for at least 15 years. With the peace treaty of 1947 , the new Italian Republic officially accepted the end of the colony. As a consequence the Italian community started to disappear, especially after the Ethiopian Empire took control of Eritrea in 1952. Both the Maria Theresa thaler and

4485-427: Was being built. The city incorporates many features of a planned city. Indeed, Asmara was an early example of an ideal modern city created by architects, an idea which was introduced into many cities across the world, such as Brasilia , but which was not altogether popular. Features include designated city zoning and planning, wide treed boulevards, political areas and districts and space and scope for development. Asmara

4554-424: Was established on 4 July 1930, removing those Catholics from the jurisdiction of the then much larger Latin Church Vicariate. Father Kidanè-Maryam Cassà, who since 1926 had been their pro-vicar within the Vicariate, was appointed their ordinary and on 3 August 1930 was ordained titular bishop of Thibaris in the chapel of the Pontifical Ethiopian College in Vatican City . At that time they numbered less than 3% of

4623-425: Was granted its own patriarch by Cyril VI, Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. They kept the rites of that Church in the ancient liturgical language of Ge'ez , giving rise to an Ethiopic-Rite Catholic community. The prefecture apostolic of Eritrea was raised by the Holy See to the status of Apostolic Vicariate (headed by a titular bishop ) in 1911. In addition, an Ethiopic Rite Ordinariate of Eritrea

4692-593: Was not built for the Eritreans however; the Italians built it primarily for themselves and made the city a typical Italian city with even its own car race (called the Asmara circuit ). The city has been regarded as "New Rome" due to its quintessential Italian touch, not only for the architecture but also for the wide streets, piazzas and coffee bars. While the boulevards are lined with palms and indigenous shiba'kha trees, there are numerable pizzerias and coffee bars, serving cappuccinos and lattes, as well as ice cream parlours. Many industrial investments were endorsed by

4761-415: Was supported by many Eritrean colonial troops (like the hero of Eritrean independence, Hamid Idris Awate ) until the Italian armistice in September 1943. Eritrea was placed under British military administration after the Italian surrender in World War II . After the defeat of Italy, there were 70,000 Italian settlers in Eritrea. The British initially maintained the Italian administration of Eritrea, but

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